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MINERALS  o^  CALIFORNI 

BULLETIN  No.  9i 


CAUFORNIA  STAl'ii  MiNTa^  BUREAU 


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THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


CALIFORINIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 

FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 
FLETCHER  HAMILTON  State  Mineralogist 

San  Francisco]  BULLETIN  No.  91  [November,  1922 


Minerals  of  California 


'      •  ^lENTS  OF 

ARTHUR   S.   EAKLE,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Mineralogy, 
University    of  California 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFOF 
DAVIS 


CALIFOKNIA  STATE  PBINTING  OFFICE 

FRANK  J.  SMITH,  Superintendent 

SACKAMENTO,  1923 
22132 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITIAL. 


November  1,  1922. 

To  His  Excelloicy,  the  Hon.  Wm.  D.  Stephens, 

Governor  of  the  State  of  California, 

Sacramrnto,  California. 
Sir: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Bulletin  91  of  the  State  ^lining 
Bureau  iipou  the  minerals  of  California. 

This  bulletin  records  our  knowledge  of  California  minerals  to  date, 
and  is  a  revision  of  a  similar  bnlletin.  Xo.  67,  issued  in  1914.  The 
edition  of  Bulletin  No.  67  was  soon  exhausted,  a)id  there  has  been  a 
continual  demand  for  this  work. 

The  author,  Arthur  S.  Eakle.  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Mineralogy,  of 
the  University  of  California,  has  performed  a  particular  service  in  co- 
operating with  the  State  ]\rining  Bureau  iu  making  possible  this  addi- 
tion to  our  records. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Fletcher  Hamilton, 
State  Mineralogist.. 


«J^v>cJ,^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pag:e 

CHAPTER  I.      NATIVE    ELEMENTS 7-26 

non-metai-s  7 

Semi-metals    11 

Metals    13 

.CHAPTER  II.      SULPHIDES 27-59 

Semi-metals    27 

Metals    ^ 32 

oxisitlphides  .- 59 

CHAPTER  III.      ARSENIDES,    SELENIDES,   TELLURIDES   AND   SULPHO 

SALTS 60-7  ■! 

Arsenides   fiO 

Selenidbs    . 63 

tellurides   64 

Sulphantimonites 69 

SULl'HARSENITES      73 

CHAPTER  IV.      HALOIDS 75-81 

Chlorides 75 

Bromides 80 

Iodides 80 

Fluorides    81 

CHAPTER  V.      OXIDES  OP  HYDROGEN,  SILICON  AND  SEMI-METALS- __  82-96 

Hydrogen    82 

Silicon    83 

Semi-metals    93 

CHAPTER  VI.      OXIDES  OP  THE  METALS 97-125 

Anhydrous 97 

Hydrous    117 

CHAPTER   VIL      CARBONATES 12  6-148 

Anhydrous 126 

Hydrous 140 

CHAPTER  VIII.     ANHYDROUS  SILICATES 149-175 

Feldspars 149 

Pyroxene  Group 156 

Amphibole    Group 1 63 

Not  Grouped 169 

CHAPTER  IX.      HYDROUS   SILICATES  AND  TITANO-SILICATES 196-230 

Micas  19G 

Brittle  Micas 202 

Chlorites 203 

Zeolites    200 

Not   Grouped 210 

Titano-silicates 228 

CHAPTER  X.      PHOSPHATES,   CHROMATES    VANADATES,  etc 331-259 

Phosphates 1 231 

Chromates 240 

Vanadates    240 

Arsenates 242 

Antimonates 244 

Nitrates 244 

Borates 246 

Niobates-tantalates 253 

Tungstatbs 255 

Molybdates    ■ 257 

Uranates    25^ 

CHAPTER  XI.     SULPHATES  AND  HYDPOCARBONS 260-285 

Anhydrous 260 

Hydrous    268 

Hydrocarbons   283 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Minerals  Arranged  According  to  the  Elements 280 

Minerals — Distribution  by  Counties 299 

Bibliography  on  California  Minerals 306 

Index  to  Minerals 30S 


INTRODUCTION, 


The  first  list  of  California  luiiierals  was  published  by  "W.  P.  Blake  in 
1866,  and  it  comprised  about  seventy-five  mineral  species.  At  that 
early  time  California  was  a  new  and  largely  unexplored  field,  and  only 
a  few  scattered  localities  were  known  for  mineral  specimens;  conse- 
quently, the  list  was  short  and  not  at  all  representative. 

The  second  list  appeared  in  1884  as  a  part  of  the  Fourth  Annual 
Report  of  the  State  Alining  Bureau,  by  Henry  G.  Hanks,  who  was  then 
State  ^Mineralogist.  This  list  included  double  the  number  of  previously 
known  minerals,  and  gave  detailed  descriptions  of  some  of  the  locali- 
ties, and  much  instructive  matter  relating  to  minerals  of  economic  value. 

The  third  list  was  issued  in  1914  as  Bulletin  67  of  the  California 
State  Mining  Bureau.  In  the  thirty  years  which  elapsed  since  the 
appearance  of  the  second  list,  our  knoAvledge  of  the  geology  and  min- 
eralogy of  the  State  became  vastly  increased.  The  ore  deposits  of 
many  of  the  counties,  the  gem  and  borate  deposits  of  the  southern 
counties,  and  the  petrography  of  many  districts,  had  been  investigated 
and  described,  so  that  the  third  list  contained  more  than  double  the 
number  of  definite  mineral  species  given  by  Hanks,  besides  many  sub- 
species and  varieties. 

This  fourth  list  is  an  enlarged  edition  of  the  third  list.  Many  addi- 
tional species  are  included  and  the  localities  in  which  some  of  the  more 
common  economic  minerals  occur,  have  been  greatly  multiplied.  The 
desire  has  been  to  make  the  list  as  complete  as  possible  of  the  known 
minerals,  and  where  they  occur,  but  the  list  of  localities  where  the 
same  mineral  might  be  found  is  necessarily  incomplete.  Many  minerals 
are  so  commonly  distributed  throughout  the  State,  in  small  bodies  or 
pockets  of  metallic  minerals  and  as  rock-fonning  minerals,  that  it  would 
be  impossible  to  cite  all  of  their  occurrences.  In  such  a  vast  area  as 
California,  localities  may  be  known  to  local  collectors  where  excellent 
specimens  may  occur,  unknown  to  the  author,  and  they  could  materially 
assist  in  the  preparation  of  a  future  and  more  comprehensive  list, 
if  the}'  would  kindly  notify  the  author  of  such  occurrences.  Some 
mineral  species  may  be  known  to  occur  in  the  State  Avhich  have  not  been 
mentioned  in  this  work,  but  it  is  believed  that  they  wiU  be  very  few 
in  number. 

So  many  minerals  and  localities  are  included  in  the  list,  that  geolog- 
ical and  petrographical  descriptions  in  detail,  have  had  to  be  omitted, 
and  reference  must  be  made  to  the  bibliography  at  the  end  of  the  work 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

under  the  autlior's  name  and  nnrahor.  This  l)il)lio^raphy  includes,  witli 
few  exceptions,  only  those  articles  which  bear  directly  on  the  minerals 
of  the  State,  omitting  the  great  amount  of  literature  of  a  general 
nature  on  the  geolog>'  and  mining  industry  of  the  State. 

The  various  kinds  of  minerals  have  been  grouped  under  a  chemical 
classification  in  order  to  be  more  instructive  and  show  better  the  rela- 
tions of  the  various  species  and  varieties.  The  crystal  forms  have  been 
cited  and  the  chemical  analysis  given,  to  show  Avhat  has  been  done  in 
these  two  lines  of  work  on  California  minerals. 

In  addition,  tlu^  indices  of  refraction  and  the  characteristic  blowpipe 
and  chemical  tests  for  the  minerals  are  given  in  order  to  make  the  list 
more  useful  in  the  detection  of  the  minerals. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  Edgar  Woodcock,  formerly  of  the  State 
Alining  Bureau.  Walter  W.  Bradley  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau, 
M.  Vonsen  of  Petaluma,  John  Melhase  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad,  W.  F.  Fjoshag  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  Gordon  Surr 
of  Porterville,  for  much  useful  data  concerning  mineral  localities.  The 
excellent  bulletin  by  Dr.  Larsen  on  the  "Microscopic  Determination  of 
the  Non-opaque  Minerals"  has  been  used  for  the  optical  data. 

New  minerals  and  important  localities  for  known  minerals  are  con- 
stantly being  discovered  as  California  becomes  more  settled  and  pros- 
pected, and  this  list  must  be  considered  more  as  a  check-list  to  form  a 
basis  for  continual  additions. 


CHAPTER  I. 


NATIVE    ELEMENTS. 


Xon-victals. 

Metals. 

Diamond. 

Gold. 

Platinum. 

Graphite. 

Gold  amalgam. 

Iridium. 

Sulphur. 

Bismuth 

gold. 

Platiniridiniii 

Electrum. 

Palladium. 

Silver. 

Iridosmine. 

Semi-metals. 

Copper. 

Osmium. 

Antimony. 

Mercury. 

Rhodium. 

Arsenic. 

Lead. 

Ruthenium. 

Bismuth. 

Tin. 

Iron. 

Tellurium. 

Zinc. 

Awaruite. 

NON-METALS. 

1.     DIAMOND. 
Native  carbon,  C. 

Isometric.  Octahedrons  and  hexoctahedrons  common.  Crystal  faces 
often  curved.  Perfect  octahedral  cleavage.  Brittle.  Yellow  and  colorless 
crystals  common.  Red,  orange,  green,  blue,  brown  and  black  are  rarer 
shades.     H  =  10  ;  G  =  3.5. 

Refractive  index:  »i=: 2.419. 

Infusible  and  not  acted  on  by  acids. 

Tlic  t'xtreme  hardness  and  brilliant  adamantine  luster  serve  to  distinguish 
diamond  from  quartz  and  other  glassy  minerals. 

Jiort  is  a  hard  rounded  form  without  distinct  cleavage,  unsuitable  for  gems. 

Carbonado  is  a  hard  black  variety  without  cleavage. 

Diamonds  Avere  found  in  California  soon  after  placer  mining  began. 
As  early  as  1849,  Lyman^^^  reported  seeing  a  pale  yellow  crystal 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  which  came  from  one  of  the  placers.  A 
few  years  later  they  were  observed  in  the  gold  gravels  at  Cherokee, 
Butte  County,  and  this  locality  became  the  most  noted  one  in  the  State 
for  the  number  found. 

Placer  deposits  elsewhere  have  also  yielded  them  from  time  to  time, 
so  their  occurrence  has  not  been  limited  to  any  one  field.  No  record 
has  been  kept  of  the  total  number  found,  Imt  it  is  proba])ly  between 
four  and  five  hundred.  Since  all  of  them  have  been  chance  finds,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  many  more  have  been  overlooked  or  destroyed. 
A  few  of  the  stones  found  are  over  two  carats  in  weight  and  of  good 
quality,  but  the  majority  are  small  and  mostly  "off  color,"  usually 
with  a  pale  >  el  low  tinge.  Most  of  these  diamonds  now  in  the  possession 
of  different  individuals  were  found  during  the  days  when  placer  mining 
and  hydraulicking  were  at  their  height,  and  since  that  time  diamond 
finds  have  been  rare. 


8  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

The  mode  of  origin  and  sources  of  the  diamond  are  as  yet  unknown. 
They  have  only  been  found  in  placer  gravels  and  in  "black  sands"  and 
concentrates  of  placer  mines.  Presumably  their  origin  has  been  in  the 
basic  igneous  rocks  from  which  the  serpentines  of  the  gold  regions 
have  been  derived,  and  continued  search  may  yet  reveal  them  in  situ. 
The  discovery  near  Oroville  of  an  apparent  pipe  of  serpentinized  rock 
bearing  a  resemblance  to  the  diamond  pipes  of  South  Africa  has  led  to 
some  active  operations  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Diamond  Min- 
ing Company,  and  a  shaft  has  been  sunk,  which  has  not  proved  success- 
ful. Tlie  rock  is  a  hard  eclogite  differing  in  its  character  from  the 
kimberlite  of  South  Africa.  Hanks^^^  gives  an  interesting  account 
of  the  diamonds  found  during  the  early  days  of  gold  mining,  and 
Turner'*^^  and  Storms^'"  contribute  short  articles  on  California  dia- 
monds. 

Amador  County:  A  few  small  stones  have  been  picked  up  near  the 
towns  of  Volcano,  Oleta  and  Fiddletown. 

Butte  County:  In  1853  it  was  observed  that  diamonds  occurred  in 
the  gravels  at  Cherokee  Flat,  about  nine  miles  north  of  Oroville.  More 
than  three  hundred  good  diamonds  have  been  obtained  from  the  placers 
in  this  district  and  it  leads  all  other  districts  in  the  State.  It  seems 
quite  probable  that  the  source  of  these  diamonds  is  not  far  from  this 
vicinity.  Silliman^^^^^)  gave  the  contents  of  the  black  sands  at  Chero- 
kee as  platinum,  iridium,  iridosmine,  gold,  pyrite,  chromite,  magnetite, 
limonite,  diamonds,  quartz,  rutile,  almandite  garnet,  topaz,  zircon  and 
epidote.  Some  have  also  been  found  in  the  placers  at  Thompson  Flat, 
two  miles  north  of  Oroville. 

El  Dorado  County:  A  diamond  weighing  1^  carats  Avas  found  at 
Forest  Hill.  About  sixty  have  been  found  near  Placerville,  namely,  on 
Webber  Creek,  in  White  Rock  canyon  and  at  Smith's  Flat. 

Fresno  County:  Small  diamonds  are  reported  to  have  been  found  a 
few  miles  north  of  Coalinga. 

Imperial  County :  Some  small  diamonds  are  said  to  have  been  found 
near  the  San  Diego  border. 

Nevada  County :  A  1^  carat  stone  was  found  at  French  Corral. 

Siskiyou  Count.y :  Diamonds  occur  in  the  placer  gravels  at  Hamburg 
Bar. 

Trinity  County:  Microscopic  examinations  of  the  black  sands  of 
Trinity  River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  have  shown  the  presence  of 
small  diamonds  as  a  constituent  of  these  sands. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  9 

2.     GRAPHITE  — Plumbago— Black    Lead. 

Native  carbon,  C. 

Hexagonal,  rhomboliedral.  Commonly  in  scaly  or  foliated  masses.  Color 
dark  steel-gray  to  dull  black.  Terfect  basal  cleavage.  Soft  with  greasy 
feel.     H  =  l  — 2;  G  =  2.2. 

lusolubk'  in  uciils  anil  unuffei-tfil  l>y  licatiii.i;-.  \\'liiii  mixi'd  willi  polussium 
nitrate  and  sulphur  and  huated  on  iilatinum  foil,  the  mixture  will  dcfla- 
grato.     Molybdcnilc.  wliii-h  closely  ii'somhles  it.  is  fusible  and  soluble. 

Graphite  is  a  comuioii  constituent  of  crystalline  limestones  and  is 
often  disseminated  tlironu;!!  the  limestone  in  minute  flakes  and  in  larger 
foliated  masses.  It  is  also  prominent  as  la^'ers  in  some  schists  and 
gneisses  and  when  present  in  considerable  amount  the  graphitic  gneiss 
or  schist  is  sometimes  mined  for  the  graphite.  In  mining  districts  it  is 
often  seen  coating  the  walls  of  veins  and  mixed  with  the  talcose  gouge. 
No  extensive  deposits  of  good  quality  graphite  are  known  to  occur  in 
the  State,  but  a  few  small  deposits  have  been  worked  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  paints  and  lubricants.  Much  of  the  graphite  of  California  is 
so  intimately  mixed  with  silica  that  its  separation  as  pure  material  is 
an  expensive  operation.  It  is  typically  a  constituent  of  metamorphic 
rocks  and  as  such  may  be  found  in  every  county. 

Calaveras  County :  It  occurs  in  the  copper-bearing  schists,  and  speci- 
mens have  come  from  Copperopolis  and  Campo  Seco. 

Del  Norte  County :  The  limestone  near  Gasquet  contains  foliated 
plates  of  the  mineral. 

Fresno  County:  Prominent  mineral  in  the  rocks  near  Dunlap  and  at 
Borer  Hill.  Graphite  schists  occur  on  the  Kean  and  Ruth  ranches,  four 
miles  east  of  Squaw  Valley;  also  on  Sycamore  Creek  near  Trimmer. 

Ilumlioldt  County:  Occurs  near  Eureka.  Small  deposits  at  Otto 
Rest  on  South  Fork  of  Trinity  River. 

Imperial  County:  A  good  grade  of  graphite  is  found  seven  miles 
northwest  of  Coyote  Wells  on  the  San  Diego  and  Arizona  Railroad. 

Inyo  County:  Graphite  occurs  eighteen  miles  east  of  Independence. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Found  in  the  schists  at  West  Carbondale  and  in 
the  limestone  near  Elizabeth  Lake.  A  deposit  of  graphite  gneiss  occurs 
in  the  Verdugo  Canyon,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Los  Angeles.  It  occurs 
as  a  stratum  running  from  the  head  of  San  Francisquito  Canyon  across 
to  Charles  Canyon. 

Mendocino  County:  A  deposit  occurs  about  fifteen  miles  east  of 
Point  Arena  which  has  been  worked  for  paint  and  lubricant. 

Monterey  County:  Graphite  is  disseminated  in  the  limestones  and 
metamorphics  of  the  Santa  Lucia  range,  south  of  Monterey. 

Riverside  County:  Flakes  of  graphite  are  prominent  with  the  bru- 
cite  in  the  limestone  at  Crestmore.  Good  quality  is  found  near  Temecula. 


10  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Sail  Bornardino  County :  Large  deposits  are  said  to  exist  in  San  Ber- 
nardino mountains,  fifteen  miles  from  East  Highlands.  It  is  also  found 
as  a  constituent  of  the  limestone  near  Colton  and  near  Oro  Grande. 

San  Diego  County:  Graphite  in  mica  sehist  ooeurs  near  ]\Iasons. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  Occurs  in  flakes  and  foliated  masses  at  the  lime- 
stone quarries  near  Santa  Cruz. 

Siskiyou  County:  Reported  from  head  of  Kelsej^  Creek  in  Marble 
Mountain  District,  and  from  headwaters  of  East  branch  of  Seiad  Creek. 

Sonoma  County:  A  deposit  near  Guerneville,  one  four  miles  west 
of  Healdsburg  and  one  four  miles  south  of  Petaluma,  are  known  in 
this  county.  Specimens  have  come  from  Cazadero,  Pine  Flat  and 
Santa  Rosa. 

Tulare  County:  Graphite  occurs  in  metamorphic  rock  in  Drum  Val- 
ley, north  of  Auckland,  and  on  quartz  at  Three  Rivers. 

Tuolumne  County :  Large  foliated  masses  and  dull  earthy  masses  of 
the  mineral  occur  in  the  Jimestones  north  of  Sonora,  near  Columbia. 
The  mineral  was  formerly  mined  here,  but  none  is  now  produced. 

3.     SULPHUR. 

Native  sulphur,  S. 

Orthorhombic.     Common    in    small    crystal    coatings    and    incrustations. 
Sulphur — yellow  color.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  1.5 — 2.5  ;  G  =  2. 
Refractive  indices:    oc  =1-950;  ^  =  2.043;  y  =  2.24. 
Burns  with  a  blue  flame. 

Yellow  sulphur  is  common  in  the  vicinity  of  geysers,  hot  springs  and 
volcanoes  as  sublimations  from  the  emitted  hj^drogen  sulphide  gas  in 
contact  with  the  air,  and  as  precipitations  from  solf atari c  waters.  It  is 
commonly  found  in  gypsum  beds  as  a  reduced  product,  and  in  associa- 
tion with  borax.  No  workable  deposits  are  known  in  the  State.  For. 
the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  pyrite  deposits  and  pyrite  concen- 
trates from  the  gold  and  copper  mines  are  utilized. 

Colusa  County:  On  the  banks  of  Sulphur  Creek  solfataric  action 
has  produced  fine  crystallized  masses  and  granular  coatings  of  the 
mineral,  .sometimes  in  association  with  cinnabar  and  good  specimens 
have  come  from  the  Manzanita  mine,  and  also  from  the  Elgin  mine. 

Imperial  County:  The  mud  volcanoes  near  Volcano  have  rims  of 
sulphur  crystals  a.ssociated  with  gypsum  and  salt.  These  volcanoes 
have  been  described  by  Hanks'^*.  Small  deposit  on  the  east  slope  of 
Coyote  Mountain. 

Inyo  County:  Sulphur  Bank  on  Owens  Lake,  near  Olaucha  con- 
tains a  deposit  of  the  mineral.  Specimens  of  sulpluir  with  fluorite  and 
gypsum  have  been  found  in  the  Defiance  mine.  A  small  deposit  is 
reported  in  the  mountains  east  of  Big  Pine  and  also  one  mile  southwest 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  11 

of  Coso  Hot  Springs.  Native  sulphur  at  the  Suii»shine  mine,  Last 
Ijhance  Mountains. 

Kern  County:  On  both  sides  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  impure  beds 
of  gypsum  and  limestone  occur,  having  considerable  sulphur  inter- 
mixed.    It  is  mixed  with  alum  in  the  Sunset  district. 

Lake  County:  At  the  Sulphur  Bank  quicksilver  mine,  silnaled  on 
Clear  Lake,  a  very  interesting  deposit  of  sulphur  occurs  wliich  was 
described  by  Le  Conic  and  ]\ising^'>  and  by  Beckcr^'>.  Tlic  black 
basaltic  rock  wiiicii  ()utcroj)s  (ni  the  lake  has  been  bleached  white  and 
altered  to  .-i  poi'oiis  mass  of  silica  by  tlic  action  of  the  sulpliui'ic  acid 
fumes  coming  from  several  hydrogen  sulphide  vents.  The  pores  and 
cavities  of  this  altered  mass  of  rock  have  had  deposited  in  them  brilliant 
crystals  of  sulphur  and  acicular  crystals  of  cinnabar.  The  forms  of  the 
sulphur  crystals  are :  (111),  (113),  (Oil),  (101),  and  (001).  Sulphur 
was  obtained  in  considerable  quantity  from  this  deposit  before  it  was 
discovered  to  overlie  the  much  richer  deposit  of  cinnabar.  Sulphur  also 
occurred  associated  with  borax  at  Little  Borax  Lake,  just  south  of 
Clear  Lake. 

Mariposa  County:  Crystals  of  sulphur  have  been  found  with  cinna- 
bar on  Horseshoe  Bend  Mountain,  near  Coulterville. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  as  one  of 
the  many  associated  minerals  of  borax. 

Sonoma  County :  Native  sulphur  is  found  at  the  Geysers. 

Tehama  County:  A  large  crystalline  deposit  is  said  to  exist  on  the 
south  slope  of  Lassen  Butte  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Trinity  County:  Found  on  the  Supan  property,  six  to  eight  miles 
from  Mt.  Lassen. 

Ventura  County:  Deposits  occur  in  Suii)hur  JMouni.ain,  three  miles 
east  of  Fillmore,  and  at  the  borate  deposit  of  the  Frazier  Mountains. 


SEMI-METALS. 

4.     ANTIMONY. 
Native  antimony.     Sb. 
Hexagonal-rhomboliedral.     Generally    massive.     Perfect    basal    cleavage. 
Very   brittle.     Color  and   streak    tin-white.     H  =  3  — 3.5.     G  =  6.65  — 6.72. 
Metallic  luster. 

Heated  on  cliarcoiii.  dense  white  fumes  and  a  white  coating  on   the  coal 
near  tho  assny  inc  oiitjiincd.     ('omplctcly  vaporizt's  without  odor. 

Masses  of  metallic  antimony  are  sometimes  found  associated  with  the 
sulphide  of  antimony,  stibnite,  but  the  mineral  is  comparatively  rare. 

El  Dorado  County:  Specimens  of  native  antimony  have  come  from 
Pleasant  Vallev. 


12  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Kern  County:  Large  nodules  of  metallic  antimony,  coated  with 
white  oxide  of  antimony  have  been  found  on  Erskine  Creek,  east  of 
Vaughn.  It  has  been  found  in  the  Butfalo  mine  and  antimony  mines 
of  the  San  Emidio  Mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county. 


5.     ARSENIC. 

Native  arsenic,  As. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.  Generally  granular  massive  in  reniform 
shapes.  Perfect  basal  cleavage.  Brittle.  Color  and  streak  tin-white 
but  surface  usually  tarnishes  dark  gray  or  black.  Luster  metallic. 
H  =  3.5;  0  =  5.63  —  5.73. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  very  volatile  white  fumes  are  obtained  similar  to 
antimony,  but  more  difficult  to  catch  on  the  coal ;  fumes  have  strong 
garlic  odor. 

Metallic  arsenic  is  a  rare  mineral  and  its  existence  in  the  State  is 
doubtful.  Arsenic  is  common  in  the  concentrates  of  many  of  the  gold 
mines,  but  it  comes  from  such  minerals  as  arsenopyrite  or  arsenical 
tetrahedrite. 

Monterey  County:  The  native  metal  was  said  to  have  been  found  in 
the  old  Alisal  mine  on  El  Rancho  Alisal,  about  eight  miles  southeast 
of  Salinas,  in  the  foothills  of  the  Gabilan  range,  W.  P.  Blake ^^\  This 
mine  contained  a  small  body  of  argentiferous  galena  and  sphalerite. 


6.     BISMUTH. 

Native  bismuth,  Bi. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.  Usually  in  arborescent-reticulated  shapes. 
Color  silver-white  with  reddish  tinge,  tarnishing  dark  brown.  Luster  me- 
tallic.    H=:2  — 2.5;  0  =  9.70  —  9.83. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  it  gives  a  lemon  yellow  coating.  Mixed  with  a  flux 
of  potassium  iodide  and  sulphur  and  fused  on  charcoal,  the  coating  is  bright 
red,  which  distinguishes  it  from  lead,  which  is  yellow. 

Crystals  and  veinlets  of  metallic  bismuth  sometimes  accompany  ores 
of  bismuth,  cobalt,  silver  and  gold.  It  is  also  occasionally  found  in 
pegmatitic  veins.  When  bismuth  occurs  in  the  concentrates  of  gold 
and  copper  ores  it  probably  is  present  as  a  sulphide. 

Inyo  County:  Found  with  bisnnithinite  at  Big  Pine  Creek  and  at 
Antelope  Springs,  Deep  Spring  Valley. 

Mono  County :  Specimens  have  occurred  at  Oasis. 

Nevada  County :  The  concentrates  of  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada 
City,  contained  the  element,  according  to  Lindgren^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  Upwards  of  a  hundred  pounds  of  metallic  bis- 
muth have  been  obtained  from  the  pegmatitic  vein  of  quartz,  lepidolite, 
feldspar,  tourmaline  and  amblygonite  at  the  Stewart  mine  of  the  Ameri- 
can Ijithia  company,  at  Pala.     The  mineral  occurred  in  platy  and  long 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  13 

prismatic  crystals,  one  of  \vhich  was  a  pscndoniorph  after  feldspar. 
The  occurrence  was  described  by  Kunz^^^  The  native  bismuth  is  also 
found  in  small  metallic  cleavages  in  lepidolite  at  the  Victor  mine 
Rincon.     Rogers^^\ 

Tuolumne  County :  IMinute  crystals  of  bismuth  have  been  observed 
in  the  gold  ore  at  the  Soulsby  mine. 


7.     TELLURIUM. 
Native  tellurium,  Te. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.  Generally  massive.  Perfect  prismatic  cleav- 
age. Brittle,  and  sectile.  Color  and  streak  tin-white.  lAister  metallic. 
H  =  2.  — 2.5;  G  =  G.1--G.3. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  it  gives  dense  white  coating  similar  to  antimony. 
I'owdor  heated  in  a  test  tube  with  a  few  drops  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  givc.«  a  violet  solution. 

Metallic  tellurium  is  sometimes  found  in  association  with  the  tel- 
lurides  of  gold,  silver,  lead  and  bismuth,  but  it  is  of  rare  occurrence. 
It  is  occasionally  found  in  the  gold  concentrates  when  not  visible  in  the 
ore,  and  has  been  reported  from  some  of  the  mining  districts  of  the 
State. 

Calaveras  County :  Carson  Hill,  a  low  hill  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Stanislaus  River,  a  few  miles  south  of  Angels,  was  one  of  the  most 
noted  places  along  the  Mother  Lode  for  telluride  minerals,  and  it  was 
here  that  the  two  new  tellurides,  calaverite  and  melonite  were  found. 
The  old  Stanislaus  mine  and  the  Melones  mine  contained  foliated 
masses  of  native  tellurium  with  the  gold  tellurides. 

Shasta  County :  Native  tellurium  was  found  in  the  Eureka  mine,  near 
Chumtown. 

Tuolumne  County :  Some  metallic  tellurium  has  been  found  associ- 
ated with  tellurides  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  mines  near  Tuttletown  and 
Jamestown. 


METALS. 

8.     GOLD. 

Native  gold,  Au. 

Isometric.  Good  crystals  are  rare.  Common  in  grains,  scales,  plates  and 
arborescent  forms.  No  cleavage.  Highly  malleable  and  ductile.  Color 
gold-yellow.     H= 2.5  — 3.0;  G  =  15.6  — 19.3. 

Unaffected  by  any  single  acid,  but  soluble  in  the  combined  hydrochloric- 
nitric  acids,  called  aqua  regia.  Its  insolubility  in  nitric  acid  distinguishes 
it  from  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite. 

Gold  has  a  very  wide  distribution  in  California  and  it  has  always 
been  the  chief  mineral  product  of  the  State.  It  has  been  found  in 
every  county  and  is  now  produced  in  two-thirds  of  them.    Practically 


14  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

all  oi'  the  gold  exists  as  the  native  metal,  either  as  free  gold  in  the 
quart/  or  else  mechanically  mixed  with  the  sulphides  of  iron,  copper, 
lead  or  /inc.  Tclhiriih's  of  gold  occur,  but  they  are  quite  subordinate 
in  quantity. 

Crystals,  arborescent  groups,  spongiform  masses,  wires,  plates,  scales, 
grains,  luiggets  and  every  shape  known  for  gold,  have  been  found. 
Cubes,  rhombic-dodecahedrons  and  octahedrons  are  the  prevailing  forms 
of  the  crystals.  The  forms  given  by  E.  S.  Dana  (i>  and  Alger^^)  for  some 
placer  gold  crystals  were:  (111),  (311),  (18.10.1)  and  (421),  with 
twinning  on  the  octahedral  plane.  Crystalline  masses  and  nuggets  of 
large  si/e  have  occurred  in  the  placer  gravels  and  in  the  pockets  of 
([uartz  veins.  One  found  in  1854  at  Carson  Hill,  Calaveras  County, 
weighed  2,340  tro}^  ounces,  and  another  found  in  1860  at  the  Monu- 
mental mine,  Sierra  Buttes,  weighed  1,596  ounces.  Many  valuable  nug- 
gets and  masses  have  been  found  and  Hanks-**  gives  a  descriptive  list 
of  some  of  them. 

Gold  in  (juart/  is  the  usual  association  and  the  mineral  is  often  in  the 
quartz  in  such  a  finely  divided  state  as  to  be  invisible,  even  in  high 
grade  rock.  Flaky  gold  has  been  found  implanted  on  clear  quartz 
crystals  at  Placerville  and  elsewhere. 

Gold  in  pyrite,  or  "auriferous  pja-ite, "  is  abundant  and  this  gold- 
bearing  pyrite  is  the  source  of  much  of  the  gold  produced  in  the  State. 

Gold  in  arsenopyrite  is  also  common  in  the  Mother  Lode  region  and 
in  the  Alleghany  district.  Sierra  County. 

Gold  with  ealcite  as  a  gangue  mineral  is  not  uncommon,  and  in  some 
mines  considerable  ealcite  is  found  with  wires  and  scales  of  included 
gold.  Lenticular  masses  of  ealcite  with  much  gold  are  found  in  Miners- 
ville,  Trinity  County.  Diller^^^  It  has  been  found  with  ealcite  at 
the  Palma  mine,  In}'o  County,  at  the  Yellowstone  mine,  Mariposa 
Count}^,  in  the  Soulsby  mine,  Tuolumne  County,  and  in  the  Calico 
district,  San  Bernardino  County. 

Gold  in  barite  is  uncommon,  yet  barite  is  found  to  be  a  gangue  min- 
eral in  the  copper-gold  districts  as  well  as  in  the  silver-lead  districts. 
It  occurs  in  barite  at  Pine  Grove,  Nevada  County,  in  the  Morning  Star 
mine,  Big  Bend,  Butte  County,  at  the  INIalakolf  mine.  North  Bloomfield, 
Nevada  County,  and  in  the  barite  of  some  of  the  Shasta  County  copper 
mines. 

Gold  in  cinnabar  is  an  exceptional  occurrence,  yet  the  association  has 
been  noted  in  a  few  localities.  At  the  old  Manzanita  mine  in  the 
Sulphur  Creek  district,  Colusa  County,  minute  specks  of  gold  occurred 
in  the  cinnabar  and  implanted  on  cinnabar  crystals;  also  in  the  old 
Redington  or  Boston  mine,  Knoxville,  Napa  County,  some  gold  has 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  15 

I)ecii  fouLitl  with  llie  ciimahMi-.  ami  likewise  near  Coulterville,  in  the 
Horseshoe  Bend  mountain,  INFariposa  County. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  f?old  has  been  observed  with  graphite, 
galena,  altaite,  petzite,  hessite,  tetradymite,  ealaverite,  native  tellurium, 
ehalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  native  bismuth,  stibnite,  sphalerite,  tetrahe- 
drite,  fiuorite,  chalcedony,  jasper,  cuprite,  magnetite,  hematite,  limonite, 
pyrolusite,  dolomite,  ankerite,  rhodochrosite,  siderite,  albite,  rhodonite, 
mariposite,  chlorite,  roscoelite,  talc,  serpentine,  asbestos,  chrysocolla, 
and  asphaltum.  Gold  is  not  confined  to  one  class  of  rocks,  altliough  the 
gold-bearing  (piartz  veins  are  i)riucipally  in  metamorphic  sclnsts  and 
slates.  The  original  source  of  the  gold  has  been  the  igneous  rocks  and 
it  has  been  found  in  granites,  syenites,  monzonites,  granodiorites,  dio- 
rites,  rhyolites,  quartz-porphj-ries,  andesites,  porphyrites  and  diabases. 
It  has  been  deposited,  with  quartz  or  as  impregnations,  in  such  meta- 
morphic rocks  as  gneisses,  amphibolites,  chlorite-schists,  talc-schists, 
mica-schists,  slates  and  quartzites,  and  in  sedimentary  conglomerates, 
sandstones  and  shales. 

The  great  supply  of  gold  was  brought  into  California  with  the  intru- 
sion through  the  JMesozoic  sediments  of  the  mass  of  igneous  granitic 
rock  Avhich  forms  the  core  of  the  lofty  Sierras.  The  intrusion  of  the 
great  plutonic  mass  lifted  on  high  the  overlying  sediments,  tilted, 
folded,  faulted,  and  metamorphosed  the  Cretaceous  sediments  on  the 
flanks  of  the  uplift  into  slates,  schists,  quartzites  and  crystalline  lime- 
stones ;  and  in  the  joints  and  fissures  of  the  granitic  and  metamorphic 
rocks,  gold-bearing  quartz  was  deposited,  forming  veins  and  seams  of 
the  precious  metal. 

Then  followed  a  long  period  of  erosion  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Ter- 
tiary time  in  which  the  high  mountain  masses  were  planed  down  nearer 
to  their  present  levels,  and  the  gold  became  concentrated  and  deposited 
with  the  gravels  along  the  stream  l)eds,  and  in  the  valleys  and  canyons, 
forming  the  numerous  placer  deposits. 

Volcanic  eruptions  took  place  in  the  late  Tertiary  and  much  of  the 
surface  in  the  northern  counties  became  covered  with  thick  layers  of 
rhyolitic  and  andesitic  lavas  and  tuffs.  The  old  placers  became  buried 
under  this  mass  of  volcanic  rock  and  mud,  and  new  river  channels, 
valleys  and  canyons,  and  new  placer  deposits  were  formed  by  the 
extensive  erosion  during  the  late  Pliocene  and  early  Quarternary  time. 

Some  gold  is  found  in  the  Coast  Range  and  some  is  mined  in  the 
southern  counties,  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  precious  metal  comes  from 
the  northern  half  of  the  State  and  from  those  counties  bordering  on, 
and  intersected  by,  the  Sierra  Mountains. 

Gold  occurs  in  so  many  localities  in  the  State  that  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  cite  all  of  them.  The  literature  on  the  gold  deposits  is  also 
extensive. 


1^  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 


The  leading  gold-produciug  counties  of  the  State  are:  Amador, 
Butte,  Calaveras,  El  Dorado,  Kern,  Mariposa,  Nevada,  Placer,  Sacra- 
mento, Sliasta.  Siskiyou,  Sierra,  Trinity,  Toulumne  and  Yuba.  ' 

Amador  County:  Gold  is  the  chief  mineral  of  the  county.  The 
Mother  Lode  crosses  the  county  and  some  of  the  famous  mines  are: 
the  Argonaut  and  Kennedy  mines  at  Jackson ;  the  Bunker  Hill,  Fre- 
mont, Keystone  and  Amador  mines  at  Amador  City;  the  Central 
Eureka  mine  at  Sutter  Creek;  and  the  Plymouth  mine  at  Plymouth. 

Butte  County :  Much  of  the  gold  of  this  county  has  come  from  the 
dredgers  along  the  Feather  River  at  Oroville  and  other  towns.  Chero- 
kee Flat,  Forbe.stown  and  Magalia  are  old  noted  places. 

Calaveras  County :  The  ^Mother  Lode  crosses  this  county  and  gold  is 
the  principal  mineral.  Some  of  the  noted  mines  are :  the  Utica,  Angels 
and  Lightner  mines  at  Angels  Camp  ;  Gwin  mine  near  Mokelumne  Hill; 
Sheep  Ranch  mine  at  Sheep  Ranch,  and  the  Melones  and  Morgan  minei 
on  Carbon  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County:  Placerville,  Georgetown,  El  Dorado,  Grizzly 
Flat,  Shingle  Springs  and  Greenwood  are  all  noted  districts. 

Kern  County :  The  Yellow  Aster  mine  at  Randsburg  has  been  the 
largest  producer  of  the  southern  mines.  The  Amalie,  Cove,  Tehachapi, 
Mojave,  Rand  and  Stringer  districts  are  well-known. 

Mariposa  County:  The  Princeton  and  other  mines  on  the  Mariposa 
Estate,  the  mines  near  Coulterville,  Hornitos  and  Bagbv  were  all  noted 
producers.    Most  of  the  mines  of  the  county  are  now  idle. 

Nevada  County :  The  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City  mines  have  been 
large  producers  of  the  precious  metal.  The  Empire,  North  Star,  Alli- 
son Ranch,  Providence  and  Union  mines  are  among  the  most  noted  in 
the  State. 

Placer  County:  Auburn,  Colfax,  Emigrant  Gap,  Gold  Run,  Blue 
Canyon.  Dutch  Flat,  Michigan  Bluff.  Forest  Hill  and  Weimar  are  his- 
torical mining  districts,  mostly  for  placer  mining. 

Sacramento  County :  Most  of  the  gold  of  this  county  is  obtained  by 
dredgmg  along  the  ancient  courses  of  the  American  River.  Fair  Oaks, 
Folsom  and  Natomas  are  some  of  the  places. 

Shasta  County:  This  is  more  of  a  copper  county,  but  considerable 
gold  IS  produced.  The  largest  quartz  mines  are  in  French  Gulch  and 
Harrison  Gulch.  Much  of  the  gold  is  obtained  from  smelting  copper 
ores. 

Sierra  County :  The  gold  mines  are  mostly  on  the  Sierra  Buttes,  on 
Kanaka  Creek,  and  near  Downieville,  Alleghany  and  LaPorte. 

Siskiyou  County:  Both  quartz  and  placer  mining  are  carried  on  in 
the  county.  Sauyer's  Bar,  Scott  Bar,  Humbug  Creek,  Callahan,  Happy 
Camp,  Quartz  Valley,  Klamath  River,  Scott  River  are  noted  districts 


MINER^VLS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  17 

The  Black  Bear  group  of  quartz  mines  has  been  the  largest  producer. 
Fine  large  nuggets  have  come  from  the  placers. 

Trinity  County :  The  principal  mines  are  centered  around  the  famous 
towns  of  ^Minersville,  Trinity  Center,  Deadwood,  Douglas  City,  and 
Carrville. 

Tuolumne  County :  The  Mother  Lode  crosses  the  county  and  many 
Tioted  mines  are  along  it.  Sonora.  Soulsbyville,  Tuolumne,  Jamestown, 
Tuttletown,  Big  Oak  Flat,  Chinese  Camp.  Stent  and  Groveland  are  all 
noted  places. 

Yuba  County :  Most  of  the  gold  of  this  county  is  obtained  from 
dredgers  along  the  Yuba  River  Some  quartz  and  pocket  mining  is  nlso 
tlone. 

The  counties  of  Del  Norte,  Fresno,  Humboldt,  Inyo,  Lassen,  Los  An- 
geles. Madera,  Modoc,  Mono,  Plumas,  Riverside,  San  Bernardino  and 
San  Diego  produce  gold.     It  occurs  in  every  county  in  California. 

Gold  Amalgam. — A  native  alloy  of  gold  and  mercury  very  rarely  found. 

Mariposa  County :  It  occurred  in  some  of  the  mines  near  Mariposa 
and  was  analysed  by  Sonnenschein*^^^ 

Analyses:  Au  Hg 

39.02  60.98  per  cent 

41.63  58.37 

Nevada  County :  It  was  reported  from  the  Odin  shaft,  Grass  Valley, 
by  Lindgren  ^^K 

Electrum. — A  pale  yellow  alloy  of  gold  and  silver  of  rather  frequent 
occurrence  where  considerable  silver  is  found  \\dth  gold. 

Imperial  County:  Considerable  ciuantity  of  electrum  is  said  to  have 
been  found  in  the  Oro  Plata  mine,  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the 
county. 

Madera  County :  Wire  electrum  occurred  wdth  gold  in  Fine  Gold 
Gulch. 

Placer  County :  It  occurred  with  the  gold  in  the  Ophir  District, 
according  to  Lindgren^ ^),  and  was  analysed  by  Ilillebrand. 

Analysis :  Ag  Au 

27.91  72.09  per  cent 

Bismuth  Gold. — An  alloy  containing  about  60  per  cent  gold  and  40 
per  cent  bismuth. 
El  Dorado  County :  Observed  in  the  Coon  Hollow  mine  near  Placer- 
ville. 


»-22132 


18  STATE    MINING   BUREAU, 

9.     SILVER. 

Native  silver,  Ag. 

Isometric.  Crystals  rare.  Generally  in  wires,  arborescent  shapes  and 
massive.  Color  silver-white  but  soon  tarnishes  to  dark  brown.  Malleable 
and   ductile.     Metallic   luster.     H=2.5  —  3;    G  =  10.o. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  A  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  added  to  the 
nitrate  solution  precipitates  white  curdy  silver  chloride,  which  soon  turns 
brown  and  is  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Native  silver  has  not  been  found  in  any  large  masses  in  the  State,  yet 
the  element  is  quite  universally  present  in  the  gold  and  copper  districts, 
and  occasionally  arborescent  crystallizations,  wires  and  thin  sheets  are 
found  in  the  mines  of  these  metals.  It  is  more  common,  however,  in 
the  silver-lead  districts,  where  it  occurs  often  near  the  w'alls  of  veins  or 
in  the  vicinity  of  intrusive  dikes,  as  a  reduction  product. 

Alpine  County :  The  Silver  Mountain  district  has  yielded  good  speci- 
mens of  native  silver. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurred  in  arborescent  forms  with  the  copper 
ore  at  Quail  Hill. 

Inyo  County :  This  is  one  of  the  silver  counties  of  the  State  and  has 
several  deposits  of  argentiferous  galena,  tetrahedrite  and  silver-anti- 
mony minerals,  formed  along  the  contact  between  limestone  and  the 
granitic  rock  of  the  Inyo,  Coso  and  Argus  ranges.  Fine  specimens 
have  come  from  the  old  Cerro  Gordo  district  and  also  from  the  Kear- 
sarge  district  near  Independence. 

Kern  County :  In  the  Amalie  district  and  near  Garlock  it  occurs  with 
the  silver  minerals. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Native  silver  was  associated  with  argentite, 
and  with  cobalt  and  nickel  minerals,  at  the  Kelsey  mine  near  San 
Gabriel  Canyon. 

Mono  County :  In  the  silver  district  at  Blind  Spring  Hill,  near 
Benton,  the  native  metal  was  frequent,  associated  with  tetrahedrite  and 
partzite.  The  Diana  mine  and  the  Comache  mine  of  this  district  have 
produced  good  specimens.  At  Bodie  it  has  been  found  with  the  copper- 
gold  ores.  In  the  Sweetwater  range,  north  of  Bridgeport,  native  silver 
occurs  associated  with  gold,  cerargyrite  and  argentite. 

Placer  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  associated  minerals  with  gold  at 
the  Ophir  mine,  Lindgren^'*^ 

Plumas  County.:  Some  native  silver  has  been  found  in  the  old  Poca- 
liontas  mine  associated  with  native  copper  and  cuprite. 

San  Bernardino  Country :  This  county  has  long  been  known  for  its 
deposits  of  silver  haloids.  The  Calico  district,  described  by  Ling- 
gren(i>  and  Storms^^^,  the  Grapevine  district,  the  Silver  Eeef  district 
and  the  Silver  Mountain  district  have  all  produced  some  native  silver 
with  the  cerargyrite  and  embolite  of  the  mines.  Native  silver  with 
gold  occurs  in  the  Avawatz  Mountains. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  19 

Shasta  CoiiDty:  Native  silver  is  laiv  in  tlie  eopper  deposits  of  this 
county,  but  an  occasional  arborescent  specimen  has  been  found  at  the 
Bully  Hill,  Aftertiionj^lit  and  other  mines.  Fine  crystallized  speci- 
mens occurred  in  the  old  Excelsior  mine.  Copper  City,  Fairl)anks^'-'. 
Native  silver  in  aborescent  crystallization  associated  with  stephanite, 
galena  and  sphalerite,  in  a  calcite-quartz  gangue  occurs  at  the  Igo  Con- 
solidated mines. 

'lO.     COPPER. 

Native  copper,  Cu. 

Isometric.  Cood  crystals  rare.  Generally  in  wires,  thin  sheets  and 
.irborescent  crystallizations.  No  cleavage.  Malleable  and  ductile.  Luster 
metallic.     Color  copper-red.     Hr=2.5  —  3;  G  =  8.83. 

Solulilc  ill  iiiriic  acid — on  adding  ammonia  the  solution  turns  deep  blue. 

Some  metallic  copper  has  been  found  in  most  of  the  eopper  mines  of 
the  State,  but  no  deposits  of  the  native  metal  are  known.  It  is  fre- 
quently mixed  with  cuprite  and  malachite  in  the  oxidized  zone  of  copper 
deposits,  or  found  as  coatings  along  the  walls  of  copper  veins,  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  intrusive  dikes,  which  have  brought  about  a  reduction  of  the 
ores.  Most  of  the  localities  cited  for  chalcopyrite  have  yielded  some 
native  eopper. 

Alameda  County:  At  the  Alma  pyrite  mine  on  Leona  Heights,  east 
of  Oakland,  fine  arborescent  crystallizations  of  the  native  metal  are 
occasionally  found.  The  minerals  of  this  mine  have  been  described  by 
Schaller(i). 

Amador  County :  Arborescent  nuisses  occurred  in  the  old  Newton 
mine. 

Calaveras  County :  Some  of  the  mines  along  the  copper-sulphide  belt, 
especialh'  at  Copperopolis  and  at  Campo  Seco,  have  produced  some  of 
the  mineral.     At  ]\Iokelumne  Hill  it  occurred  associated  with  silver. 

Colusa  County :  Found  in  serpentine  with  cuprite  and  melaconite  at 
the  Cray  Eagle  luino,  and  also  at  the  Lion  mine. 

Del  Norte  County:  Some  large  pieces  have  come  from  the  Diamond 
Creek  district  and  from  the  Pearl  and  Occidental  mines. 

El  ])ora(lo  County:  Tiic  old  Cosumnes  mine,  near  Fairplay,  has 
yielded  small  masses  oL'  native  copper  Avitli  bornite,  chalcocite  and 
cuprite.  The  Alabaster  Cave  mine  near  New^castle,  the  Cambrian  mine 
near  Placerville,  the  Ford  mines  near  Georgetown  and  the  Oest  mine 
near  Auburn,  have  had  native  copper  with  the  cuprite. 

Fresno  County :  Thin  sheets  have  been  found  in  quartz  east  of  Fresno 
City. 

Glenn  County :  Large  float  pieces  have  been  found  a  few  miles  north 
of  Chrome  Mountain  and  also  on  Elk  Cteek. 


20  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Humboldt  County :  Many  specimens  oeeni'  on  Red  Cap  and  Boise 
creeks  and  also  in  the  Horse  Mountains. 

Inyo  County :  The  copper  deposits  in  the  Ubehebe  Mountains  contain 
the  oxides  of  copper  and  some  native  copper. 

Lake  County :  Observed  as  finely  disseminated  particles  in  the  serpen- 
tine of  this  county. 

Lassen  County :  Native  copper  in  epidote  rock  at  the  Lummis  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County:  At  the  Free  Cuba^mine,  near  Acton. 

Mariposa  County :  Massive  with  mjflachite  in  the  Copper  Queen  mine. 

Mendocino  County:  Sheets  and  grains  of  metallic  copper  occur  at 
Eed  Mountain,  fifteen  miles  southeast  of  Ukiah.  It  is  also  seen  in  the 
serpentines  in  Lost  Valley. 

Merced  County :  Occurs  with  quartz  and  chalcopyrite  in  the  Victor 
Bonanza  mines. 

Modoc  County :  Observed  near  Fort  Bidwell  with  malachite  and 
limonite. 

Mono  County :  Found  sparingly  in  the  Lundy  and  Benton  districts. 

Monterey  County:  Occurs  disseminated  in  serpentine  on  Table  IMoun- 
tain  near  Parkfield ;  also  in  serpentine  with  chalcopyrite  near  summit  of 
Santa  Lucia  Range,  seven  miles  from  Santa  Lucia. 

Placer  County:  At  the  Algol  mine  near  Spenceville  in  sheets  and 
hackly  masses;  at  the  Valley  View  mine,  six  miles  from  Lincoln;  and 
near  Todd  on  magnetite.  Lindgren^'*)  reported  it  as  one  of  the  minerals 
of  the  Ophir  district;  at  Meadow  Lake  with  cuprite  and  chalcocite. 

Plumas  County:  Found  with  rhodonite  at  Mumford's  Hill.  Large 
lumps  occurred  with  cuprite,  malachite  and  native  silver  in  the  old 
Pocohontas  mine,  Indian  Valley. 

Riverside  County:  In  the  McCoy  Mountain  district. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  At  the  Tiptop  mine,  ten  miles  north  of 
San  Luis  Obispo,  and  on  Chorro  Creek  in  small  pieces. 

Shasta  County:  This  is  the  principal  copper  county  and  many  of 
the  mines  have  produced  specimens  of  arborescent  copper  and  occa- 
sionally compact  masses.  The  Bully  Hill  mines,  Copper  City  mines, 
Shasta  King  mine.  Mountain  Copper  mine,  Mammoth  mine,  Balaklala 
mine  and  Kosk  Creek  mines  may  be  mentioned. 

Siskiyou  County :  Pieces  have  been  found  at  Preston  Peak  with  pyrite 
and  chalcopyrite. 

Tehama  County :  On  Elder  Creek  and  at  White  Bluff. 

Tulare  County :  ]\Iasses  have  been  found  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  the 
Tule  River,  about  thirty  miles  east  of  Porterville. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  21 

11.     MERCURY— Quicksilver. 
Native  mercury,  Hg. 

Liquid.     Forms  small  fluid  globules  in  the  matrix  which  is  usually  cinna- 
bar.    Color   tin-white.     Brilliant   metallic   luster.     G  =  13.59. 

Vaporizes  at  comijaritivcly  low  heat  and  disapijoars ;  the  vapors  are  in- 
visible.    Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Liquid  globules  oi"  mercury  are  common  in  most  of  the  cinnabar 
mines,  formed  either  by  reduction  of  the  sulphide  or  by  sublimation  of 
mercuric  vapors.  It  prevails  in  deep  workings  and  in  those  parts  of 
ill-ventilated  mines  where  intense  heat  is  developed  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  iron  sulphides.  It  is  also  frequently  found  near  the  walls  of 
cinnabar  veins.  Most  of  the  localities  cited  for  cinnabar  will  serve 
for  the  metallic  element. 

Kings  County :   Occurred  in  the  Kings  mine  with  serpentine. 

Lake  County  :  In  the  Wall  Street  mine  at  was  abundant  in  the  gravels 
and  was  also  associated  with  cinnabar  in  quartz  veins.  Occurred  also 
in  the  Big  Injun  and  Big  Chief  mines,  west  of  Middletown. 

Napa  County :    Frequent  in  the  minas  at  Oat  Hill  and  Knoxville. 

Orange  County:  Small  amounts  of  native  mercury  associated  with 
veins  of  barite  have  been  reported  from  a  locality  two  miles  east  of 
Tustin  in  a  hill  of  sandstone. 

San  Benito  County :  In  the  cinnabar  deposits  at  New  Idria.  Occurs 
witli  cinnabar  in  serpentine  at  the  Alpine  Quicksilver  mine. 

San  Francisco  County :  Liquid  globules  have  been  found  in  silicious 
rock  near  Twin  Peaks. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Very  prevalent  in  some  of  the  shafts  at  New 
Almaden. 

Sonoma  County :  Prominent  in  the  New  Sonoma  mine,  Pine  Flat 
district,  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Ilealdsburg.  In  the  Rattlesnake 
mine  much  native  quicksilver  occurred,  as  was  also  the  case  with  the 
Pioneer  Socrates  mine.  Present  in  the  Bright  Hope  (Esperanza)  mine 
near  "The  Geysers";  in  the  Clear  Quill  mine  about  one.  mile  from  the 
Great  Eastern  mine,  associated  with  cinnabar. 

Trinit}^  County :    Found  at  the  Altoona  mine  with  cinnabar. 


12.     LEAD. 
Native  lead,  Pb. 

Isometric.     Crystals   rare.     Usually    in   small   plates   and    pellets.     Mal- 
leable.    Color  lead-gray.     H  =  1.5;  0  =  11.37. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  it  gives  a  yellow  coating,  which  remains  unchanged 
in  color  with  the  potassium  iodide  and  sulphur  flux. 

Metallic  lead  is  an  exceedingly  rare  mineral  and  its  reported  occur- 
rence as  a  true  mineral  is  sometimes  doubtful.     Small  bits  of  lead  which 


22  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

are  now  and  then  found  in  the  placer  gravels  may  be  portions  of  lead 
bullets,  but  the  occurrence  of  the  metal  in  deep  placer  mines  is  indicative 
of  its  origin  as  a  natural  reduction  product. 

Butte  County:  Some  pieces  of  metallic  lead  found  in  a  placer  at 
]\Iagalia  were  believed  by  Hanks^^'^  to  be  flattened  bullets.  Small 
angular  fragments  of  native  lead  have  been  found  at  a  prospect  14 
miles  east  of  Chico,  on  the  "West  Fork  of  the  Feather  River,  Rogers^^^. 

Kern  County:  Several  pieces  of  metallic  lead  have  been  found  in  the 
dry  washings  at  Goler. 

Placer  County :  Small  pellets  of  native  lead  have  been  found  in  a 
placer  mine  in  North  Ravine,  in  the  Edgewood  district,  adjoining  the 
Ophir  district. 

13.    TIN. 
Native  tin,   Sii. 

Rounded   grains.     Color   tin-white.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2:    G=7.1S. 
Ilpatcd  on   oharcoal,   it  gives   a  slisht  yellowish   coating,   which   Ijecomes 
bluish-green  when  moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely  heated. 

Metallic  tin  is  a  rare  mineral  and  there  is  some  doubt  regarding  the 
origin  of  some  of  the  small  pieces  found  in  the  State. 

Humboldt  County:  Bits  of  metallic  tin  have  been  observed  in  the 
sluices  at  Orleans. 

Siskiyou  County :  Small  pieces  of  tin  have  been  found  in  the  gravels 
at  Sawyers  Bar. 

Tuolumne  County:  Several  pieces  of  native  tin  were  found  in  the 
sluices  of  the  AVhite  Lead  gravel  claim,  near  Columbia. 


14.     ZINC. 

Native  zinc,  Zn. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  very  rare.  Color  grayish  white. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  2  ;  G  =  6.9  —  7.2. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  it  gives  a  yellow  coating  while  hot,  whitish  cold. 
Coating  becomes  yellowish-green  when  moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and 
intensely   heated. 

A  rare  mineral,  but  of  probable  occurrence  in  the  State. 

Shasta  County:  Specimens  of  metallic  zinc  were  found  some  years 
ago  about  five  miles  from  Round  Mountain  and  their  occurrence  was 
reported  by  Fair))anks^2^  The  specimens  are  somewhat  columnar  in 
appea.ranc('  and  had  some  rock  attached  to  them  when  found. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  23 

15.     PLATINUM. 
Native  platinum,  Pt. 

Isometric.  Generally  occurs  in  grains  and  small  nuggets.  Malleable 
and  ductile.  Color  light  steel-gray.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  4  —  4.5; 
G  =  14  — 19. 

Platinum  and  tlio  platinum  group  of  minerals  are  soluble  only  in 
a(|ua  rogla.  To  dftoct  small  amounts  of  these  minerals  in  sands,  first 
<-onc(>ntrate  by  panning  until  a  suHioicnt  number  of  the  gray  metallic 
grains  are  obtained.  Dissolve  in  aqua  rcgia  and  in  the  clear  solution 
add  a  few  drops  of  potassium  chloride,  which  will  precipitate  orange- 
yellow  potassium  platinic  chloride. 

Gray  metallic  grains  and  small  nuggets  of  platinum  were  early 
observed  in  some  of  the  gold-bearing  black  sands  of  the  streams  and 
beaches,  and  also  in  the  concentrates  from  the  gold  washings.  Little 
attempt  was  made  to  save  this  precious  metal,  and  it  is  only  recently 
that  any  record  has  been  kept  of  the  production.  It  is  rather  a  constant 
associate  of  the  gold  in  most  of  the  districts,  and  its  origin  lies  doubt- 
less in  the  serpentine  rocks,  in  close  association  with  the  chromite. 
While  it  has  a  widespread  occurrence  in  the  State,  it  has  not  been 
definitely  detected  as  a  constituent  of  any  of  the  rocks.  Some  platinum 
is  recovered  in  electrolytic  refining  of  blister  copper  from  the  Iron 
^Fountain  mine,  Shasta  County.  Platinum  has  been  identified  in  lead 
carbonate  ore,  associated  with  gold,  silver,  copper  values,  in  the  Piute 
mine,  near  Cima,  San  Bernardino  County. 

Analyses  of  California  platinum  have  been  made  by  Deville  and 

Debray(i)  and  by  Genth^D. 

Pt 
Deville  and  Debray_85.50 
Genth 90.24 

j\Iost  of  the  platinum  is  alloyed  with  iridium,  osmium,  palladium  and 
other  metals  of  the  platinum  group,  and  much  of  it  would  be  classed 
as  platiniridium.  ]\Iany  of  the  black  sands  have  been  investigated  by 
Day  and  Richards^^^ 

Butte  County :  It  is  a  constituent  of  the  black  sands  of  Feather  River 
and  some  of  its  tributaries,  and  the  largest  production  is  from  the 
dredging  operations  at  Oroville.  It  is  present  in  the  concentrates  of 
Butte  Creek,  Brush  Creek,  Magalia,  Cherokee,  and  Buchanan  Hill. 

Calaveras  County :  Observed  in  the  concentrates  at  Douglas  Flat  and 
Mokelumne  Hill. 

Del  Norte  County:  In  the  black  sands  at  Cresent  City,  and  with 
gold,  iridium  and  osmium  in  the  sands  of  the  Smith  River  Basin. 

Humboldt  County:  Early  mentioned  as  one  of  the  constituents  of 
the  gold-bearing  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff.  Found  in  the  concentrates 
at  Orleans,  Trinidad.  Wil.son  Creek  and  China  Flat. 

Inyo  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  the  concentrates  of  the 
^It.  Hope  mine,  nenv  Citrus. 


Ir 

Iridos 

Pd 

Rh 

Fe 

Cu 

Au 

SiO= 

l.Oo 

1.10 

0.60 

1.00 

6.75 

1.40 

0.80 

2.95 

2.42 

0.68 

some 

some 

6.66 

—  —  — 





24  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Kern  County:  Traces  of  the  metal  have  been  observed  in  the  sands 
at  Kane  Springs. 

Mariposa  County:  Reported  to  have  been  found  in  Devil's  Gulch 
near  the  junction  of  Devil  Creek  and  south  fork  of  the  Merced  River, 
about  five  miles  from  Jerseydale.  The  ore  is  said  to  carry  mainly  plati- 
num, gold  and  small  amounts  of  eol)alt,  nickel  and  tin. 

Mendocino  County :  In  the  beach  sands  near  Little  River.  Platinum 
minerals  occur  in  the  superficial  deposits  in  the  valley  near  Hopland. 
Gold  and  osmiridiuin  accompany  the  platinum. 

Nevada  County :  In  the  concentrates  of  the  Rough  and  Ready  district 
and  in  considerable  amounts  at  Relief  Hill. 

Placer  County:  In  the  black  sands  on  the  North  Fork  of  American 
River,  at  Butcher,  East  Auburn.  Blue  Canyon  and  Michigan  Blutf. 
The  sands  of  the  Deadwood  district  contain  gold  and  platinum. 

Plumas  County :  In  the  concentrates  at  Genessee,  La  Porte  and  Rock 
Island  Hill. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Observed  in  some  of  the  beach  sands. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  In  the  beach  sands  at  Lompoc  and  north  of 
Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  In  some  of  the  beach  sands  of  the  county. 

Shasta  County:  Found  in  the  sands  at  Redding  and  on  Cottonwood 
Creek.  The  black  sands  of  Beegum  Creek  contain  platinum,  iridium 
and  a  little  gold. 

Siskiyou  County:  Observed  in  the  sands  at  Callahan,  Castella,  Hen- 
ley, Happy  Camp,  Sawyers  Bar,  Oak  Bar,  Fort  Jones,  Hornbrook, 
Cecilville,  Klamath  River,  and  Rock  Ranch. 

Tehama  County :  In  the  sands  near  Beegum. 

Trinity  County:  Early  observed  as  a  constituent  of  the  black  sands 
of  the  Trinity  River  and  its  tributaries,  and  nuggets  weighing  several 
ounces  have  come  from  the  county.  Its  presence  has  been  shown  in  the 
sands  at  Douglas  City,  Burnt  Ranch,  Junction  City,  Big  Bar,  Hawkins 
Bar,  and  in  the  Hayfork  district. 

Ventura  County:  It  has  been  observed  in  minute  quantities  in  some 
of  the  beach  sands. 

Yuba  County:  Found  in  the  concentrates  at  Indian  Hill,  Campton- 
ville,  and  in  the  Brownsville  district. 

16.     IRIDIUM. 

Native  iridium,  Ir. 

Isometric.     Generally    in    grains.     Color    silver-white.     Metallic    luster. 
H=6  — 7;  G=22.6  — 22.8. 

Practically    iii-suluble  e\ou   in   aqua   regia. 

Steel-gray  grains  of  iridium  have  been  detected  with  the  platinum 
in  some  of  the  sands,  but  most  of  this  metal  is  in  alloy  with  platinum. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  25 

17.     PLATINIRIDIUM. 
Native  alloy  of  platinum  and  iridium,  Ptlr. 

Isometric.     Generally    in    grains    and    nuggets.     Color    light    steel-gray. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  6  — 7;  G  =  22.65  — 22.84. 

Much  of  the  so-caUed  platinum  of  the  State  is  really  this  alloy,  and 
several  nuggets  of  a  few  ounces  weight  have  been  found  along  the 
Trinity  River. 

18.  PALLADIUM. 

Native  palladium,  Pd. 

Isometric.     Minute  octahedrons.     Generally  in  grains.     Color  light  steel- 
gray.     Malleable.     H  =  4.5  — 5;  G  =  11.3  — 11.8. 

An  associate  of  the  platinum  but  in  small  amount.  It  is  usually 
alloyed  with  platinum  or  iridium. 

19.  IRIDOSMINE. 

Native  alloy  of  iridium  and  osmium,  IrOs. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.     Generally  in  grains.     Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  light  steel-gray.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  6  — 7;  G= 19.3  — 21.12, 

This  alloy  is  a  frequent  associate  of  the  platinum  .and  an  analysis  of 
it  by  Deville  and  Debray<^>  shows  the  presence  of  the  rarer  metals, 
rubidium  and  ruthenium. 

Ir  Rd  Ru  Os 

53.50  2.60  0.50  43.40 

Siscrkitc  is  a  variety  witli  not  over  30  per  cent  iridium.  According 
to  Genth*^^^  the  composition  of  some  of  the  gray  metallic  grains  is: 

Siserkite    49.4  per  cent 

Platinum 48.4 

Platiniridium 2.2 

Palladium   and    rhodium   some 


20.     OSMIUM,   RHODIUM   and   RUTHENIUM. 

Rarer  metals  of  the  platinum  group  and  generally  found  in  alloy  with 
the  platinum  or  iridium. 

21.     IRON. 
Native  iron,  Fe. 

Isometric.  Generally  massive.  Malleable.  Color  steel-gray  to  iron- 
black.     Metallic  luster.     H=:4  —  5;G=:7.3  —  7.S.     Strongly  magnetic. 

Its  strong  magnetism  and  the  fact  that  it  is  malleable  distinguishes  it 
from  all  other  iron  minerals,  since  these  are  brittle. 

Iron  occurs  native  either  as  telluric  iron  or  as  meteoric  iron.     Tel- 
luric iron  is  sometimes  found  in  basaltic  rocks,  but  its  occurrence  in  this 


26  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

form  is  not  known  in  the  State.  ]\Ieteorie  iron  has  been  found  in  at 
least  four  localities  and  analysed.  Nickel  is  always  present  and  some- 
limes  cobalt,  phosphorous,  graphite  or  diamond. 

El  Dorado  County :  A  meteorite  weighing  85  pounds  was  found  at 

Shingle  Springs  in  1871  and  was  analysed  by  Shepard^^^ 

Analysis : 

Fe  Ni  Insol 

88.02  8.88  3.50  =  100.40  per  cent 

Kern  County:  A  meteorite  found  in  the  San  Emidio  Mountains  in 

1888  weighed  about  80  pounds.     It  Avas  unfortunately  crushed  before 

its  identity  was  recognized  and  only  fragments  were  saved.     Merrill^i) 

described  the  material  and  it  was  analysed  b}'  "Whitfield^^^     It  was 

erroneousl}^  called  the  San  Bernardino  meteorite. 

Analysis : 

Fe  Ni  Co. 

88.25  11.27  0.48  =  100  per  cent 

San  Bernardino  County:  An  irregular-shaped  mass  of  meteoric  iron 
was  found  in  the  Ivanpah  district  in  1880  which  weighed  about  117 
pounds.     Analysed  by  Shepard^^^  and  by  G.  Gehring. 
Analyses  : 


Shepard 

SpG 
7.65 

Fe 
94.98 

Ni 
4.52 

Co 

P 
0.07 

C 
0.10 

S 

SiO:  Graphite 

-._       =99.67 

Gehring 

8.076 

94.86 

4.47 

0.26 

tr. 

0.12 

tr. 

0.04     0.07     =99.82 

This  meteorite  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau. 

Trinity  County :  A  small  oval-shaped  mass  weighing  19  pounds  was 
found  at  Canyon  City  about  1875.  Tlie  surface  was  oxidized  to  limouite. 
Analysis  of  the  purer  portion  was  made  by  Shepard^'*^ 

Analysis : 

Fe  Ni  Co  P 

88.81  7.28  0.17  0.12  =96.38  per  cent 


22.     AWARUITE. 

Native  alloy  of  nickel  and  iron,  NijFe. 
Isometric.     Grains    and    nuggets.     Tin-white    to    steel-gray    color.     Mag- 
netic.    H  =  5;G  =  S.l. 

Del  Norte  County:  Small  grains-  of  this  alloy  averaging  0.15  to 
1.5  mm.  in  diameter  were  found  in  the  residues  from  the  gold  washings 
of  Smith  River,  associated  with  magnetite  and  chromite.  Analysed  by 
Jamieson^^^ 

Va  rn  rii  P  s 

G  =  7.S5 


Ni 

Fe 

Co 

Cu 

P 

S 

76.69 

21.37 

1.20 

0.04 

0.04 

0.06 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


27 


CHAPTEU  II. 


SULPHIDES. 


Scini-nivloh. 
IJralgiir 
OrpimiMit 
Stibnite 
r.ismuthinite 
.Molybdenite 

Metals. 
Argentite 
Galenite 
Chalcocite 


Stnuiicyorite 

Splialerite 

Alaltandite 

Metacinnabaiite 

Cinnabar 

Greenoekite 

Covellite 

Millorite 

'I'roilitc 

I'vrrhotite 


I'olydyniite 
I'.ornite 
Ciihanite 
Chalcopyrite 
.Maicasile 
I'yrite 
Oxlsulphidat. 
Kormesite 
A'oltzite 


SEMI-METALS. 

23.     REALGAR— Red   Arsenic. 

Sulphide  of  arsenic,  AsS. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  common ;  also  granular  massive  and  incrusta- 
tions. Color  bright  red  to  orange-yellow.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Resin- 
ous luster.     11  =  1.5  —  2;  G  =  3.55. 

Uofraetivo  indices:    a:=--^0;  ^=2.50;  y  =  2.Gl. 

IlcatPd  on  chaivoaj.  it  gives  volatile  white  fumes  of  arsenic  oxide  having 
garlic  odor.  Its  red  cdIoi-  iuid  arsi'iiic  fumes  distin-uisli  it  from  other 
minerals. 

Realgar  is  occasionally  found  with  arsenical  ores  of  silver,  lead  and 
copper,  but  it  lias  been  rarely  seen  in  the  State. 

Al])ine  County:  Spocimins  of  deep  red  realgar  coaliiiL;  p.\  rite  oc- 
curred in  the  IMonitor  mine,  associated  with  minute  white  octahedrons 
of  arsenolite. 

Lake  County  :  S(mie  realjLrar  with  orpimcnt  is  said  to  occur  on  Ihc  Eel 
Ivivcr.  about  fifteen  miles  noi"thwi\st  of  Bartlett  Springs. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Reported  as  occurring  about  forty  miles 
from  Needles,  the  locality  being  uuknowui. 

Sonoma  County :  Five  miles  west  of  Geyserville. 

Trinity  County :  A  specimen  was  found  in  calcite  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  county. 

24.     ORPIMENT. 
Sulphide  of  arsenic,  AsjSj. 

Monoclinic.  Usually  in  foliated  masses.  Perfect  clinopinacoidal 
cleavage.  Sectile.  H=:  1.5-2:  G  — 0.4-.S.5.  Color  lemon-yellow.  Pale 
ytdlow    streak.     I'early    luster. 

Uofractive  indices:    oc  =2-4  ;   «  =  2.72;  ,,  =  2.72. 

Like  realgar  in  the  reactions. 

Readily  distinguished  from  realgar  by  color.  The  two  are  usually 
associated  and  realgar  alters  into  orj^iment. 


28  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Lake  County :  Some  orpiment  with  realgar  is  said  to  have  been  found 
on  Eel  River,  about  fifteen  miles  northwest  of  Bartlett  Springs. 

Trinity  County:  Some  yellow  orpiment  occurs  iu  the  decomposition 
of  the  iron  sulphides  at  Island  Mountain. 

25.     STIBNITE— Antimonite 
Sulphide  of  antimony,   SboSj. 
Orthorhombic.     Long  prismatic  crystals,  often  bent  and  curved  and  with 
faces    striated    and    furrowed.     Cleavage    perfect    brachypinacoidal.     Color 
lead-gray.     Streak  dark  gray.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  2;  G=4.52  —  4.62. 

Refractive  indices:    ex  =3.194;  ^  =  4.046;  y=:4.303. 

Melts  in  a  candle  flame.     Heated  on  charcoal,  it  gives  dense  white  coat- 
ing and  the  odor  of  sulphur. 

Stibnite  is  the  common  ore  of  antimony,  and  good  deposits  of  the 
mineral  exist  in  the  State.  It  occurs  generally  as  veins  in  granitic  and 
metamorphic  gneisses  and  schists.  In  gold  and  copper  districts  it  is  a 
common  associate  of  the  prevalent  .sulphides  galena,  sphalerite,  chalco- 
pyrite,  pyrite  and  tetrahedrite,  consequently  may  usually  be  found  in 
those  districts  in  small  amounts.  It  is  characteristically  associated  with 
cinnabar. 

Calaveras  County :  Observed  with  gold  at  Mokelumne  Hill  and  in  the 
Mother  Lode  region. 

Inyo  County:  In  the  Cerro  Gordo  district  considerable  stibnite  was 
found  with  the  silver-lead  ores,  and  some  limonite  specimens  recently 
obtained  from  there  are  evident  pseudomorphs  after  long  prismatic 
stibnite  crystals.  Large  bodies  of  the  mineral  are  said  to  occur  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Panamint  IMountains,  near  Wild  Rose  Springs, 
associated  with  the  oxide  of  antimony.  Large  outcrop  on  east  slope  of 
Argus  ^Mountains,  between  Revenue  and  Shepherd  canyons ;  near  Owens 
Lake. 

Kern  County:  The  deposits  in  the  San  Emidio  ]\Iountains  at  the 
head  of  the  San  Emidio  Canyon  have  long  been  knoAvn  and  were  the 
first  worked  in  the  State.  Veins  of  the  mineral  also  are  plentiful  in 
the  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  On  Erskine 
Creek  considerable  native  antimony  has  been  found  in  association  with 
the  -stibnite.  Stibnite  also  occurs  in  the  Caliente  district.  Good  crystal- 
line specimens  occur  at  Piute ;  in  the  Tom  IMoore  mine,  Clear  Creek  dis- 
trict ;  near  Tehaehapi ;  near  Kernville ;  at  Hot  Springs ;  near  Havilah ; 
in  the  Cedar  Creek  Mining  district.  Occurs  also  at  the  Sierra  Sue  mine 
near  GlennviUe. 

Lake  County:  Some  stibnite  has  been  found  with  the  cinnabar  at 
Sulphur  Bank,  on  Clear  Lake. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Specimens  have  been  found  in  the  mountains 
south  of  Lancaster. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  29 

Mariposa  County:  Stibnite  forms  one  of  the  sulphide  minerals  in  the 
gold  districts  of  the  county. 

Merced  County :  Fine  specimens  of  prismatic  stibnite  have  come  from 
the  McLeoud  mining  district. 

Mono  County :  Very  common  in  the  Blind  Springs  district,  associated 
with  the  silver-lead  ores,  and  goood  specimens  have  come  from  the 
Comanche,  Comet  and  Diana  mines. 

Monterey  County:  The  mineral  occurs  about  nine  miles  from  San 
Lucas. 

Napa  County :  Fibrous  bands  of  stibnite  occurred  with  the  cinnabar 
at  the  Manhattan  and  the  Boston  or  old  Kedington  mines,  at  Knoxville. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  with  galena  in  quartz  at  the  lied  Ledge 
mine;  also  in  the  Mohawk  Antimony  mine  near  Nevada  City. 

Placer  County :  With  gold-bearing  quartz  in  the  St.  Laurence  Mine, 
Ophir  ]\Iining  district. 

Riverside  County :  Bunches  of  stibnite  were  found  at  the  Crowell 
mine,  five  miles  southeast  of  South  Riverside.  Fine-grained  stibnite 
was  found  near  Corona. 

San  Benito  County  :•  There  are  numerous  veins  of  stibnite  in  the 
county,  especially  in  the  northeastern  part,  in  close  association  with  the 
cinnabar  deposits.  Fine  crystallized  specimens  have  come  from  the 
Rip  Van  Winkel,  Alta,  Gleason  and  Shriver  claims  in  the  Antimony 
Mountains,  northeast  of  Hollister,  and  some  of  the  crystals  have  the 
forms:  (010),  (130),  (110),  (310),  (210),  (430),  (113),  (4.5.12), 
(102),  Eakle^'*.  Long  divergent  prisms  of  stibnite  have  come  from 
the  Blue  Wing  vein  of  Stay  ton  mine. 

San  Bernardino  County:  In  a  boulder  at  the  Centennial  mine.  A 
small  vein  of  stibnite  associated  with  wolframite  was  found  in  the 
Clark  Mountains ;  occurred  with  the  scheelite  at  Atolia. 

San  Diego  County:  Occui-s  on  Laguna  Mountains;  also  four  miles 
west  of  Jacumba. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Occurs  near  head  of  San  Simeon  Creek ; 
radiating  prisms  in  quartz  occur  near  Cambria;  beautiful  crystalline 
stibnite  with  pyrite  in  ([uartz  occurs  on  the  south  fork  of  San  Simeon 
Creek,  near  summit  of  Santa  Lucia  range. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Large  divergent  columnar  masses  have  come 
from  near  Gilroy.  Stibnite  is  also  an  associate  of  the  cinnabar  at  the 
New  Almaden  cinnabar  mines. 

Sierra  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  sulphides  with  the  gold  ores  at 
Downieville. 

Sonoma  County:  Occurs  in  small  amounts  on  San  Antone  Creek 
near  Marin  County  line. 


30  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

'I'l-iuily  County:  Found  ncvir  AVcnvcfvillf  with  (|n;ii1/.  and  pyritc. 
Ila.s  bet'ii  round  near  Ilayi'ork. 

Tulare  County:  Found  in  the  j\Iineral  King  district  as  an  associate  of 
argentiferous  galena.  In  (juartz  with  pyrite  on  Dennison  Mountains; 
in  a  quartz  vein  cutting  slate  at  tlic  Lady  Alice  mine,  one-quarter  mile 
south  of  Mineral  King. 

26.  BISMUTHINITE. 

Sulphide   of   l)isimUh,    JJi^Sa. 

Oillioilioiubic.  Usually  Jibrous  niiissivc.  Color  lead-sray.  Melallie 
luster.     H  =  2;   0  =  0.4  —  0.5. 

Heated  on  charconl.  ii  sives  yellow  eoatini;-  and  suliihur  odor.  ('oatln.!>- 
assumes  a  liriuhl    red  lionler  when  fused  witli  iiotasshuu  iodidi'  and  suli)hur. 

The  presence  of  bisuuith  lias  fre(|uently  been  detected  in  the  con- 
centrates from  several  of  the  gold  and  copper  districts,  but  the  form 
in  which  it  occurs  has  not  in  general  been  determined.  Bismuthinite  as 
a  distinct  mineral  has  only  been  noticed  in  a  few  localities. 

Fresno  County:  Some  small  pieces  were  found  in  Lot  1  mine  and  in 
the  second  Sierra  mine,  King.s  River  district.  Found  about  twenty 
miles  north  of  Trimmer  on  Kings  River.  Specimens  have  been  found 
in  the  northeastern  ])ai't  of  the  county. 

Inyo  County :  Said  to  occur  in  some  of  the  mines  in  the  Kearsarge 
Mountains,  near  Independence. 

Madera  County :  A  constituent  of  the  ores  at  Minarett  Mountains, 
Turner^ ''\ 

Mono  County:  Found  at  Oasis  with  l)isiuutite. 

Riverside  County :  Found  at  the  Lost  Horse  mine. 

San  Bernardiiio  County:  Was  found  witli  bismutitc  in  the  I'nitcd 
Tungsten  Copper  uu'ue,  ^lorongo  district. 

27.  MOLYBDENITE. 

Sulphide  of  molybdenum,  MoSn. 

Hexagonal.  Usually  in  scales  and  foliated  masses.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal.  Color  light  bluish  lead-gray.  Streak  lead-gray,  sometimes  with 
greenish  cast.     H  =  l.  —  3.5;  G  =  4.7. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  fusible,  ;;i\ing  sulphur  odor.  This  readily  dis- 
tinguishes   it    from   graiiliile.    \\iii<li    it    clos-.'ly    resend)les. 

Molybdenite  is  the  source  of  the  molybdenum  used  in  steel  manu- 
facture, for  which  there  is  some  demand.  The  mineral  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  State,  occurring  in  small  flakes  and  leaves  in  (piartz 
and  crystalline  rocks.  There  are  few  places  where  it  is  segregated 
sufficiently  to  pay  for  its  extractioji.  It  strongly  resembles  graphite 
but  can  generally  be  disfinguished  from  that  mineral  by  its  lighter 
bluish  lead-gray  color  and  its  occurrence  in  quartz  rather  than  in  white 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  31 

limestone.      In  all  counties  luivinji:  j^i-anitoid  rocks  some  molybdenite  can 
be  found. 

El  Dorado  County :  Broad  foliated  plates  occur  at  tlie  old  Cosumnes 
copper  mine,  near  Fairplay,  in  a  pegmatite  vein  with  bornite,  ehalco- 
pyrite,  epidote,  garnet,  axinite,  hornblende  and  orthoclase.  Also  in 
plates  at  Grizzly  Flats. 

Fresno  County :  In  quartz  at  the  Kings  River  Canyon  copper  mine. 
Good  broad  plates  have  been  found  in  quartz  roik  of  Green  Mountain, 
on  the  south  fork  of  San  Joaquin  River.  Mineral  occurs  on  Kings 
River,  thirty  miles  east  of  Trimmer  with  ealeite  and  epidote.  Occurs  in 
flakes  in  the  White  Fine  district. 

Inyo  County:  In  quartz  on  White  Mountains.  A  thick  ledge  con- 
taining much  molybdenite  was  reported  on  the  west  side  of  Death 
Valley.  Good  iiakes  in  the  rocks  of  the  Sierras  near  Independence. 
^Molybdenite  occurs  at  the  Pine  Creek  Tungsten  mine,  in  large  masses. 
Occurs  in  a  quartz  vein  at  contact  of  granite  and  limestone  at  the 
Lucky  Boy  Prospect,  seven  miles  east  of  Kearsarge;  on  Lone  Pine 
Creek  at  upper  part. 

Kern  County :  Occurs  w'ith  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  in  massive  white 
quartz  in  the  Democrat  Spring  Mining  district,  forty-tive  miles  east  of 
Bakersfield. 

Madera  Countv:  Plates  were  found  in  the  Speckerman  mine  at 
Fresno  Flat.    A  small  deposit  at  Sugar  Pine. 

Mariposa  County:  Specks  of  the  mineral  occur  in  a  lens  of  garnet, 
epidote  and  quartz,  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Hoffman,  Turner^5> 
and  at  Knights  Creek  near  Big  Trees,  Turner  *■*'.  Occurs  in  quartz 
in  the  Kinsley  mining  district  and  with  molybdite,  seven  miles  from 
El  Portal. 

Mono  County:  Found  with  molybdite  at  Cameron  near  Bridgeport; 
in  quartz  at  the  Minnie  mine,  Sweetwater  Range;  at  Silverado  Creek 
with  molybdite,  Whiting<^'.  Found  Avith  molybdite  one  mile  north  of 
Star  City.  Occurs  in  granite  about  six  miles  west  of  Sweetwater, 
Nevada.  Also  found  in  a  quartz  ledge  ten  miles  south  of  Fales  Hot 
Springs. 

Monterey  County:  Occurs  m  (|nartz  on  the  Westcott  ranch,  eight 
miles  east  of  Soledad. 

Napa  County :  In  quartz  on  Mt.  St.  Helena. 

Nevada  County:  Abundant  at  Nevada  City  mixed  Avith  limonite, 
Genth(2) .  g^Q^j  plates  in  the  Mayflower  mine,  Nevada  City ;  in  the 
Excelsior  mine.  Meadow  Lake  district ;  in  the  rocks  of  Signal  Peak ;  in 
a  garnet-epidote  rock  near  Lake  Tahoe;  broad  plates  in  white  quartz 
near  Truckee. 


32  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Placer  County :  In  a  granodiorite  with  copper  minerals  at  the  Elder 
mine,  about  four  miles  west  of  Clipper  Gap.  Occurred  in  some  of  the 
mines  of  the  Ophir  district,  Lindgren'^'.  Occurs  with  pvrite  in  quartz 
near  Cisco.  Flakes  of  large  size  occur  in  a  pegmatite  near  Rubicon 
River. 

Plumas  County:  Broad  plates  occur  in  the  Meadow  Valley  mining 
district. 

Riverside  County :  Small  flakes  of  molybdenite  occur  in  thin  peg- 
matite veins  intersecting  granite  at  a  quarry  about  4^  miles  northeast 
of  Corona.  Occurs  in  a  quartz  vein  in  n  quartz-liiotite  gneiss  about 
thirty-five  miles  east  of  Hemet. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  in  granite  at  Campo,  with  malachite  and 
chalcopyrite  at  Potrero  and  in  the  Grapevine  mining  district.  The 
Ramona  deposit  at  the  Bour  mine  was  concentrated  and  a  small  amount 
produced ;  wdth  molybdite  twenty  miles  north  of  Encinitas. 

Shasta  County:  In  granite  on  Hazel  Creek  and  also  on  Tom  Neal 
Mountain,  near  Delta.  In  aplite  or  alaskite  on  Boulder  Creek  near 
Gibson  Avith  molybdite  coatings,  where  it  has  been  concentrated  by 
flotation  and  several  tons  produced. 

Siskiyou  County :  Occurs  in  the  YelloAv  Butte  CopiM'i-  mine,  east 
of  "Weed.     Occurs  also  near  Dunsmuir. 

Trinity  County:  With  molybdite  near  Lcwiston,  Sec.  31,  T.  33  N., 
R.  8  W.,  M.  D.  ]\L    Occurs  in  quarts  with  some  pyrite  near  Helena. 

Tulare  County:  In  plates  at  Three  Rivers  and  in  the  Mineral  King 
district,  with  molybdite.  Fine  large  foliated  plates  of  molybdenite 
occur  in  a  granodiorite  at  the  head  of  Kaweah  River. 

Tuolumne  County:  In  a  quartz  vein  in  granite  on  the  south  side  of 
Knights  Creek,  northeast  of  Columbia;  in  a  quartz  vein  Avith  garnet, 
epidote,  and  sphalerite,  about  three  miles  west  of  Tower  Peak,  Turner^^^ 

Ventura  County :  Reported  from  Frazer  ^Mountain  and  .McDonald 
Peak. 

Yuba  County:  Plates  of  molxbdcnitc  with  yellow  inolybdite  occur  in 
granitic  rock  near  Camptonville. 


METALS. 

28.     ARGENTITE— Silver  Glance. 

Sulphide  of  silver,  Ag-S. 

Isometric.  Octahedral  crystals,  often  distorted.  Commonly  in  arbor- 
escent and  reticulated  shapes.  Color  dark  lead-gray  to  black.  Streak 
black.     Metallic  luster.     Highly  sectile.     H  =  2  — 2.5;   G  =  7.3. 

Heated  ou  charcoal,  it  givos  a  slight  odor  of  sulphur  and  is  readily 
reduced  to  a  bead  of  metallic  silver. 

Argentite  is  the  primary  silver  mineral  in  many  of  the  silver  districts 
and  is  usually  associated  with  other  silver  minerals  such  as  cerargyrite, 


MINERALS   OK    CALIFORNIA.  33 

stephanite,  polybasite  and  pyrargyrito.  and  with  argentiferous  galena. 
Silver  is  found  with  the  gold  and  copper  of  the  State,  but  there  are  few 
distinct  silver  districts. 

Alpine  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  of  the  Silver  Mountain  dis- 
trict, and  small  octahedral  crystals  have  come  from  the  Advance  mine. 

Inyo  County :  This  is  one  of  the  few  silver  counties  of  the  State  and 
argentite  has  been  (piite  common  in  some  of  the  mines,  especially  at 
Cerro  Gordo.  Massive  and  crystal  specimens  have  been  prominent  in 
the  Oi'iental  mine,  Deep  Spring  Valley.  Occurs  as  an  important  silver 
mineral  in  the  Minietta  Belle  mine. 

Kern  County:  Argentite  crystals  associated  with  native  silver  have 
been  found  in  the  Silver  King  mine,  near  Garlock.  It  occurs  with 
tetrahedrite  and  pyrargyrite  at  the  Amalie  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Was  one  of  the  silver  minerals  of  the  Kelsey 
mine,  near  San  Gabriel  Canyon,  associated  with  native  silver,  erythrite, 
smaltite,  and  annabergite.  Also  found  at  Silverado  with  argentiferous 
galena. 

Mariposa  County :  The  Bryant  silver  mine  contained  argentite  and 
ruby  silver. 

Mono  County :  'Found  sparingly  in  the  Bodie  and  Benton  districts 
with  gold,  tetrahedrite,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite  and  galena.  In  the 
Sweetwater  Range,  north  of  Bridgeport,  the  mines  contained  argentite 
with  gold,  cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite,  native  silver. 

Nevada  County :  Mentioned  by  Lindgren^^'^  as  occurring  in  the  Alli- 
son Ranch  mine,  near  Nevada  City. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  silver  districts  of  this  county  have 
produced  some  argentite,  but  in  general  the  sulphide  has  not  been 
prominent.  The  mines  of  the  New  York  Mountains  near  Manvel  show 
.some,  and  also  the  old  Imperial  and  Tiptop  mines.  Lava  Beds  district 
has  produced  crystals.  It  occurred  to  some  extent  with  the  hornsilver 
in  the  Calico  and  Barstow  mining  districts.  Found  with  galena,  chalco- 
pyrite and  pyrite  in  the  Goldstone  district. 

29.     GALENITE— Galena. 

Sulphide  of  lead,  I'bS. 

Isometric.  Cubes  and  cubooctahedrons  common.  Also  massive,  coarse 
and  fine  granular  and  sometimes  lamellar  and  foliated.  Cleavage  perfect 
cubic.  Color  lead-gray.  Streak  dark  gray.  Metallic  luster.  H.  —  2.5; 
G-7AS. 

Heated  on  charcoal,  a  deu.se  lemon-yellow  coating  forms  and  a  slight 
odor  of  sulphur  can  be  detected.   Is  easily  reduced  to  a  bead  of  metallic  lead. 

Galenite  is  a  very  common  mineral  and  is  usually  prominent  in  all  of 
the  gold,  silver  and  copper  districts.  It  is  found  in  large  and  small 
cubes  and  in  granular  and  foliated  masses.     Much  of  it  is  argentiferous 

3—22132 


34  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

and  forms  the  silver  ore  of  the  State.  The  characteristic  associates 
are  sphak^rite,  pyrite,  totraliedrito,  chalcopyrite,  barite,  fliiorite  and 
calcite.  Its  two  common  alteration  products,  cerussite  and  anglesite, 
very  often  accompany  it. 

Alpine  County:  It  occurs  argentiferous  in  the  Silver  ]\Iountain  dis- 
trict. 

Amador  County:  Very  often  found  in  the  mines  near  Plymouth  and 
along  the  Mother  Lode. 

Butte  County :  Occurs  with  clialcopyrite  and  quartz  in  the  Butte 
Creek  mining  district. 

Calaveras  County:  On  Carson  Hill,  at  Angels  and  in  many  of  the 
mines  of  the  ]\Iother  Lode.  It  occurs  with  sphalerite  at  the  Buckhorn 
mine,  Oromiento  mine,  Wa^shington  mine,  Yaller  Kid  mine.  Collier 
mine  near  ^Murphy,  at  West  Point  in  the  Star  of  the  West  mine  and 
Gold  Nugget  mine ;  at  the  Come  t  mine  on  ^Mokelumne  River. 

El  Dorado  County :  A  sulphide  constituent  of  many  of  the  mines  of 
the  county.  Common  in  cubes  at  Grizzly  Flats.  Some  of  the  mines  of 
the  county  from  which  it  has  been  reported  in  the  ores,  mostly  accom- 
panied by  pyrite  and  sphalerite,  are:  Grand  Victory  mine,  Diamond 
Springs,  Flagstaff,  Mount  Pleasant,  Humbug  mines' of  Grizzly  Flat; 
Bonesett  and  Vandalia  mines  near  Shingle  Springs;  Pilot  Hill  mines. 

Fresno  County :  At  Luakala  mine.  Contact  mine,  Fresno  Chief  mina 
Jumper  Claim  near  Spanish  Peak. 

Imperial  County  :   Small  veins  and  pockets  five  miles  east  of  Picacho ; 
large  masses  in  Paymaster  mine  in  the  northern  part  of  Barren  Moun 
tain  near  Colorado  River. 

Inyo  County :  Argentiferous  galena  has  been  the  important  silver  ore 
of  the  county.  At  the  old  Modoc,  San  Felipe,  Defiance,  and  other  mines 
of  the  Cerro  Gordo  district  it  formed  the  chief  silver  ore.  Common 
also  in  the  Panamint  Range  and  fine  crystals  have  come  from  the  Blue 
Wing  mine.  Fine-grained  masses  occur  at  the  Hidalgo  mine.  At  Blue 
Dick  mine ;  Kingston  ^Mountain ;  with  cerussite  in  limestone  at  Chloride 
Cliif  mine;  in  limestone  with  splialerite  at  Camp  Burgess;  with  smith- 
sonite  and  cerussite  in  limestone  at  tlie  Ophir  mine.  Slate  Range;  in 
the  Deep  Spring-;  mining  district ;  at  the  ]\Iorning  Star  mine,  Saratoga 
Springs;  at  the  Custer  mine  in  banded  masses  with  chalcopyrite;  the 
^Montezuma  mine  with  cerussite,  ten  miles  southeast  of  Big  Pine ;  Mar- 
ble Canyon  mine.  Opal  mine.  Lucky  Hike  Prospect,  Nancy  Hanks  mine, 
and  Daisy  mine,  in  the  Wancobe  mining  district ;  l^nion  mine ;  Santa 
Rosa  mine ;  in  most  of  the  mines  of  the  Resting  Springs  district ;  with 
anglesite  and  cerussite  in  the  l^behebe  mine ;  in  the  Darwin  mining 
district ;  mined  at  the  Monster  mine  on  the  east  slope  of  Inyo  jMountains. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  35 

Kern  County:  Occurs  in  th(?  mines  near  Garlock  and  in  the  Ainalie 
district  at  the  Hri^ht  Star  mine,  I'iute  district  associaird  witli  arsciio- 
])yrite;  witii  sclieelite  in  the  Amalie  Jawbone  Canyon. 

Los  Anyeles  County:  The  Kelscy  mine  near  tlie  San  Cahriel  Canyon 
contained  some  galena.  A  small  deposit  occurred  on  Santa  Catalina 
Island  which  carried  a  little  silver  and  some  sphalerite  and  chalcopy- 
rite. 

Madera  Count}' :  Large  cubes  have  come  from  the  Star  mine,  Mount 
Raymond  district;  at  the  ({ambetta  mine,  (iiub  (tuIcIi;  in  the  Kings 
Creek  and  ^Minaret  districts;  in  the  Silver  J'eak  and  De  Soto  mines, 
North  Fork  district;  White  Chief  mine,  ^linei-al  T^^ing  district. 

Mariposa  County :  Mines  near  Bagby  and  Coulterville  show  galena 
and  it  is  a  fre(|uent  sulphide  constituent  of  the  gold-bearing  veins. 
Occurs  with  light  yellow  sphalerite  disseminated  through  aui-iferous 
quartz  in  the  Trea^^ure  mine,  Quartzburg  district;  also  in  the  ^loore 
Hill  and  Bondurant  mines.  , 

Mono  County :  This  is  one  of  the  silver-lead  counties  and  argen- 
tiferous galena  forms  important  bodies  of  ore.  It  is  very  common  in  the 
l^odie,  Ik^nton  and  Jjundy  districts  and  at  the  claims  on  the  Sweetwater 
Range. 

]\[()nterey  County :  Small  veins  of  argentiferous  galena  occurred  in 
ihe  old  Alisal  mine  on  VA  Rnncho  Alisal,  aliout  cighl  miles  southeast 
of  Salinas. 

Nevada  County :  Found  in  the  Meadow  Lake  and  other  mining 
districts  of  the  county.  Mentioned  by  Lindgren^^)  as  one  of  the 
minerals  of  the  mines  at  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City. 

Orange  County:  Argentiferous  galena  occurs  near  Elsinore  and  in 
the  Silverado  district;  a1  the  Blue  Light  mine,  Santiago  Canyon. 

Placer  County:  In  the  ()i)hii'  mining  district  at  several  of  the  mines; 
also  in  the  mining  districts:  Last  (.'hance,  Weinar,  Michigan  Bluff, 
Butcher  Ranch,  Dutch  Flat,  Canada  Hill,  Deadwood,  Rock  Creek. 

Plumas  County:  Occurs  in  the  Meadow  Valley  and  Light's  Canyon 
disti'irts.  At  the  Plumas  Eureka  mine;  in  the  Butte  Bar  mine;  witii 
gold  at  (iranite  Basin;  on  Feather  Kiver  a  few  miles  above  Quincy. 

Riverside  County:  Found  in  the  Free  Coinage  mine,  the  Steele  mine 
and  Gold  Galena  mine.  ^Massive  pieces  and  cubes  of  galena  are  asso- 
ciated with  the  garnet,  quartz,  sphalerite,  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  at 
Crestmore. 

Sacramento  County:  At  Michigan  I^ar  with  sphalerite  and  pyrite, 
Hanks(6). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Argentiferous  galena  with  lead  carbonate 
was  common  in  several  of  the  silver  districts  of  the  county.  Common  in 
the  Silver  Mountain,  Silver  Reef,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Calico 


36  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

and  Barstow  districts.  Occurs  with  linarite.  aiiglesite,  cerussite  and 
smithsonite  in  a  doloniitie  limestone  at  tlie  Ibex  mine.  Black  IMountairLs, 
six  miles  north  of  Saratoga  Springs. 

San  Diego  County :  Small  Ixxiy  in  mica  schi.st  north  of  Valley  Center. 

Shasta  County :  It  is  present  although  not  in  abundance  at  most  of 
the  copper  mines.    Common  in  veins  in  slate  in  Weaverville  Quadrangle. 

Sierra  County :  In  the  Pride,  Ironsides,  Phoenix,  Sierra  Buttes,  Wil- 
lowby,  Alhambra.  Bullion,  Four  Hills,  Gold  Canyon,  Black  Jack  Alaska, 
Kanaka,  Nixon  and  other  mines. 

Siskiyou  County :  Occurs  in  deposits  near  Callahan,  carrying  some 
silver.  Also  at  Seiad  valley,  Siskiyou  mine;  Hunter  mine;  near  Yreka; 
altered  to  anglesite  and  cerussite  at  Happy  Camp. 

Tehama  County:  On  Cow  Creek,  Hanks^^^. 

Trinity  County :   Reported  from  Dobbyn  Creek  near  Grizzly  Creek. 

Tulare  County :  Prominent  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County  :•  At  the  Soulsby  mine,  and  to  some  extent  with 
pyrite  and  sphalerite  in  the  mines  on  Quartz  Mountain  and  Whiskey 
Hill.  Also  at  Black  Oak  mine,  Mt.  Dana  mine,  Santa  Maria  mine, 
Porto  Fino  mine,  Piatt  mine,  Mary  Ellen  mine,  Keltz  mine.  Rising 
Sun  mine,  (lolden  Treasure  mine,  Juliana  Bar  mine,  Star  mine,  Semi- 
noU^  mine.  Providence  mine,  Carlotta  mine.  Gem  mine.  Sonnet  mine, 
Experimental  mine. 

Ventura  Count}' :  Occurs  with  pyrite  in  the  Long  Dave  mine,  near 
Stauffer. 

30.     CHALCOCITE — Copper  Glance — Redruthite. 
Sulphide  of  copper,  Cu^S. 

Orthorhombic.  Crystals  with  deeply  striated  faces.  Generally  com- 
pact massive.  Color  dark  lead-gray  to  black.  Streak  black.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3;   G  =  5.70. 

Chalcocite  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic  copper  on  charcoal.  Dissolved  in 
nitric  acid  and  adding  ammonia  produces  a  beautiful  blue  solution.  Some 
reddish  ferric   hydrate   is   apt  to  be   precipitated   as  an   impurity. 

Massive  specimens  of  the  dark  gray  chalcocite  are  common  in  many 
of  the  copper  claims  of  the  State,  but  large  bodies  of  this  valuable 
copper  mineral  are  rare.  The  mineral  is  formed  in  the  lower  levels 
through  the  secondary  enrichment  of  the  copper-iron  sulphides  by 
solutions  charged  with  copper  obtained  from  the  upper  zones  of  oxida- 
tion. Boruite  and  chalcopyrite  are  often  intermixed  with  the  chalco- 
cite, and  malachite  commonly  coats  the  surfaces  of  specimens. 

Alpine  County :  Probablj^  the  tirst  copper  claim  in  the  State  was 
the  Uncle  Billy  Roger's  claim  in  Hope  Valley,  in  the  northwestern 
comer  of  the  county.  The  claim  was  described  as  a  chimney-shaped 
deposit  in  a  garnet  rock  which  carried  some  chalcopyrite,  p.^inte  and 
chalcocite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  37 

Calaveras  County :  Small  amounts  of  massive  ehalcocite  have  been 
found  in  the  copper  deposits  at  Campo  Seco  and  Copperopolis. 
Occurred  also  on  Quail  Hill,  Silliman*'^'.  Small  amount  in  quartz  at  the 
Excelsior  mine,  Angels;  also  in  the  Telegraph  mine,  Hog    Hill. 

Colusa  County :   ^Massive  at  the  American  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  ]\Ia.ssive  ehalcocite  occurred  in  the  Copper  Creek, 
Diamond  Creek  and  Crescent 'City  mines. 

El  Dorado  County:  In  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fair- 
play  it  was  associated  with  boruite  and  ehalcopyrite.  With  bornite  and 
chalcopyrite  in  serpentine  at  the  Boston  mine,  Latrobe. 

Humboldt  County :  Occurs  in  the  Horse  ^Mountain  district.  Large 
masses  and  disseminated  particles  in  serpentine,  in  assocation  with 
native  copper,  malachite  and  cuprite,  occur  at  the  Iron  Mt.  mine. 

Inyo  County :  There  are  numerous  copper  claims  in  this  county  and 
good  specimens  of  the  massive  ehalcocite  have  come  from  the  TJbehebe 
Mountains.    Also  occurs  in  the  JMinnictta  mine.  Lookout  Mining  district. 

Kern  County:  Associated  witli  ('}iH]('0])yrite  on  Mesquitc  Mountain, 
near  Garlock. 

Lake  County :  Some  found  on  tlie  Langtry  Ranch,  seven  miles  south 
of  Middletown. 

Lassen  County :    A  fine  specimen  lias  come  from  the  Lummis  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Occurred  in  the  mines  at  La  Soledad  Pass. 

Madera  County:  Found  in  the  old  Buchanan  mine. 

Mariposa  County:  Occurred  in  small  amounts  in  some  of  the  claims 
near  Coulterville.  In  the  Comet  mine,  Pocahontas  mine  and  at  Hornitos. 

Napa  County :  Associated  with  covellite  and  malachite  in  the  Jumper 
mines. 

Nevada  County:  With  cuprite  and  malachite  at  the  Ore  Grande 
mine,  Cisco. 

Placer  County :  Said  to  have  occurred  in  the  Baker  mine  near 
Lincoln.    With  native  copper  and  cuprite  at  Meadow  Lake. 

Plumas  County :  Rich  copper  ore  consisting  of  ehalcocite  and  bornite 
is  found  in  the  Gennessee  Valley  and  Light's  Canyon  districts.  Chal- 
cocite  occurs  at  the  Engels  mine  as  a  replacement  of  bornite. 

Riverside  County :  Observed  at  the  Mt.  King  mine.  A  little  chaco- 
cite  is  present  with  other  sulphides  in  the  limestone  at  Crestmore. 

San  Benito  County :  Small  grains  of  ehalcocite  occur  in  the  natro- 
lite  with  the  benitoite  of  this  county,  Louderback*^^) 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  of  the  copper  claims  in  the  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  contain  rich  masses  of  copper  glance. 
Good  specimens  have  come  from  the  Silver  Prize,  Copper  AVorld, 
Francis,  Arabella,  Florence  and  Hettie  mines.  Occurs  with  bornite  at 
the  Francis  Copper  mine,  Kelso  district,  Providence  Mountains.    Found 


38  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

in  a  quartz  pori)hyry.  seven  miles  south  of  Ludlow;  with  bornite,  four 
miles  east  of  Judson ;  with  tenorite,  thirtj'-eight  miles  east  of  ]\Iojave. 

San  Diego  County :   Found  at  Potrero  in  massive  specimens. 

Shasta  County :  Some  chalcocite  has  been  found  in  most  of  the 
copper  mines  of  the  county,  but  the  mineral  is  not  prominent  in  any  of 
them.  Specimens  have  come  from  the  Mountain  Copper,  Balaklala, 
Afterthought,  Bully  Hill  and  Copper  City  mines. 

Sierra  County :    Observed  in  the  Four  Hills  mine. 

Siskiyou  County :  Found  intermixed  with  molybdenite  at  the  Yellow 
Hutte  Copjier  mine,  De  Laney ;  in  the  Copper  King  mine;  in  the 
Bonanza  mine  near  Honolulu. 

Trinity  County :  In  the  Copper  Queen  lode,  Carrville  district. 
Occurs  with  the  pyrrhotite  mass  at  Island  ^Mountain. 

Tuolumne  Count}^:  Occurred  in  the  "Whiskey  Hill  mines,  Silliman^^^. 

31.     STROMEYERITE. 
Sulpliiue  of  silver  and  copper,   (Ag,  Cu):S. 

Orthorbombic.  Generally  compact  massive.  Color  and  streak  dark 
steel-gray.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3;    G  =  6.15  — 6.3. 

Dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  and  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  added  to 
the  solution  produces  a  precipitate  of  white  silver  chloride.  Ammonia  added 
to  solution  dissolves  this  precipitate  and  the  .solution  turns  deep  blue. 

This  mineral  has  only  been  found  in  silver  districts  where  copper  is 
also  present.  It  is  formed  in  the  same  way  as  chalcocite  and  may  grade 
into  it. 

Alpine  County :  Believed  to  be  a  part  of  the  ore  in  the  Monitor  and 
Mogul  districts,  associated  with  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite  and  enargite. 

Inyo  County :  The  Silver  Queen  and  other  mines  of  the  Panamint 
Mountains  contained  the  mineral  with  tetrahedrite  and  cerargyrite. 
Found  also  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  Wild  Rose  districts. 

Riverside  County:  Probably  present  in  the  Homestake  copper  mine 
in  the  Palen  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  It  occurred  as  one  of  the  numerous  minerals 
of  the  Calico  district  and  an  analysis  of  it  from  the  Silver  King  mine 
was  made  by  Melville  and  Lindgren(i>. 

Ag  Cu        Fe  S         Res  =:  BaSO^+SiOs 

53.96     28.58     0.26     15.51     1.55  =  99.86    per    cent.     Sp.    0  =  6.28 

Sierra  County :  A  specimen  of  copper-silver  sulphide  stromeyerite 
came  from  the  Original  16-1  mine,  Alleghany. 


MINERALS   OF    CALTFORNIA.  39 

32.     SPHALERITE— Zincblende— Black   Jack. 
Sulphide  of  zinc,  ZuS. 

Isoiuetnc,  tctrahodnil.  Imperfect  crystals,  granular  and  massive.  Cleav- 
age perfect  dodecaiiodral.  Color  yellow,  brown  and  black.  Streak  colorless 
to  yellowish  brown.     Kesinous  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  4.0. 

l{»'fractivt'  index:  /(=1.'.47. 

A  slight  coating,  yollowisli  wiiih'  1h>1  and  wliili.sh  wlicn  cold,  is  ublainetl 
liy  intense  heating.  A  few  drops  of  cohall  nitrate  added  to  the  assay  and 
intensely  heated  sives  a  yellowish  ;:r('rn  color,  which  is  characteristic  of 
zinc  uiinei'als.  (jives  slronj?  hydrogen  sulphide  odor  when  dissolved  in 
hydrochloric    acid. 

Sphalerite  is  a  very  common  sulphide  and  is  very  prevalent  in  most 
of  the  mining  regions.  It  occurs  from  clear  light  brown  to  very  dark 
brown,  almost  black  masses.  Its  typical  associate  is  galena,  but  it  is 
also  often  intimately  mixed  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite, 
arsenopyrite  and  lead-silver  minerals.  In  the  smelting  of  zinc-bearing 
ores  few  of  the  smelters  have  endeavored  to  save  the  zinc. 

Alpine  County :  Occurred  as  one  of  the  minerals  in  the  Rogers  claim, 
Hope  Valley. 

Calaveras  County :  Common  in  the  pyrite  ore  at  Campo  Seco  and 
Coppernpolis.  Common  in  the  mines  near  ]\Iurphy  with  galena.  In 
the  \Va.shiii,trton  mine,  Indian  Creek ;  at  West  Point  in  the  Gold  Nugget, 
Star  of  the  AVest  and  other  claims,  with  galena  in  auriferous  quartz. 
In  the  Grasshopper,  Comet,  Jones  mines. 

El  Dorado  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  in  the  mines  at  Grizzly 
Flats,  Pilot  Hill  and  other  mines  of  the  county.  In  the  ]Mt.  Pleasant, 
Eagle  King,  Sun  Dog,  Flagstaff.  Madelena,  Humphrey,  Grand  Victory 
mines  associated  witli  galena. 

Fresno  County:  In  the  -Jumper  Claim  near  Spanish  Peak.  In  the 
Luakala  mine  with  galena  and  quartz. 

Humboldt  County :    Found  as  float  on  Yager  Creek. 

Inyo  County:  Common  as  an  associate  with  galena  in  the  Darwin, 
Cerro  Gordo  and  Inyo  ^Mountain  mines.  Occurs  in  small  amounts  with 
the  garnet  and  scheelite  near  Bishop. 

Kern  County :  Very  fine-grained  masses  in  tlie  Cinderella  mine ;  with 
pyrite,  pyrrhotite  and  chalcopyrite  near  Lebec  Post  Office;  in  the 
Urbana  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County:  With  galena  and  chalcopyrite  on  Santa  Cata- 
lina  Island. 

IMadera  County :  With  galena  in  the  McMurray  and  Homestake 
mines,  ]\It.  Raymond ;  in  the  Gambetta  mine.  Grub  Gulch ;  at  the  Fine 
Gold  mine.  Railroad  Flat ;  with  galena  and  chalcopyrite  at  the  Nellie 
and  Abbey  mines.  Hildreth  district ;  in  the  El  Capitan.  Advance,  De 
Soto,  Alatilda  and  Commoner  mines.  North  F'ork  district.     Occurs  on 


40  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

the  North  Fork  Sail  Joaquin  River,  and  masses  of  sphalerite  with  streaks 
of  ehalcopyrite  occur  in  the  Best  Chance  mine  in  the  Minaret  district. 

Mariposa  County :  Occurs  in  the  mines  along  the  Mother  Lode.  A 
light  brown  tribo-luuiiuescent  variety  mixed  with  white  barite  and  gray 
tetrahedrite,  the  ore  resembling  a  dark  gray  schist,  was  found  at  the 
Fitch  mine  and  was  described  by  Eakle^^^  and  Eakle  and  Sharwood^^^. 
The  sphalerite  emits  a  peculiar  train  of  light  when  scratched  or  rubbed. 
The  material  was  first  put  on  the  market  as  a  radium  ore,  and  later 
has  been  ground  and  sold  to  the  gullible  public,  under  the  name 
"Akoz, "  as  a  curative  for  a  great  variety  of  ailments.  Light  yellow 
with  galena  at  the  Treasure  mine,  Quartzburg  district ;  dark  sphalerite 
Avith  ehalcopyrite  on  the  Chowchilla  River;  in  the  Bondurant  mine  with 
galena  and  quartz. 

]\Iono  County :  Occurs  in  the  Homer,  Lundy  and  Benton  districts. 
Massive  black  with  pyrite  occurs  at  the  Bunker  Hill  mine.  Largo  dis- 
trict; with  galena  in  the  White  Mountains  east  of  Benton. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  in  many  of  the  gold  mines  of  this  county. 
Prominent  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district  and  in  the  mines  of  Grass  Valley 
and  Nevada  City. 

Orange  County :  Occurs  with  galena  in  the  Blue  Light  mine,  San- 
tiago Canyon. 

Placer  County :  One  of  the  associate  minerals  in  the  gold  deposit  at 
Ophir.  With  galena  and  pyrrhotite  in  the  True  Fissure  Mine;  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  Bullion  mines. 

Plumas  County :  The  mines  of  the  Meadow  Valley,  Indian  Valley  and 
Light 's  Canyon  contain  some  sphalerite  with  the  other  sulphides.  Small 
crystals  occur  in  the  fine-grained  quartz  at  Cronsberg;  with  galena  and 
gold-bearing  quartz  in  Granite  Basin  and  in  the  Plumas  Eureka  mine. 
Small  amounts  occur  with  the  eop])er  ores  at  Engels. 

Riverside  County :  Blaek  sphalerite  occurs  in  the  vesuvianite-garnet 
masses  at  Crestmore,  some  of  it  coated  with  yellow  greenockite. 

Sacramento  C'ountj^:  At  Michigan  Bar  with  galena. 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  this  county  zincblende  is  found  to  some 
extent  with  the  silver-lead  sulphides.  Specimens  have  come  from  the 
Silver  Reef,  Calico,  Grapevine  and  Lava  Beds  districts.  Perfect  tetra- 
hedral  crystals  were  found  in  the  Morongo  district ;  also  common  in 
the  New  York  mountains. 

San  Diego  County :    With  pyrrhotite  and  pyrite  near  Fallbrook. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Small  amounts  in  quartz  reported  from  the 
Dennis  Martin  ranch,  four  miles*  west  of  Menlo  Park. 

Shasta  County :  Masses  of  sphalerite  occur  in  the  Afterthought  and 
Peck  mines  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Bully  Hill,  Copper  City,  Iron 
Mountain  and  other  districts  of  the  county. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIB'ORNIA.  41 

Sierra  County  :  With  galena,  chaleopyrite  and  arsenopyrite  in  the 
Allegliany  district ;  in  the  Sierra  Buttes  mine.  Kanaka  mine  and  in 
the  Nixon  Group.  American  Hill  district. 

Siskiyou  County :  Connnon  with  galena  and  chaleopyrite  at  Calla- 
han. Occurs  witli  pyritc  in  gold  <iuartz  in  the  Griz/.ly  Gnlcli  mine. 
Indian  Creek,  and  in  the  Huntci"  mine.  Cherry  Creek. 

Trinity  County:  Small  amounts  occur  with  the  ore  at  Island  ^loun- 
tain. 

Tulare  County :  Connnon  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Massive  at  the  Soulsby  mine  and  sparingly  in  the 
mines  along  the  Mother  Lode.  Ait  the  Starr,  Lost  Fox,  Keltz,  Mary 
Ellen.  Piatt.  Porto  Fino.  Pine  Momitain,  iiouisiana,  Mt.  Dana,  Santa 
]Maria.  Black  Oak.  Sonnet.  Draper,  Den.smore  and  Carlotta  mines  asso- 
ciated with  galena  and  occasionally  with  pyrrhotite. 


33.     ALABANDITE. 
Sulphide   of   manganese,   MnS. 

Isometric.  Usuall.v  iri'auular  massive.  Perfect  cubic  cleavage.  Color 
iron-black  to  rlark  brown.     Streak  green.     H=3.5 — 4;  G=4.00. 

The  roasted  niim-ral  gives  a  manganese  bead  with  borax.  Soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid  witli  the  evolution  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

^langanese  occurs  usually  as  oxides  or  oxygen  compounds,  but  the 
sulphide  is  found  occasionally  as  a  vein  mineral  in  metallic  sulphide 
deposits,  e-specially  with  sulpliides  of  copper. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  specimen  has  come  from  this  county,  but 
the  locality  is  not  given. 

San  Diego  County:  Specimens  have  come  from  this  county,  perhaps 
from  the  Julian  district. 


34.     METACINNABARITE. 
Sulphide   of  mercury,   HgS. 

Isometric,  tetrahedral.  Usually  massive  and  amorphous.  Color  grayish 
black.     Streak  black.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  3;   G  =  7.81. 

Vaporizes  with  invisible  fumes  and  gives  a  slight  sulphur  odor.  Dis- 
tinguished fi'om  cinnabar  by  its  black  color. 

The  black  sulphide  of  mercury  was  discovered  in  1872  at  the  old 
Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  and  since  its  discovery  has  been  found  in 
many  of  the  cinnabar  deposits  of  the  State. 

Colusa  County:  Found  in  the  Sulphur  Creek  district  at  the  Manza- 
nita  mine  with  cinnabar  and  gold. 


42  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Inyo  County:  Occurred  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine  and  was  analysed 
by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^). 

HgS  FeS  +  SiOo 

95.62  4.38 

Lake  County :  Prominent  in  the  Great  Western,  Baker  and  Abbott 
luiiu's.     Also  fouml  in  the  Bradford  mine. 

Monterey  County :  With  the  einnal)ar  in  the  Parkfield  district. 

Napa  County:  Discovered  in  the  Redington  (later  Bost(m)  mine.  It 
oceiirred  in  black  amorphous-like  masses  and  Avas  described  as  a  now 
mineral  by  Moore*^'.  Good  crystals  were  later  found  in  the  same  mine 
which  showed  the  mineral  to  be  isometric  instead  of  amorphous,  Pen- 
lield*!'.  Forms:  (111),  (211),  (322),  (975).  Analyses  of  the  mineral 
from  this  mine  were  made  by  Moore^^*  and  also  by  Melville  and  Lind- 
gren'^\ 

S  Hg  Fe  SiOo 

Moore 13.82         85.79  0.39  0.25         =100.25  per  cent 

HgS  FeS  SiOj 

M.  and  L. 99.48  0.09  0.71         =   99.88  per  cent 

98.48        0.94        0.71         =100.13 

The  old  Reed  mine  contained  considerable  metacinnabarite.  In  the 
Oat  Hill  mine  specimens  were  found  coated  with  white  calomel. 

Orange   County :  Found  on  the   San  Joaquin  Ranch   disseminated 

through  a  ferruginous  barite;  analysed  by  Genth^^^. 

Hg  s  ci 

85.89         13.69        0.32         =99.90  per  cent 

San  Benito  County :  Large  pieces  have  been  found  in  the  New  Hope 
vein  of  the  New  Idria  mine.  Found  also  at  the  Picachos  mine  in  black 
masses,  Rogers'^\ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  In  the  Adalaide  and  Oceanic  districts  it 
has  been  occasionally  found. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Considerable  amounts  have  been  found  in  the 
New  Almaden  and  Guadalupe  mines.  Melville  and  Lindgren^^'  ana- 
lysed the  mineral  from  the  New  Almaden  mine  and  described  the 
crystals  as  hexagonal,  with  some  complex  and  doubtful  forms:  (0001), 
(0554),  (ITOI),  (1322),  (SO.oO.O.l),  (48.46.2.1),  (41.38.3.T). 

Analysis : 

Vol.  org. 
S  Hs        Fo      Co       Zn       Mn    CaCOs  SiO-.      matter 

13.68     78.01     0.61     tr.     0.90     0.15     0.71     4.27         0.63     =99.26    per    cent 

Solano  County:    Occurred  in  the  Hastings  mine. 
Sonoma   County:    Considerable  metacinnabarite   was  found   in  the 
Culver-Baer  mine,  east  of  Cloverdale. 

Yolo  County:   Found  in  the  California  mine,  later  called  Reed  mine, 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  43 

35.     CINNABAR. 
Sulphide  of  mercurj',  HgS. 

Ilex.igoual,  rhombohedral.  Small  crystals  commou.  Also  granular  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.  Color  cochineal-red.  Streak  scarlet- 
red.     Adamantine   luster.     H  =  2-— 2.5;   G  =  S.O. 

lit'liactive  indict:    ^  =  3.202;  (^  =  2..sr>4. 

Vaporizes  with  invisible  fumes  and  yields  a  slight  sulphur  odor,  hut  no 
coating  which  distinguishes  it  from  roalirar.  Completely  disappears  by  heat- 
ing. 

Cinnabar  was  known  in  the  State  long  prior  to  the  discovery  of  gold, 
and  the  old  mine  at  New  Ahnaden  had  been  in  active  operation  for  some 
time  when  Lyman^^)  described  a  visit  to  it  in  1848.  The  most  important 
deposits  lie  in  the  Coast  Ranges  extending  from  Del  Norte  County  to 
San  Diego  County,  those  in  the  Sierras  being  of  minor  value.  The  most 
important  counties  in  the  production  of  quicksilver  have  been  Lake, 
Napa,  Santa  Clara  and  San  Benito  counties  and  many  flasks  of  mercury 
have  come  from  once  famous  mines  which  are  now  idle  or  exhausted. 
The  deposits  in  general  occur  along  the  contact  between  serpentine  and 
metamorphic  sandstones  and  shales,  and  the  mineral  has  been  deposited 
from  solfataric  waters  carrying  the  sulphide  in  solution.  These  solu- 
tions have  impregnated  the  sandstones  and  brecciated  masses  of  opal 
and  chalcedony  which  have  formed  in  the  serpentine  through  much 
silicification,  leaving  seams  and  pockets  of  cinnabar.  The  impregna- 
tions have  followed  flows  and  intrusions  of  igneous  rock  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood.  Beoker<^*,  Forstner'^'  and  Bradley^^'  have  issued  gen- 
eral reports  on  tlie  quicksilver  deposits  of  California. 

Alameda  County :  Streaks  of  cinnabar  occur  in  a  chalcedonic  mass  in 
the  Cragmont  district,  North  Berkeley. 

Calaveras  County :  A  small  amount  of  cinnabar  witli  quart/,  has  been 
found  in  the  Blue  Wing  mine,  north  of  ]\Iurpliy. 

Colusa  County :  Deposits  occur  on  both  sides  of  Sulphur  Creek  in 
sandstones  and  shales,  associated  with  sulphur,  bitumen  and  gold.  The 
Manzanita,  Elgin,  Empire  and  Wide  Awake  mines  were  former  pro- 
ducers. Till-  Manzanita  mine  was  noted  for  its  occurrence  of  gold  with 
the  cinnabar. 

Contra  Costa  County :  A  deposit  was  found  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  north  peak  of  Mt.  Diablo  in  sei'pentine. 

Del  Norte  County :  Cinnabar  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  in  the  Diamond  Creek  district. 

El  Dorado  County :  The  Bernard  or  old  Amador  quicksilver  mine  has 
produced  some  of  the  mineral.  The  mine  is  located  on  Fanny  Creek, 
two  miles  west  of  Nashville  and  about  eight  miles  from  Shingle  Springs, 
in  slates  and  quartzites. 


44  STATE   MINING  BUREAU. 

Fresno  County :  Cinnabar  claims  exist  in  the  Little  Panoche  district 
on  the  Gabilan  Range  and  on  Cantua  Creek.  The  Mexican  mine,  about 
nine  miles  southeast  of  New  Idria  in  sandstones,  was  an  early  producer. 

Glenn  County :  The  mineral  has  been  reported  on  the  Nye  Ranch, 
southwest  of  Fruto,  and  on  the  Turner  Ranch,  west  of  Elk  Creek. 

Humboldt  County :   A  small  deposit  occurs  near  Orleans  Bar. 

Inyo  County :  Small  amounts  of  cinnabar  occurred  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mines.  Also  observed  at  the  Chloride  Cliff  mine  in  the  Funeral 
Mountains  west  of  Rhyolite. 

Kern  County:  The  Cuddeback  cinnabar  mine,  three  miles  from 
Woodford,  contains  cinnabar  in  a  porous  porphyritic  rhyolite.  Some 
cinnabar  has  been  observed  about  2^  miles  west  of  Cinco  and  twenty 
miles  from  Mojave. 

Kings  County:  Small  deposits  of  the  mineral  exist  on  Table  Moun- 
tain in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  and  the  Kings  mine  has  native 
mercury  associated  with  the  cinnabar.  The  mineral  occurs  in  serpen- 
tine, shale  and  metamorphosed  sandstone. 

Lake  County:  The  important  and  interesting  deposit  of  cinnabar  at 
Sulphur  Bank  on  the  shore  of  Clear  Lake  has  been  described  at  length 
by  Becker^  1)  and  by  Le  Conte  and  Rising(i>.  Cinnabar  is  at  present 
in  process  of  formation  in  the  porous  disintegrated  basalt  which  out- 
crops on  the  lake.  They  are  characteristically  long  hexagonal  prisms 
capped  by  the  low  rhombohedron  (2023).  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 
gave  the  forms  (3034)  and  (0334).  The  Great  Western,  Baker,  Helen, 
Wall  Street  and  Mirabel  mines,  all  situated  a  few  miles  from  Middle- 
toMns,  were  famous  producers.  Quicksilver  was  once  the  leading  min- 
eral output  of  the  county,  but  at  present  little  cinnabar  is  mined. 

Marin  County :  Streaks  of  cinnabar  have  been  observed  in  the  rock 
near  Point  Reyes',  but  no  deposits  are  known. 

Mariposa  County :  Crystals  of  cinnabar  are  said  to  have  occurred 
near  Coulterville  associated  with  gold,  in  a  quartz  ledge  on  the  Merced 
River. 

Mendocino  County:  A  small  deposit  at  the  Occident  mine,  seven 
miles  southwest  of  Hopland. 

Merced  County:  Small  deposits  occur  on  the  dividing  line  of  San 
Benito  County. 

Modoc  County  :  A  deposit  occurs  3^  miles  southeast  of  Willow  Ranch 
station,  close  to  the  county  road.  It  has  also  been  reported  twenty-five 
miles  southeast  of  Cedarville. 

Mono  County:  Small  amounts  of  cinnabar  have  been  found  about 
five  miles  northeast  of  Bodie.  Cinnabar  occurs  with  calcite  and  some 
native  mercurv  five  miles  northeast  of  Bodie. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  45 

Monterey  County:  Some  of  the  deposits  on  Table  Mountain  near 
Parkfit'ld  are  in  this  county.  Tlic  l*atri<|uin  or  ParktieM  mine  has  been 
the  chief  producer. 

Napa  County :  This  county  has  long  ])een  an  important  producer  of 
mercury,  the  mine  at  Oat  Hill  being  among  the  best  known  in  active 
operation.  The  cinnabar  is  found  impregnating  unaltered  sandstone. 
The  abandoned  old  Redington  or  Boston  mine  at  Knoxville  is  famous  for 
the  rare  and  new  minerals  found  with  the  cinnabar.  Much  of  the  cinna- 
bar of  this  region  impregnates  shattered  chalcedony  masses  in  the  ser- 
pentine, as  at  the  Manhattan  mine,  and  some  impregnates  the  serpen- 
tine. Crj'stals  from  tlie  Boston  mine,  according  to  IMelville  and 
Lindgren*^\  have  the  forms  (0445)  and  (lOTO).  Deposits  of  the  Pope 
Valley  have  also  been  important.  Cinnabar  was  the  leading  mineral  of 
the  county,  the  Oat  Hill  mine  l)eing  the  chief  producer. 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  association  with  gold  at  Grass  Valley, 
W.  P.  Blake*^',  Lindgren**^'.  Occurs  scattered  through  quartzose  and 
dolomite  gangue  on  contact  of  serpentine  and  quartzite  on  Nickerson 
Ranch,  in  southern  part  of  county. 

Orange  County :  A  small  deposit  on  San  Joaquin  Ranch. 

San  Benito  County :  The  mines  in  the  New  Idria  district,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  county,  have  been  the  most  productive  in  the  State. 
The  cinnabar  solutions  have  impregnated  the  sandstones  and  to  some  ex- 
tent the  serpentines  near  the  contact  of  the  two  and  also  as  stockwerks  in 
slate.  The  New  Idria  mine  is  the  most  important  of  the  district.  Smaller 
deposits  of  the  mineral  also  occur  near  the  center  of  the  county  and  in  the 
extreme  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  Melville  and  Lindgren^^) 
describe  crystals  from  the  New  Idria  mine  with  the  forms:  (0001), 
(0223),  (01T2),  (OlTl),  (2023),  (10T2),  (lOTO),  (6.4.T0.25),  (5.2.7.18), 
(105.60.165.407),  (63.27.90.230),  (40.15.55.143),  (26.12.38.95).  It 
occurred  with  stibnite  at  the  French  and  Florence  mines. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Deposits  exist  nine  miles  northeast  of 
Danby  in  a  breccia.  The  mineral  occurs  as  inclusions  in  bluish  gray 
chalcedony  in  the  southern  end  of  Death  Valley,  fifteen  miles  northeast 
of  Lead  Pipe  Spring.s  and  forty-five  miles  north  of  east  from  Johannes- 
l)urg,  and  colors  the  chalcedony  with  reddish  blotches  and  streaks, 
forming  the  gem  stone  known  as  ' '  myrickite. ' '  It  has  also  been  found 
associated  with  wolframite  in  the  Clark  ^Mountains  near  Ivanpah. 
Some  cinnabar  was  also  found  on  City  Creek,  six  miles  from  San 
Bernardino. 

San  Francisco  County:  Small  streaks  of  cinnabar  occur  on  Twin 
Peaks. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  The  productive  mines  occur  in  the  Santa 
Lucia  Range,  and  comprise  several  districts  of  which  the  Oceanic  and 
Adelaide  are  the  most  important.     The   ore   impregnates  the   Fran- 


46  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

eiscan  sandstones  and  shales  and  also  chalcedonic  masses  in  the  ser- 
pentine.    There  are  numerous  other  small  deposits  in  outlying  districts. 

San  Mateo  County :  Some  cinnabar  oet'urred  on  the  Corte  de  Madera 
Raneho  near  Searsville,  west  of  I'alo  Alto.  Small  .striiifrers  of  cinnabar 
occur  in  the  serpentine  just  ea.st  of  San  ^Niateo. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Some  cinnabar  occurs  in  the  Santa  Ynez 
Range  and  near  the  Acachuma  Creek.  The  Acachuma,  Los  Prietos  and 
Santa  Rosa  mines  have  produced  some  quicksilver. 

Santa  Clara  County:  The  New  Ahnaden  mine  is  the  oldest  quick- 
silver mine  in  the  State.  It  has  been  a  famous  producer  and  is  still 
being  worked.  The  cinnabar  of  the  district  occurs  impregnating  in 
streaks  the  opal-like  masses  of  silica  formed  by  the  alteration  of  the 
serpentine.  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^  described  crystals  from  the  mine 
with  forms:  (0001),  (01T2),  (0228),  (0221),  (lOTO),  (0.U.T1.5).  The 
Guadalupe,  Senator,  and  other  mines  of  this  locality,  have  also  been 
important  producers  of  the  metal. 

Shasta  Coimty :  Some  cinnabar  is  found  about  thirty  miles  northeast 
of  Redding,  and  at  the  Clover  Creek  mine. 

Siskiyou  County :  Deposits  occur  near  Oak  Bar,  Avhich  have  been 
worked  slightly. 

Solano  County:  The  old  St.  John  mine,  in  a  basin  between  Mount 
Lutfman  and  oMount  St.  John,  about  six  miles  northeast  of  Vallejo,  was 
a  good  producer  in  the  early  days  of  cinnabar  mining.  The  mineral  was 
disseminated  in  metamorphic  dikes. 

Sonoma  County  :  Most  of  the  mines  Avhich  were  once  productive  occur 
in  the  Mayacmas  district,  along  the  ]\Iayacmas  range.  This  region  has 
been  the  scene  of  great  volcanic  activity  and  the  cinnabar  has  followed 
these  eruptions  and  impregnated  the  sandstones,  serpentines  and  meta- 
morphosed sedimentaries  Avhich  lie  on  the  tianks  of  the  range.  Cinna- 
bar in  fine  crj^stals  occurs  witli  native  mei-cury  and  metacinnabarite  in 
the  Culver-Baer  mine.  In  the  Great  Eastern  mine  a  black  bitumen 
corresponding  to  grahamite  occurred  with  the  ore,  Bradley'^'.  Native 
mercury  is  quite  prominent  in  the  New  Sonoma  mine  in  the  ]*ino  Flat 
district,  about  sixteen  miles  northea.st  of  Healdsburg. 

Stanislaus  County:  The  cinnabar  deposits  occur  on  Red  Mountain 
on  the  border  of  Santa  Clara  County. 

Trinity  County:  The  old  Altoona  and  other  claims  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  county,  near  Cinnabar  and  Carrville,  were  once  productive. 

Tuolumne  County:  Small  crystals  and  grains  of  cinnabar  occur  at 
]\Iarsh's  Flats  and  on  the  slope  of  the  ridge  east  of  Horseshoe  Bend. 

Yolo  County :  The  deposits  of  this  county  are  in  the  continuation  of 
the  Knoxville  district.  Tlie  Reed  mine,  originally  called  the  California 
mine,  was  the  most  noted.     ^ludi  mctaciimabaritc  was  associated. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  47 

36.     GREENOCKITE. 
Sulpliiile  of  tadmiuiu,   CdS. 

Hexagonal.  Geuerally  as  Ihiu  coatings.  Color  lemon-yellow.  Resinous 
luster.     H=3  — 3.5;  G  =  4.9  — 5.0. 

Refractive  indices:    £=2.5l2!>:  t^  =  l2.5(X). 

Mixed  with  sodium  carbonate  and  heated  on  charcoal,  a  coating  is  ob- 
tained which   is  rcddish-lnown   near  the  assay  and  yellow  beyond. 

A  very  rare  mineral  found  coating  sphalerite  occasionally. 
It  is  usually  present  in  zinc  siili)lii(le  ores  and  the  metallic  cadmium 
output  comes  fi-(im  zinc  ores. 

Mono  County :  Thin  coatings  of  yellow  greenockite  occur  on  magne- 
tite and  sphalerite  near  Topaz. 

Riverside  Comity :  Thin  coatings  of  yellow  cadmium  sulphide  were 
found  on  sphalerite  in  the  limestone  quarry  at  Crestmore. 

Shasta  County :  Cadmium  as  greenockite  occurs  in  the  copper-zinc 
ores  of  this  county  and  the  jMammoth  Copper  Company  recovers  it  in 
their  electrolytic  zinc  plant. 


37.     COVELLITE— Blue    Copper. 
Sulphide  of  copper,  CuS. 

Hexagonal.  Commonly  massive.  Cleavage  basal.  Color  indigo-blue. 
Streak  grayish   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;    0=4.59  —  4.63. 

Refractive  index:    (^  =  1.45. 

Gives  a  stronger  oder  of  sulphur  than  is  obtained  from  chalcocite,  other- 
wise the  reactions  are  the  same.    Distinguished  by  color. 

Covellite  is  a  much  rarer  form  of  copper  sulphide  than  chalcocite  and 
it  has  only  been  found  as  an  occasional  specimen.  It  is  usually  associ- 
ated with  bornite,  chalcocite  or  ehalcopyrite. 

Calaveras  County :  Specimens  have  been  found  at  the  Satellite  mine 
near  Campo  Seco. 

El  Dorado  County:  With  clialcopyritc  in  the  Rose  Kimberley  and 
Jionesett  mines. 

Humboldt  Coiiiit.x-:  Some  covellite  has  been  found  on  Horse  Moun- 
tain. 

Inyo  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  the  Ubehebe  Mountains. 

IVIadera  County :  Found  at  the  old  Pocahontas  mine. 

Mariposa  County:  Small  amounts  have  been  found  in  the  Copper 
Queen  mine,  near  Mariposa. 

Napa  County :  Associated  with  chalcocite  and  malachite  at  the  Juni- 
per mine. 

Plumas  County:  Occurs  as  a  marginal  replacement  of  bornite  and 
ehalcopyrite  at  Engels. 


48  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Shasta  County:  Some  covellite  occurs  in  the  Balaklala  mine,  and  at 
the  Bully  Hill  mine  as  an  alteration  of  ehalcopyrite. 

Sierra  County  :    At  the  Black  Jack  miue,  Kanaka  Creek. 

Siskiyou  County :  Oecur.s  associated  Avith  bornite  and  ehalcopyrite 
at  the  Copper  Kin"-  mine,  Blue  Ledge  mining  district. 


38.      MILLERITE— Capillary   Pyrites. 
Sulphide  of  nickel,   NiS. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Usually  in  long  slender  needles  and  hair- 
like tufts.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.  Color  brass-yellow.  Streak 
greenish  black.     Metallic  luster.     H=:3  —  3.5;   G  =  5.65. 

Roasted  on  charcoal,  it  yields  a  slight  od<u-  of  sulphur  and  leaves  a  mag- 
netic residue.  The  roasted  residue  fused  in  a  bead  of  borax,  will  give  a 
brown  bead,  which  becomes  gray  and  cloudy,  when  reduced.  Produces  a 
blue  solution  like  copper  when  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  and  ammonia  added. 
The  borax  bead  of  copper  is  blue. 

Nickel  minerals  are  quite  rare  in  the  State  and  their  occurrence  has 
been  limited  to  the  discovery  of  occasional  specimens.  Some  needles  of 
millerite  have  been  found  in  the  cinnabar  districts,  and  rarely  with 
gold. 

Calaveras  County :  Long  divergent  prisms  were  found  in  white  albite 
at  the  Stanislaus  mine  on  Carson  Hill,  which  Jaekson'^^  thought  to  be 
elongated  cubes  of  pyrite. 

Humboldt  County:  Specimens  of  serpentine  from  this  county  ocea- 
sionall}^  contain  needles  of  millerite. 

Xapa  County :  Small  coatings  of  capillary  millerite  were  found  with 
cinnabar  at  the  Andalusia  mine  near  Knoxville;  also  at  the  Oat  Hill 
mine  and  in  Pope  Valle^'.  Specimens  of  serpentine  have  come  from 
Beryessa  Valley  containing  needles  of  millerite. 

Placer  County:  Found  with  arsenopyrite  near  Cisco,  Hanks ^^). 

Plumas  County :  Millerite  as  coatings  occurred  in  the  Pocahontas 
mine,  Mount  Meadow  district. 


39.     TROILITE. 

Mouosulphide  of  iron,  FeS. 

Massive.  Compact  granular.  Color  light  grayish  brown.  Speedily  tar- 
nishes to  bronze-brown.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  3.5 — i.5 ;  G  =  4.7.  Non-mag- 
netic. 

Fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  mass.  Easily  soluble  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid 
and  generates  strong  hydrogen  sulphide  fumes  and  odor. 

The  monosulphide  has  been  found  heretofore  only  in  meteorites.    Its 
easy  solubility  in  sulphuric  acid  distinguishes  it  from  pyrrhotite. 

Del  Norte  County :    Found  massive  in  a  sheared  zone  of  serpentine, 
iiaving  magnetite  included,  in  a  copper  claim  in  the  northern  part  of 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  49 

the  coimty,  northeast  of  Crescent  City.     Tlie  mineral  was  analysed  and 
described  by  Eakle.    Analyses  of  the  soluble  portion  gave : 


Fe 

S 

1. 

5S.7S 

:?3.62 

2 

62.70 

35.40 

It  contains  inclnsion.s  of  magnetite  from  which  it  has  probably  been 
derived. 

40.     PYRRHOTITE— Magnetic  Pyrites. 
Sulphide  of  iron,  FenSn  +  i- 

Hexagonal.  CiTstals  rare.  Commonly  massive,  either  granular  or 
compact.  Color  bronze-brown.  Streak  grayish  blax;k.  Metallic  luster. 
Usually  slightly   magnetic.     H  =  3.5  — 4.5;   G=: 4.58  — 4.64. 

Usually  masnetic  cold,  but  becomes  stronger  when  heated.  Slight  sul- 
phur odor.     Its  bronze  color  and  magnetism  distinguish  it. 

The  bronze-brown  pyrrhotitc  is  often  associated  with  pyrite  and 
sometimes  is  found  in  large  lenticular  masses.  It  is  a  common  sulphide 
in  gold  and  copper  districts,  although  generally  in  small  amounts. 
Masses  of  it  occur  in  serpentine  and  in  pegmatite  veins.  It  is  some- 
times nickeliferous. 

Calaveras  County :  Occasionally  found  with  the  pyrite  at  Campo 
Seco,  Copperopolis  and  at  West  Point. 

Del  Norte  County:  The  copper  claims  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  on  Diamond  Creek,  Copper  Creek  and  Shelly  Creek  contain 
pyrrhotite  with  ehalcopyrite.  Witli  chaleopyrite  and  pyrite  in  the 
Angoi*a  mine,  Preston  Peak  and  at  French  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County:  With  sphalerite  and  chaleopyrite  in  auriferous 
quartz  at  the  Madalena  mine,  near  Diamond  Springs;  massive  with 
chaleopyrite  at  the  Noonday  mine.  In  large  masses  with  chaleopyrite 
and  pyrite  at  the  Alabaster  mine.  Pilot  Hill. 

Fresno  County :  Large  bodies  are  said  to  occur  on  the  Fresno  Copper 
Company's  property. 

Humboldt  County :  Bodies  are  said  to  exist  on  Elk  Creek. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  with  chaleopyrite  and  pyrite  at  Marble  Canyon. 

Lake  County:  Found  on  the  Langtry  Ranch,  seven  miles  south  of 
Middletown. 

Madera  County:  Found  in  the  old  Buchanan  mine,  Turner^'*\  Inti- 
mate mixtures  of  pyrrhotite.  sphalerite,  pyrite  and  chaleopyrite  occur 
in  the  Mt.  Raymond  district.  Also  in  the  Minaret  district  massive  con- 
taining thin  .seams  of  chaleopyrite  in  chlorite  and  actinolite  at  the 
Heiskell  mine.  A  large  body  ahout  twelve  miles  northeast  of  Madera, 
said  to  carry  several  per  cent  of  cobalt  and  nickel. 

Marin  County :  Tabular  crystals  have  been  found  on  Mount  Tamal- 
pais. 

4—22132 


50  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Mariposa  County :  Thick  bodies  occur  in  the  Green  Mountain  mine. 
The  mineral  is  common  as  one  of  the  sulphides  of  the  gold  mines. 

Mono  County:  Common  in  quartz  at  the  Tioga  mine,  Turner^^) 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  the  mines  of  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada 
City,  Lindgren**^*.  Also  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district,  LindgTen^'\ 
Massive  at  the  Yuba  Mine,  Washington  district ;  also  at  Speneeville. 

Placer  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  of  the  Ophir  mine,  Lindgren^^). 
With  galena  and  sphalerite  in  quartz  at  the  True  Fissure  mine,  Devils 
Peak  IMountain. 

Plumas  County :  Occuns  in  masses  between  sandstone  and  serpen- 
tine about  1^  miles  south  of  Taylorsville ;  intimately  mixed  with  chalco- 
pyrite  at  the  Reward  and  Beckwitli  mines. 

San  Diego  County :  A  large  body  of  nickel-bearing  pyrrhotite  occurs 
at  the  Friday  copper  mine,  Julian  district,  on  contact  of  gabbro  and 
fine-grained  mica-schist.  It  has  pyrite,  ehaleopyrite  and  polydymite 
associated.    Occurs  also  near  Fallbrook. 

Shasta  County:  Found  with  the  pyrite  at  some  of  the  copper  mines 
and  noticed  at  the  Black  Diamond  copper  mine  and  Sutro  mines;  also 
carrying  nickel  on  the  Jennings  property  near  Hirtz  Mountain. 

Sierra  County :  With  ehaleopyrite  at  the  Lo.st  Cabin  prospect. 

Siskiyou  County:  Prominent  with  ehaleopyrite  at  Callahan.  Said 
to  l^e  nickeliferous  at  the  Hummer  mine.  With  chalcopj'rite  at  the 
Bonanza  mine,  near  Honolulu ;  at  tlie  Carlson  mine,  Dutch  Creek ;  with 
galena  in  quartz  at  the  Siskiyou  mine,  head  of  White  Gulch. 

Trinity  County :  Near  Otto  Rest  specimens  have  been  found. 

Tuolumne  County:  In  gneiss  on  north  fork  of  Beaver  River,  Tur- 
ner^***. Occurs  with  sphalerite  and  galena  at  the  Soulsby  mine;  in 
(quartz  with  galena  and  sphalerite  at  the  Montgomery,  Cherokee,  Car- 
lotta,  Den.smore,  Draper  and  Louisiana  mines. 


41.     POLYDYMITE. 

Sulphide  of  uickel,  Ni«S5. 

Isometric.  Crystals  and  massive.  Color  steel  gray.  Metallic  luster. 
II  =  4..5;   G  =  4..51— 4.81. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  giving  green  solution,  which  turns  blue  on  the  addi- 
tion of  ammonia.    Becomes  magnetic  on  heating  and  gives  off  sulphur  odor. 

The  presence  of  nickel  has  been  detected  in  some  of  our  pyrrhotites 
and  it  may  be  in  the  form  of  a  nickel  sulphide  such  as  polydymite  or 
pentlandite. 

San  Diego  County :  It  is  believed  that  the  nickel  mineral  included  in 
the  pyrrhotite  at  the  Friday  mine,  Julian  district.'  is  polydymite. 


MINERALS    OF- CALIFORNIA.  51 

42.     BORNITE — Erubescite — Peacock   Ore. 
Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CualJeSa. 
Isometric.     Crjstals  very  rare.     Generally  compact  massive.     Color  red- 
dish brown,  generally  tarnished  to  iridescent  colors.     Streak  grayish  black. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  3;  G=4.9  — 5.4. 

Reduced  on  charcoal  with  sodium  carbonate,  it  yields  globules  of  metallic 
copper  and  a  mairnotic  residue.  Dissolved  in  nitric  arid  and  ammonia 
added,  much  ferric  hydrate  is  precipitated,  while  the  solution  becomes  blue. 

Bornite  is  generally  associated  with  chalcoeite  and  chalcopyrite,  and 
is  frequently  found  in  small  masses  in  many  of  the  copper  districts. 
It  is  sometimes  formed  along  contact  zones  with  garnet,  epidote,  vesuvia- 
nite  and  other  contact  minerals.  The  reddish  brown  color  and  charac- 
teristic tarnish  to  peacock  colors  readily  distinguishes  bornite  from 
graj'ish  black  chalcoeite  and  brass-yellow  chalcopyrite. 

Calaveras  County :  Small  masses  have  been  found  at  Campo  Seco 
and  Copperopolis. 

Del  Norte  County:  Common  in  the  mines  at  the  head  of  Copper 
Creek.    Found  with  enargite  at  French  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County :  At  Slug  Gulch  with  chalcopyrite  and  massive 
green  epidote.  In  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fairplay,  mas- 
sive bornite  occurred  in  coarse  pegmatite  of  orthoclase,  hornblende, 
epidote.  garnet  and  molybdenite.  Found  at  Georgetown  with  massive 
garnet.  Small  amounts  found  in  the  Alabaster  Cave  mine  near  Xew- 
hall,  with  chalcopyrite,  azurite  and  malachite. 

Fresno  County :  Occurs  with  magnetite  and  free  gold  in  the  Uncle 
Sam  mine,  Tehipite  Dome. 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  some  of  the  mines  of  the  Inyo  and  Ubehebe 
Mountains. 

Lassen  County :  Bornite  occurs  disseminated  in  a  pegmatite  vein 
three  miles  west  of  Buntingville. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  in  the  Meadow  Valley  district  with  fine 
crystals  of  garnet. 

Mono  County:  Occurred  in  the  Tioga  mine  and  in  the  Benton  dis- 
trict. 

Plumas  County :  Massive  bornite  is  a  common  form  of  copper  in 
Light's  Canyon,  Genessee  Valley  and  Indian  Valley.  The  chief  copper 
mineral  of  the  county.  Brilliant  peacock  ore  occurs  in  the  Engels  mine 
and  Duncan  mine. 

Riverside  County.  A  small  amount  of  this  sulphide  was  found  with 
the  metamorphic  silicates  at  Crestmore. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Bornite  occurs  at  the  Tiptop  mine,  Lava 
Beds  district.  Found  with  chalcoeite  in  the  Francis  Copper  mine, 
Kelso  district,  Providence  Mountains. 


52  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Near  Lexington,  Hanks^*'^ 

Shasta  County :  Bornite  is  occasionally  found  in  the  copper  mines  of 
this  county  and  specimens  have  come  from  Bully  Hill,  Copper  City, 
Afterthought  and  Iron  Mountain. 

Trinity  County :   Occurs  with  pyrrhotite  at  Island  Mountain. 


43,     CUBANITE. 
Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CuFeoS^. 

Isometric.     Generally      massive.     Color      bronze-yellow.     Streak      black. 
Metallic  luster.     H=4;   Gi=4. 

Gives  similar  reactions  to  chalcopyrite. 

Cubanite  is  a  rare  mineral  and  it  needs  careful  analyses  to  substan- 
tiate its  occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  some  locality  in  this 
county. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  A  large  mass  of  this  mineral  was  found  on 
Santa  Rosa  Creek  near  San  Simeon,  Hanks  ^^^  The  specimens  have  a 
bronze-yellow  color  and  are  compact  massive. 


44.     CHALCOPYRITE— Copper   Pyrites. 
Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CaFeS,. 

Tetragonal.  Generally  massive.  Color  deep  brass-yellow,  often  with 
iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  greenish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H=3.5  —  4; 
G  =  4.1  — 4.3. 

Fusible  and  soluble.  Ammonia  added  to  a  nitric  acid  solution  precipitates 
reddish  ferric  hydrate  and  turns  solution  blue.  Becomes  magnetic  after 
roasting  and  small  globules  of  copper  are  obtained  by  reduction  with  soda. 
Distinguished  from  pyrite  by  deeper  color  and  presence  of  copper ;  from 
bornite  by  its  brass  color,  and  from  gold  by  its  ready  .solubility  in  nitric  acid. 

Chalcopyrite  is  the  commonest. of  the  copper  minerals  and  forms  the 
principal  source  of  copper  in  the  State.  The  copper  deposits  are  largely 
bodies  of  pyrite  in  which  chalcopyrite  is  intermingled,  forming  in 
general  low  grade  copper  ore  with  some  gold  and  silver.  The  ore 
bodies  usually  occur  in  shear  zones  and  belts  of  metamorphic  rock  and 
their  origin  has  been  due  to  solutions  carrying  the  sulphides  and  impreg- 
nating the  crystalline  schists,  and  occasionally  the  coimtry  rock,  the 
impregnations  following  flows  and  intrusions  of  igneous  rock.  Where 
conditions  have  been  favorable  the  pyrite  has  become  segregated  into 
large  masses  with  often  more  or  less  lenticular  shape.  Deposits  along 
the  contact  between  limestone  and  igneous  rock  are  common.  The 
common  associated  minerals  with  the  pyrite  and  chalcopj-rite  are  galena 
and  sphalerite  and  occasionally  stibnite,  bismuthinite  and  tetrahedrite. 
Besides  quartz,  calcite  and  barite  are  often  present  as  gangue  minerals. 
Most  of  the  deposits  have  a  gossan  capping  of  earthy  limohite  and 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  53 

hematite  resulting  from  the  oxidation  of  the  iron  sulphides.  Practi- 
cally all  of  the  large  bodies  of  pyrite  in  the  State  carry  some  ehalco- 
pyrite,  but  thase  in  Sha.sta  and  Calaveras  counties  are  at  present  the 
most  important  in  the  production  of  copper.  Chalcopyrite  in  small 
l)atehes  and  seams  has  a  wide  distribution  and  in  consequence  of  its 
alteration  green  stains  and  coatings  of  copper  carbonate  are  very  com- 
mon. A  general  report  on  the  copper  resources  of  the  State  has  been 
given  in  Bull.  50,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  and  some  of  the 
datfi)  regarding  localities  is  incorporated  below. 

Alameda  County:  A  body  of  pyrite  containing  a  small  amount  of 
chalcopyrite  is  mined  at  Leona  Heights,  East  Oakland,  for  sulphuric 
acid.  The  ore  lies  between  serpentine  and  altered  volcanic  rock  and 
the  alteration  minerals  have  been  described  by  Schaller^^^. 

Alpine  County :  The  oldest  copper  claim  in  the  State  was  the  Uncle 
Billy  Rogers  claim  in  Hope  Valley.  This  claim  located  in  1855  con- 
sisted of  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  and  bornite  in  a  chimney-shaped  deposit 
in  garnet  rock.  Some  chalcopyrite  occurs  with  the  pyrite  and  enargite 
in  the  Mogul  district. 

Amador  County:  In  the  foothills  in  the  western  part  of  the  county 
there  is  a  belt  of  hornblende  and  chlorite  schists  w^hich  contain  frequent 
lenticular  masses  of  pyrite  with  chalcopyrite  and  many  claims  are 
located  along  the  belt.  The  old  Newton  mine  near  Ranlett,  claims  near 
Jackson  and  those  of  Copper  Hill  are  well  knoAvn. 

Butte  County :  Occurs  near  Bangor.  Occurs  with  quartz,  chalcocite, 
chalcopyrite  and  gold  on  Berry  Creek. 

Calaveras  County:  The  belt  of  schists  in  the  western  part  of  the 
county  contain  important  deposits  and  the  mines  at  Copperopolis  and 
at  Campo  Seeo  are  still  important  producers  of  copper.  Copper  is  one 
of  the  chief  mineral  products  of  the  county  and  chalcopyrite  is  the 
principal  mineral.  Some  of  the  mines  in  which  the  mineral  occurs  are: 
Sheridan  mine,  one-half  mile  below  Robinson  Ferry ;  Pattee  mine. 
Valley  Springs;  King  mine  in  quartz;  Hoosier  mine  in  quartz;  Cala- 
veras Chief  mine;  Blazing  Star  and  Lockwood  mines,  West  Point; 
Telegraph  mine,  Hog  Hill,  with  chalcocite,  melaconite,  covellite,  mala- 
chite, azurite  and  native  copper ;  with  chalcocite  at  the  Excelsior  mine, 
Angels;  Napoleon,  T^nion  and  Satellite  mines,  Copperopolis;  Keystone 
mine;  Quail  Hill. 

Colusa  County :  Occurs  two  miles  from  Phelps  Springs,  Stony  Creek. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Occurs  v  ith  pyrite  in  quartz  on  Eagle  Peak, 
Mt.  Diablo. 

Del  Norte  County :  Deposits  of  chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  and  pyrrho- 
tite  occur  in  the  serpentine  area  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  county 


54  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

near  Smith  River  and  its  tributaries.  Low  Divide,  Diamond  Creek 
and  Shelly  Creek  are  some  localities. 

El  Dorado  County :  There  are  numerous  small  deposits  of  the  mineral 
in  scattered  areas  in  the  county,  but  none  of  great  importance.  The 
mineral  is  found  near  Diamond  Springs,  near  Georgetown  and  at  Pilot 
Hill  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county.  Good  specimeas  of  ehalco- 
pyrite  with  bornite,  molybdenite,  garnet,  epidote  and  axinite  have 
come  from  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  on  the  Aiuador  County  line. 
Occurs  in  small  amounts  in  a  hornblende  schi.st  near  Rescue ;  with  pyr- 
rhotite  and  pyrite  at  the  Noonday  mine;  in  gold-bearing  quartz  with 
galena  at  the  Rose  Kiniberly  mine ;  at  the  Cambrian  mine,  thirteen 
miles  northwest  of  Placerville  with  malachite,  azurite  and  native  cop- 
per; in  an  ampliibole  schist  at  the  Copper  Lead  mine,  ^Martinos  Creek; 
with  sphalerite  and  pyrrhotite  in  gold  quartz  at  the  ]Madalena  mine, 
near  Diamond  Springs;  at  the  Pyramid  and  Bonesett  mine  near  Shin- 
gle Springs;  with  galena,  magnetite,  calcite,  quartz  and  garnet  in  the 
Lilyoraa  mine  and  in  the  Pioneer  mine,  Pilot  Hill;  with  bornite,  azurite 
and  malachite  at  the  Alabaster  Cave  mine.  Pilot  Hill ;  at  the  Boston 
and  Yetter  mines,  Latrobe  ;  in  the  Blue  Ledge,  Bowlder  and  Oest  mines. 
Occurs  with  chalcocite  in  serpentine  at  the  Boston  mine,  Latrobe. 

Fresno  County:  Chalcopyrite  occurs  with  pyrrhotite  at  the  Fresno 
copper  mines,  with  pyrite  at  the  Copper  King  mine,  and  in  the  gold 
district  of  the  northeast  part  of  the  county. 

Humboldt  County :  Deposits  occur  on  the  east  slope  of  Horse  Moun- 
tain with  L'halcocite,  native  copper  and  cuprite.  In  small  amounts  near 
Trinidad,  on  the  sea  coast ;  sparingly  on  Rod  Cap  Creek. 

Imperial  County :  In  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  county  the 
copper  claims  near  Ogilby,  Hedges  and  in  the  Picacho  district  contain 
some  chalcopyrite  with  oxidized  ores. 

Inyo  County:  Chalcopyrite  occurs  near  Darwin  on  contact  between 
granite  and  limestone  and  in  the  I^behebe  ^Mountains  wilh  chalcocite. 
Occurs  with  galeuia,  cerussite  and  native  copper  in  limestone  at  Chloride 
Cliff,  Grapevine  Range;  at  contact  of  limestone  and  diorite  at  Gold 
Belt  in  tlie  Panamints:  with  pyrrliotite,  bornite  and  pyrite  in  'Marble 
Canyon,  twenty-five  miles  east  of  Big  Pine;  in  garnet  rock  in  ]\Iazurka 
Canyon:  banded  masses  with  galena  at  the  Custer  mine;  with  gold 
quartz  at  the  Golden  Treasure  mine;  in  the  Argus  Range;  witli  aalena 
and  pyrite  five  miles  southeast  of  Keeler. 

Kern  County:  Chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  occurs  in  the  gold  mines  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  county  near  Randsburg  and  Garlock.  Occurs 
with  sphalerite  and  pyrrhotite  near  Lebec.  Occurs  with  Avolframite 
near  Woody. 


MINERALS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  55 

Lake  County :  Assoeiated  with  pyrrhotite  on  the  Langtry  Raneh, 
seven  miles  south  of  Middleto^Mi. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Intimately  mixed  witli  pyrrliotite  near  San 
Fernando ;  with  pyrite  and  malachite,  two  miles  north  of  Camp  Rincon, 
San  Gabriel  Canyon. 

Madera  County :  The  belt  of  schists  carrying  the  copper  and  iron 
sulphides  extend  across  the  county  and  there  are  numerous  small 
claims.  Found  in  small  masses  in  the  Green  Mountains,  at  the  old 
Buchanan  mine,  at  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  and  other  claims  near  Daulton. 
Occurs  as  thin  seams  in  massive  pyrrhotite  in  chlorite  and  actinolite 
at  the  Heiskell  mine;  with  sphalerite  in  quartz  in  the  Nellie  mine, 
Ilildreth ;  in  intimate  mixture  with  sphalerite  and  pyrrhotite  at  the 
Matilda  and  Best  Cliance  mines,  ]\Iinaret  district. 

Marin  County:  Small  deposits  of  pyrite  mixed  with  chalpopyrite 
occur  in  the  schists  between  ]\Iount  Tamalpais  and  Bolinas  Bay.  A 
small  deposit  occurred  about  one  mile  east  of  WoodvilJe  and  north  of 
Bolinas. 

Mariposa  County :  Chalcopyrite  is  present  to  some  extent  in  the  gold 
mines  of  the  county.  Several  small  bodies  of  the  sulphides  occur  in 
the  schists  and  altered  diabases  on  the  western  border,  but  of  little 
importance.  The  Green  Mountains  and  other  mines  on  the  south 
border  near  Donovan,  the  old  Pocahontas  mine  near  Lewis,  the  Copper 
Hill  mines  in  Indian  Gulch,  the  old  Beretta  mines  and  other  claims  near 
Ihe  ]\Ierced  River,  all  contain  massive  chalcopyrite  with  auriferous 
pyrite.  Occurs  with  tetrahedrite  at  the  Bunker  Hill  mine ;  with  pyrite 
and  arsenopyrite  at  Hornitos:  at  the  Peterson,  Comet,  White  Rock 
and  Donaway  mines. 

]\Iendocino  County :  Occurs  with  some  malachite  in  small  (juartz 
veins  at  the  Eden  Valley  mine  and  in  the  Red  Mountain  district. 

Nevada  County:  At  Spenceville,  Mineral  Hill,  Pine  Hill,  Iron  Moun- 
tain, French  Corral  and  North  San  Juan  chalcopyrite  claims  have  been 
worked.  Good  masses  of  pure  chalcopyrite  also  are  found  in  the 
Meadow  Lake  district.  Occurs  Avith  pyrite  in  quartz  veins  in  the 
schists  extending  from  Birchville  northward  to  Bullard's  Bar,  Sierra 
('ounty. 

Placer  County :  Near  Auburn,  Newcastle,  Valley  View  and  at  Dairy 
Farm  good  deposits  of  pyrite  with  some  chalcopyrite  occur. 

Plumas  County :  Deposits  of  good  chalcopyrite  with  bornite  and  ehal- 
cocite  are  found  in  Genessee  Valley  near  Flournoy,  in  Indian  Valley 
near  Taylorsville  and  in  Moonlight  and  Light's  canyons  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Taylorsville.  Associated  with  covellite,  chaleocite,  mala- 
chite, pyrite  and  quartz  in  schists  one  mile  from  Gibsonville.  Com- 
mon in  mines  at  Butte  Bar.    Bodies  fifteen  feet  thick  occur  at  the  con- 


56  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

tact  of  granodiorite  \\ith  limestone  and  slate  at  the  Cosmopolitan  mine, 
Genessee  district.  Associated  with  epidote,  garnet  and  bornite  at  the 
Duncan  mine. 

Riverside  County :  The  copper  deposits  lie  mostly  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county  in  the  Palen,  ]\IcCoy  and  other  mountains.  Common  in 
auriferous  quartz  veins  of  the  Monte  Negro  district.  Brassy  chaleo- 
pyrite  occurs  with  pyrite  and  galena  at  the  Crestmore  limestone  quarry. 

San  Benito  County.    Occurs  in  small  amounts  on  Lewis  Creek. 

San  Bernardino  County:  There  are  numerous  gold-copper  claims  in 
the  county,  especially  in  the  mountains  of  the  eastern  part.  Some  chalco- 
pyrite  occurs  with  oxidized  copper  ores  in  the  Clarke  ]\Ioimtains,  New 
York  Mountains,  near  Ivanpah,  INIanvel,  Vontrigger,  Sunrise,  Needles,  on 
Mount  AVhipple,  Monument  Mountain,  Turtle  Mountain  and  Providence 
Mountains.  The  mineral  is  also  found  in  the  Lava  Beds  district,  in  the 
Oro  Grande  district  and  in  the  iMorrow  district  north  of  Barstow. 
Occurs  in  limestone  at  the  Three  States  mine,  Silver  Lake  district. 
Large  specimens  have  come  from  the  Kingston  Range.  Found  with 
specular  hematite,  quartz  and  pyrite  in  the  Bullion  district.  Occurs 
with  galena,  argentite  and  pyrite  in  the  Goldstone  district.  In  a  quartz 
vein  with  sphalerite,  galena  and  wolframite  at  the  Sagamore  mine, 
NeAv  York  ]\Iountains. 

San  Diego  County :  Masses  of  chalcopyrite  occur  in  the  Encinitas 
group  of  mines,  a  few  miles  east  of  Encinitas  and  in  the  Banna  mines 
near  Lakeside.  Some  is  found  in  the  Julian  district.  Found  in  gold- 
bearing  quartz  veins  on  Barker  iMountain  and  on  the  east  slope  of 
moiuitain. 

San  Luis  Obispo  Count}- :    Observed  at  Cambria. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Occurs  with  quartz  in  shale  at  several  points 
along  the  south  slope  of  the  San  Rafael  Mountains,  northeast  of  Los 
Olivos. 

Shasta  County:  The  deposits  of  this  county  are  the  most  important 
and  most  extensively  worked  in  the  State.  The  ore  is  pyrite  carrying 
the  copper  sulphide,  and  while  in  general  low-grade  copper  propositions, 
the  immense  size  of  the  bodies  makes  them  of  great  value.  The  Iron 
Mountain,  or  Mountain  Copper,  Shasta  King,  Balaklala,  Golinsky, 
Mammoth  and  other  mines  on  the  west  side  of  the  Sacramento  River, 
and  the  Afterthought,  Copper  City  and  Bully  Hill  mines  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  have  been  great  producers  of  copper  for  some  years. 
The  ore  bodies  in  general  lie  in  shear  zones  in  metarhyolite  or  meta 
basalt,  and  sometimes  along  the  contact  of  the  igneous  rock  and  lime- 
stone. 

Sierra  County :  Small  masses  of  chalcopyrite  with  other  sulphides 
occur  near  Poker  Flat,  Sierra  City  and  in  the  Mohawk  Valley.    At  the 


MINERALS   OF   C-VLli^ORNIA.  57 

Black  Jack  mine,  Kanaka  Creek;  at  Four  Hills,  Sierra  City  district; 
in  Alaska  mine  and  Gold  Canyon  mine,  Alleghany  district. 

Siskiyou  County :  Tiie  Richie  mine  and  claims  near  Callahan  show 
chalcopyrite.  At  the  Dewey  and  Oak  Hollow  mines,  Happy  Camp ;  in 
the  Buckeye  district ;  at  the  Hunter  mine,  Cherry  Creek ;  massive  fine- 
grained about  four  miles  southeast  of  Fort  Jones ;  at  the  Yellow  Butte 
mine,  Weed;  massive  mixed  with  jjyrrhotite  and  pyrite  at  the  Carlson 
mine,  Dutch  Creek;  in  quartz  at  the  New  York  Gulch  mine,  Indian 
Creek ;  at  the  Blue  Ledge  mine,  Elliot  district ;  at  the  Apex  mine,  head 
of  Cottonwood  Creek ;  with  pyrrhotite  in  schist  on  south  fork  of  Salmon 
River  and  on  Preston  Peak;  at  the  Maryland  mine.  Quartz  Valley; 
at  the  Bonanza  mine,  near  Honolulu ;  mixed  with  pyrrhotite  eight  miles 
east  of  Callahan ;  at  the  Doolittle  and  Gazelle  mines. 

Sonoma  County :  Occurs  in  small  crystals  with  malachite  and  azurite 
at  the  Sonoma  Copper  mine,  one-half  mile  east  of  Tyrone;  with  pyrite 
on  Black  ^Mountain;  in  the  Cornucopia  mine,  fourteen  miles  northeast 
of  Cloverdale ;  in  the  Grizzly  mine,  eighten  miles  northeast  of  Healds- 
burg. 

Tehama  County :  Found  five  miles  northwest  of  Paskenta;  witli 
pyrite  on  the  north  slope  of  Tom  Hood  Mountain,  forty  miles  west  of 
Red  Bluff. 

Trinity  County :  Some  deposits  of  the  mineral  occur  in  the  western 
part  of  the  county  along  New  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Rattlesnake  Creek 
and  on  the  Cold  Fork  of  Indian  Valley  Creek.  Primary  ore  in  the 
Copper  Queen  and  Headlight  mines,  Carrville  district;  with  pyrite  in 
schists  near  Ruth ;  in  the  quartz  of  the  Gambrinius  and  Craig  gold 
mines;  at  the  Bear  Tooth  mine,  New  River  district;  near  Zenia.  Asso- 
ciated with  pyrrhotite  at  Island  Mountain. 

Tulare  County :  Chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  is  found  on  the  middle  fork 
of  Tule  River,  a  few  miles  east  of  Porterville  and  also  near  Kearsarge 
Peak. 

Tuolumne  County :  The  schist  bolt  carrying  the  sulphides  crosses  the 
county  a  few  miles  west  of  the- Mother  Lode  and  several  small  claims 
are  located  along  the  belt.  Masses  occur  Avith  pyrite  in  quartz  at  the 
Union,  Conrad  and  Society  mines,  Big  Oak  Flat;  with  other  sulphides 
at  the  Keltz  mine,  ten  miles  north  of  Soulsby;  in  auriferous  quartz  at 
the  Black  Oak  mine,  Soulsby;  at  Chinese  Camp;  near  Rawhide;  at  the 
Experimental  mine,  two  miles  northwest  of  Columbia;  at  the  Mann 
Copper  mine,  three  miles  south  of  Jamestown ;  at  the  Golden  Gate  mine 
near  Sonora ;  at  the  Greenstone,  San  Guisippe,  Mount  Dana,  Piatt  and 
Golden  Treasure  mines. 

Yuba  County :  Occurs  in  auriferous  quartz  in  the  Brownsville  dis- 
trict, in  the  Golden  Mary  mine ;  in  the  Ayer  mine,  four  miles  west  of 
Smartsville. 


58  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

45.     MARCASITE— White    Pyrites. 
Sulphide  of  iron,   FeS-. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly  in  tabular  crystals,  stalactites.  Also  mas- 
sive and  indistinguishable  from  pyrite.  Color  pale  brass-yellow.  Streak 
brownish   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  6  — 6.5;    G  =  4.85  — 4.9. 

Roasted  on  charcoal,  it  gives  sulphur  odor  and  yields  a  magnetic  residue. 
Distinguished  from  pyrite  only  by  crystal  form. 

Marcasite  can  not  readily  be  distingnished  from  pyrite  except  when 
in  crystals,  so  it  is  often  classed  as  pyrite.  It  is  nmcli  rarer  in  the  State 
than  pyrite,  and  is  rather  characteristically  associated  with  clays  and 
cinnabar. 

Alpine  County :  Specimens  associated  with  sphalerite  have  come  from 
some  of  the  mines  of  the  county. 

Napa  County:  Marcasite  was  the  abundant  iron  sulphide  at  the  old 
Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  in  close  association  with  the  cinnabar. 

Nevada  County :  Mentioned  as  one  of  the  minerals  of  the  Grass 
Valley  mines  by  Lindgren^®^ 

Sonoma  County :  Small  but  good  crystals  have  come  from  near  Cali- 
stoga. 


'o"- 


46.     PYRITE— Iron    Pyrites. 

Sulphide  of  iron,  FeSo. 

Isometric.  Crystals  common ;  usually  cubes,  pyritohedrons  and  octa- 
hedrons. Generally  compact  and  granular  massive.  Color  brass-yellow. 
Sti-eak  greenish   black.     Metallic   luster.     H=:6  —  6.5;   0  =  5. 

Roasted  on  charcoal,  it  burns  with  a  blue  flame  and  gives  a  strong  sul- 
phur odor.  The  residue  becomes  magnetic.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  red- 
dish  ferric  hydrate   is  precipitated  by   ammonia. 

Pyrite  is  the  commonest  of  the  sulphide  minerals  and  is  found  in  all 
kinds  of  rock,  but  is  more  especially  prominent  in  metamorphic  schists, 
slates  and  quartzites  and  in  unaltered  sandstones.  It  is  commonly 
found  in  distinct  crystals  and  in  granular  masses.  Cubes  several  inches 
in  diameter  are  frequent  in  gold  districts,  but  in  general  the  smaller 
crystals  and  granular  masses  are  more  highly  auriferous.  It  is  from 
pyrite  bodies  that  most  of  the  copper  production  of  the  State  is  obtained, 
the  source  of  the  copper  being  the  intimately  intermingled  chalcopyrite. 
All  of  the  localities  given  for  chalcopyrite  and  many  more  might  be 
cited  for  the  mineral  since  it  is  present  in  every  county.  Its  oxidation 
produces  limonite  and  hematite  and  the  gossan  of  mineral  veins  is  mostly 
formed  by  its  alteration.  Cubes  of  limonite  as  pseudomorphs  after 
pyrite  are  exceedingly  common. 

Alameda  County :  Crystals  from  the  Alma  mine,  Leona  Heights, 
have  the  forms :  (110),  (100),  (340),  (120),  (140),  (111),  (252),  (121), 
(241),  (231),  Schaller(i). 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  59 

Calaveras  Couuty :  Cubes  and  pyritohedrous  occur  with  the- gold  on 
Carson  Hill,  but  the  long  needles  from  the  Stanislaus  mine,  described 
as  distorted  pyrite  crystals  by  Jackson'^',  are  millerite.  (lood  cubes 
are  found  at  ]\Iurphy  in  the  ^lasonia  mine. 

Colusa  County:  Hexagonal  plates  of  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs 
after  pyrrhotite  at  the  Sulphur  Creek  deposit,  Genth^'^'^ 

Mendocino  County :  A  large  deposit  carrying  chalcopyrite  occurs  in 
Anderson  Valley. 

Riverside  County:  The  coninion  sulpliide  of  iron  is  present  in  tlie 
Crestmort'  limestone  as  gi'ains,  cubes  and  pyritohedrous;  some  of  the 
er^'stals  are  large.    Limonite  pseudomorphs  after  the  pyrite  are  eommon. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Crystals  from  the  New  Almaden  cinnabar  mine 
had  the  forms:  (100)  and  (470),  Jackson  <3). 

Sonoma  County  :  Large  octahedrons  have  been  found  on  Austin  Creek 
near  Healdsburg. 

Trinity  County:    Occurs  with  pyrrhotite  at  Island  ^Mountain. 

Tuolumne  Countv :    Small  cubes  are  eommon  at  the  Norwegian  mine. 


OXISULPHIDES. 

47.     KERMESiTE— Red  Antimony. 
Oxisulphide  of  antimony,  SbjSoO. 
Mouocliuic.     Usually      in      hair-like      tufts.     Color      cherry-red.     Streak 
brownish   rod.     Metallic   to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  l  —  3.5;   G=4.5. 
Refractive  indices:    ex  =2.74;  /J>2.72. 
(!ivos  a  reaction   similar  to  stibnite. 

This  is  a  rare  mineral  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  minerals  containing 
antimony,  especially  stibnite.  It  is  generally  in  cavities  as  long  cherry- 
red  needles. 

Kern  County :  Fine  red  needles  of  kermesite  were  found  on  stibnite 
at  the  Mojave  antimony  mine,  about  fifteen  miles  north  of  Mojave. 


48.     VOLTZITE. 

Oxisulphide  of  zinc,  ZnjSiO. 

Globular     and      lamellar     forms.     Color     rose-red      to     brown.     Streak 
brownish   red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4  —  4.5;   0  =  3.66  —  3.8. 
Refractive  index:     (,,  =  2.03. 
Like  sphalerite  in  its  rL-actioiis. 

A  very  rare  mineral  which  forms  globular  and  platy  reddish  brown 
coatings  from  the  oxidation  of  zinc  sulphide. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  some  place  in 
this  county. 


60 


STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  III. 


ARSENIDES,    SELENIDES,    TELLURIDES  AND 

SULPHOSALTS. 


Arsenides. 

Cobaltite 

Arsenopyrite 

Niccolite 

Smaltite 

Lollingite 

Leucopyrite 
Selenides. 

Tiemannite 


Tellurides. 
Tetradymite 
Hessite 
Petzite 
Altaite 
Coloradoite 
Melonite 
Sylvanite 
Calaverite 
Nagyagite 


Svlphantimonites. 

Berthierite 
Jamesonite 
Bournonite 
Miargyrite 
Pyrargyrite 
Tetrahedrite 
Geocronite 
Stephanite 
Polybasite 
Sulpharsenites. 
Dufrenoysite 
Proustite 
Enargite 


ARSENIDES. 

49.     COBALTITE. 

Sulpharsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAsS. 

Isometric.  Commonly  in  cubes  and  pyritohedrons ;  also  massive.  Cleav- 
age perfect  cubic.  Color  reddish  white.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic 
luster.     H=:5.5;  G  =  6  — 6.3. 

On  charcoal  it  gives  sulphur  odor  and  white  coating  of  arsenic  oxide 
when  roasted.  The  residue  becomes  magnetic.  Borax  bead  of  the  roasted 
material  is  cobalt  blue.     Ammonia  colors  a  nitric  acid  solution  pink. 

Cobalt  and  nickel  compounds  are  very  rare  in  the  State,  and  only  an 
occasional  specimen  is  found. 

Mariposa  County :  Good  crystals  were  found  in  the  Copper  Chieftain 
mine. 

Mono  County:  Occurred  with  gold  in  the  Tioga  mine,  Turner^^). 

Nevada  County :  Small  seams  of  cobaltite  with  chalcopyrite  occur  in 
a  schist  on  Rattlesnake  Creek,  south  of  Signal  Peak. 

Placer  County:  Found  with  arsenopyrite  in  the  Metallic  mine,  near 
Cisco,  and  with  chalcopyrite  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Alta. 


50.     ARSENOPYRITE— Mispickel— Arsenical    Pyrites. 
Sulpharsenide  of  iron,  FeAsS. 

Orthorhombic.  Common  in  crystals.  Generally  compact  to  granular 
massive.  Color  silver  white  to  steel  gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic 
luster.     H=:5.5— 6;  G  =  5.9— 6.2. 

Copious  white  volatile  fumi?s  of  arsenic  oxide  and  a  strong  garlic  odor 
are  obtained  when  roasted  on  charcoal.  Residue  becomes  magnetic.  Borax 
bead  is  yellow  to  pale  green. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  61 

Arsenopyrite  is  a  very  corainon  vein  mineral  and  is  sometimes  highly 
auriferous.  The  concentrates  from  most  of  the  mining  regions  of  the 
State  generally  contain  more  or  less  of  it  and  in  some  districts  arseno- 
pyrite is  the  chief  gold-bearing  ore.  ]\Iost  of  the  arsenic  of  commerce  is 
obtained  from  this  mineral  generally  as  a  by-product  in  the  smelting 
for  gold  and  silver. 

Danaite  is  a  variety  containing  from  four  to  ten  per  cent  of  cobalt. 

Amador  County :  In  the  New  Hope  mine,  in  Quartz  Mountain  mines, 
and  in  the  mines  between  Jackson  and  Mokelumne  Hill;  arsenopyrite 
occurs. 

Calaveras  County:  Near  Angels  and  in  the  mines  along  the  IMother 
Lode  considerable  arsenopyrite  has  been  found  high  in  gold  content. 
Occurs  with  pyrite  in  quartz  veins  cutting  amphibole  schist,  at  the 
Chaparral  Hill  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :   At  Monkey  Creek. 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurred  in  the  Florence  mine  near  Placerville, 
and  also  near  Georgetown.  Auriferous  at  the  Frog  Pond  mine,  one- 
half  mile  north  of  Garden  Valley;  at  the  Barnes  Eureka  mine  near 
Shingle  Springs;  in  the  Mt.  Pleasant  district. 

Fresno  County:  Quite  large  amounts  with  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite 
in  auriferous  quartz  in  the  N.  W.  j  Sec.  16,  T.  13  S.,  Pt.  27  E. 

Imperial  County :  Found  in  the  mines  of  the  Cargo  Muchacho  district. 

Kern  County:  The  Sumner,  Confidence,  Relief  and  other  old  mines 
near  Kernville  and  Havilah  contained  auriferous  arsenopyrite.  Occurred 
with  the  gold  quartz  at  the  Yellow  Aster  mine,  Randsburg.  Good 
crystallized  specimens  found  at  the  Long  Tom  mine ;  with  quartz  in  the 
Amalie  district;  with  galena  and  pyrite  in  quartz  at  the  Bright  Star 
mine,  Piute  district. 

Madera  County :    On  Iron  Mountain  in  small  amounts. 

Mariposa  County :  In  mines  near  Coulterville ;  danaite  with  erythrite 
was  found  in  the  Josephine  mine,  Bear  Valley,  Turner'**.  With  calcite 
and  quartz  in  the  Smith  mine.  Bear  Valley;  with  magnetite  in  the  Cave 
mining  district;  with  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  at  Hornitos. 

Mono  County :  Common  in  the  Lundy  district  carrying  gold. 

]\Ionterey  County :  In  auriferous  quartz  at  the  Oregon  mine,  Sec.  2, 
T.  24  S.,  R.  5  W. 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  the  Betsy  mine,  Grass  Valley  and  in  the 
Meadow  Lake  district.  Danaite  was  found  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district, 
W.  P.  Blake^^"'.  A  two-foot  ledge  was  found-  at  the  Porcupine  mine, 
Cisco.  Fine  crystals  in  schist  on  Poormon  Creek ;  crystals  on  quartz  at 
the  Delhi  mine,  Columbia  Hill. 

Placer  County :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  mines  of  the  Ophir  district, 
Lindgren<<^'.    Observed  in  the  Canada  Hill  and  Dutch  Flat  districts. 


62  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Arsenopyrite  containing  nickel  and  cobalt  has  been  found  three  miles 
from  (Hsco. 

Plumas  County:  Large  bunclies  in  Pilot  Hill  gold  mine,  six  miles 
northwest  of  Gibsonville.     Some  lias  been  found  in  Genessee  Valley. 

Riverside  County:  Small  crystals  about  two  inillinieters  long  occur 
in  the  limestone  quarry  at  Crestmore. 

San  Bernardino  County:     Occurs  on  Baldy  ^Mountain. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  the  Julian  district. 

Sierra  County :  The  chief  gold-bearing  mineral  at  Alleghany  and 
containing  a  high  percentage  of  gold.  In  the  Golden  King  mine  on 
Kanaka  Creek  it  is  said  to  have  occurred  with  gold  telluride.  Common 
in  the  mines  of  the  Forest  Hill  district,  the  Oriental  Osceola  Lode,  Uncle 
Sam,  Rainbow,  Bonanza.  Mannnotli  Springs,  Ijost  Treasure,  Kate  Hardy, 
El  Dorado  mines;  in  tlie  Eagle  and  Docile  mines.  Kanaka  Creek;  at  the 
Mexican  Elcy  and  High  Commission  mines,  Downieville  district;  at 
Gold  Canyon,  three  miles  from  Moore's  Flat;  at  the  Kenton,  Ironsides 
and  Four  Hills  mines  with  chakopyrite  and  galena. 

Tehama  County :  Occurs  with  quartz  and  pyrite  at  Sarkenita. 

Trinity  County:  Gold-bearing  ar.-«enopyrite  occurs  in  the  Craig 
mine,  two  miles  east  of  Dedrick;  on  Lowden's  Ranch  and  Burnt  Ranch 
with  gold ;  near  Weaverville. 

Tulare  County  :  Found  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Crystals  of  arsenopyrite  having  crystallized  gold 
deposited  on  them  occur  at  the  Alameda  mine,  Rawhide  mining  dis- 
trict. 

51.     NICCOLITE. 

Arsenido  of  nickol,   NiA.s. 

Hexagonal.  U.sually  massive.  Brittle.  Color  pale  copper- rod.  Luster 
metallic;  streak  brownish  l)lar-k.  11  =  5 — 5.5;  0  =  7.33 — 7.67.  Fuses  on 
charcoal  to  a  globule  giving-  off  fumes  of  arsenic.  Koasted  mineral  fused 
in  borax  bead  gives  a  brown  bead  in  oxidizing  flame  and  a  gray,  cloudy  Ix'ad 
in  reducing  flame.     T'sually  contains  some  cobalt. 

Niccolite  is  often  associated  with  smaltite  and  both  cobalt  and  nickel 
i-eactions  ai'e  generally  obtained.    A  very  rare  mineral  in  the  State. 

San  Diego  County:  The  only  nickel  mineral  named  as  possibly  pres- 
ent in  the  pyrrhotite  of  the  Friday  mine,  Julian  district,  is  polydymite, 
but  the  ore  carries  eonsiderable  arsenic  and  cobalt,  so  there  is  a  strong 
probabilit\-  that  niccolit(>  and  smaltite  are  both  ]U'esent. 


MINERALS   OF   CALTFORNIA.  63 

52.     SMALTITE— Cobalt  Glance. 
Arsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAso. 

Isometric.  Geuerallj'  massive.  Color  tin  white.  Streak  grayish  black. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  5.5  — 6;   G  =  6.4  — 6.6. 

(iives  a  white  coating  of  arsouic  trioxidc  on  charcoal.  A  cobalt  blue  bead 
of  borax  is  obtained,  using  the  roasted  mineral.  The  roasted  mineral  be- 
comes magnetic. 

Smaltite  usually  contains  some  nickel  and  it  is  the  more  common  form 
of  cobalt  compound.  A  few  small  veins  and  seams  of  the  mineral  have 
been  found  in  the  State  but  no  important  deposits. 

Lassen  County :  Specimens  of  gray  smaltite  with  erythrite  and  anna- 
bergite  as  alteration  products  have  come  from  some  locality  in  this 
county.  . 

Lo.s  Angeles  County :  At  the  old  Kelsey  and  0.  K.  mines  near  San 
Gabriel  Canyon  smaltite  coated  with  erythrite  occurred  with  the  native 
silver  and  argentite. 

Napa  County :  The  mineral  has  been  found  in  thin  seams  with  eryth- 
rite in  the  serpentine  rock  of  the  Beryessa  Valley. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  in  the  ]\[eadow  Lake  district. 

San  Diego  County:  Specimens  have  been  received  from  a  locality 
nrai-  the  ^Mexican  line. 

53.     LOLLINGITE. 
Arsenide  of  iron,  FeAs,. 

Orthorhombic.  Small  crystals  or  granular.  Color  silver  white  to  light 
steel-gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  = 
7  —  7.2. 

Similar  to  arsenopyrite  in  its  reactions  except  that  it  gives  no  sulphur 
deposit  in  a  closed  tube. 

This  mineral  is  rare  as  most  of  the  arsenical  iron  is  arsenopyrite. 
Leucopyrite  is  a  variety  with  a  different  proportion  of  arsenic  and 
iron,  FcgAs^. 

Amador  County:  Small  crystals  of  lollingite  were  found  in  the 
black  slate  at  the  Maj^ower  mine,  Amador  City. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Specimens  of  leucopyrite  have  come  from  this 
county,  Hanks^^). 

SELENIDES. 

54.     TIEMANNITE. 
Selenide  of  mercury,  HgSe. 

Isometric,  tetrahedral.  Generally  massive.  Color  dark  lead-gray.  Streak 
black.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  8.30  — 8.47. 

Gives  the  peculiar  odor- of  selenium  when  heated  on  charcoal.  Reduces 
easily  to  metallic  globules  of  mercury. 

The  selenide  is  not  a  common  form  of  mercury  but  some  large  masses 
of  it  have  been  found  in  the  cinnabar  districts. 


64  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Lake  County:  According  to  W.  P.  Blake^^^  the  mineral  occurred  in 
large  masses  in  the  vicinity  of  Clear  Lake.  Masses  of  it  occurred  in 
the  Abbott  mine  associated  with  cinnabar  and  petroleum. 

Orange  County:  Found  with  cinnabar  and  metacinnabarite  at  the 
San  Joaquin  Ranch  mine. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Found  witli  cinnabar  at  the  old  Guadalupe 
mine  near  New  Alraaden. 


TELLURIDES. 

55.     TETRADYMITE. 
Telluride  of  bismuth,  BuTe^. 
Hexagonal,    rhombohedral.     Commonly    granular.     Color    steel-gray. 

H  =  1.5  —  2;   0  =  7.2  —  7.6.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Metallic  luster. 

Yields  a  yellow  coating  ou  charcoal  which  becomes  bright  red  on  its  outer 
border  when  fuse<l  with  the  potassium  iodide  and  sulphur  flux. 

The  characteristic  reaction  for  all  tellurides  is  the  violet  solution  ob- 
tained by  boiling  a  little  of  the  powdered  mineral  in  a  few  drops  of  con- 
ctuitrated  sulphuric  acid. 

This  rare  telluride  is  probal)ly  present  in  some  of  the  gold  mines 
where  bismuth  and  tellurium  are  found  in  the  concentrates,  but  it  has 
only  been  identified  in  a  few  localities. 

Calaveras  County :  Found  with  gold  in  the  Melones  and  in  the  Mor- 
gan mines  on  Carson  Hill,  associated  with  other  tellurides  of  this 
famous  telluride  locality,  Hanks^^^. 

Nevada  County :  Occurred  at  the  old  Murehie  mine  near  Nevada  City, 
Hanks(6). 

Tuolumne  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  at  the  Soulsby 
mine. 

56.     HESSITE. 
Telluride   of   silver,   Ag^Te. 

Isometric.  Generally  in  distorted  octahedrons.  Sometimes  massive. 
Color  lead-gray. to  steel-gray.  Streak  dark  gray  to  black.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  2.5  — 3;  G  =  8.31  — 8.45. 

Reduces  easily  to  a  metallic  button  of  silver  when  fused  on  charcoal,  and 
yields  a  white  coating  of  telluric  oxide.  Gives  the  tellurium  reaction  like 
tetradymite. 

Hessite  generally  contains  gold  and  often  grades  into  petzite  so  the 
two  tellurides  are  apt  to  be  together  in  mines.  They  are  the  more 
common  forms  of  tellurium  and  occur  in  most  mines  where  gold  tel- 
lurides are  found,  often  associated  \Wth  sylvanite  or  calaverite. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIP'ORXIA.  65 

Calaveras  Coiiuty :  Hessite  was  one  of  the  tellurides  of  the  old  Stanis- 
laus mine  on  Carson  Hill.     It  was  analysed  by  Genth^^). 

Au  Ag-  }*b  Ni  Te 

3.2S         46.34         1.65         4.71         44.45         -100.43. 

3.22         55.60  —  1.54        (39.64) 

El  Dorado  County :  Found  massive  as  a  drift  specimen  with  galena 
and  inclo.sing  gold  at  (jeorgetown,  W.  P.  lilake'^'.  Reported  to  oeeur  in 
Barnes  P]ureka  mine,  three  miles  northeast  of  Shingle  Springs. 

Kern  County:  Has  been  observed  with  the  silver  minerals  at  the 
Amalie  mine. 

Nevada  County :  A  specimen  of  pyrite,  galena  and  native  gold  from 
the  Nevada  City  mine  contained  some  soft  gray  hessite,  Lindgren^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Found  in  the  Shearer  and  Rattler  mine,  3  miles  from 
Redding. 

Sierra  County:  Found  in  the  Golden  King  mine  on  Kanaka  Creek 
near  Alleghany. 

Trinity  County :  Gold  tellurides,  probably  hessite,  occur  in  some 
of  the  mines  of  the  Carrville  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurred  in  the  old  Reist  mine  on  Whiskey  Hill, 
Silliman^''^.  Is  present  in  the  Jumper  and  Bonanza  mines  near  James- 
town. 

57.     PETZITE. 
Telluride  of  silver  and  gold  (Ag,Au)2Te. 

Massive.  Color  steel-gray  to  black.  Streak  black.  Metallic  luster. 
Hzz2.5  — 3;   G  =  8.7  — 9.0. 

Similar  to  hessite  in  its  reactions,  but  yields  more  gold  in  the  buttons. 
Ilossite  and  petziti'  may  grade  into  each  othor  so  as  to  he  iiidistinguishahle 
by  the  blowpipe. 

Petzite  is  usually  associated  with  hessite,  sylvauite  and  calaverite.  It 
is  the  commonest  form  of  the  gold  telluride  found  in  the  State. 

Calaveras  County :  Found  with  hessite  in  the  Stanislaus  and  Melones 
mines  on  Carson  Hill.  Specimens  fi-om  th.^  Stanislaus  mine  have  been 
analysed  by  Genth^'^  and  Kustel*^^^. 


Au  Ag  Te 

25.55  41.93  32.52  per  cent 

25.70  42.36  31.94 

Kustel  24.80  40.60  35.40 


Genth }     ' 


EI  Dorado  County :  Found  with  calaverite  at  the  Darling  mine  about 
three  miles  northeast  of  American  Flat. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  at  Telluride  in  the  Gilt  Edge  claim  seven  miles 
southeast  of  Olancha. 

Siskiyou  County :  Has  been  found  in  the  northern  part  of  county 
near  the  State  line,  with  calaverite  and  free  gold. 

5—22182 


66  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Tuolumne  County :  One  of  the  telhuitles  in  the  Golden  Rule,  Raw- 
hide Ranch  and  Norwegian  mines  near  Tuttletown.  Analysed  from  the 
Golden  Rule  mine  by  Genth^'^^  and  from  the  Norwegian  mine  by  Hille- 
brand<i). 


Au  Ag             Te  Se  ISInO 

125.60  41.86  32.68  __       __  =100.14  per  cent 

1 24.97  40.87  34.16  __       __  =r  100.00 

Norwegian    25.16  41.87  33.21  tr.  0.08  =  99.32 


Golden    Rule 


58.     ALTAITE. 

Tellurlde  of  lead,  PbTe. 

Isometric.  Small  octahedrons  and  massive.  Color  tin-white  to  dark 
gray.     Metallic  luster.     H=3;   G  =  S.16. 

The  yellow  coating  of  lead  and  the  violet  solution  for  tellurium  serve  to 
(leterniine   it. 

Altaite  is  found  associated  with  hessite,  petzite  and  gold  tellurides  in 
a  few  localities. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurred  with  hessite  and  petzite  at  the  Stanis- 
laus mine,  Carson  Hill,  and  analysed  b}^  Genth^'*^ 

Pb  Ag  Au  Te 

60.71         1.17        0.26        37.31         =  99.45  per  cent 

Nevada  County :  One  of  the  minerals  at  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada 
City,  occurring  in  bunches  in  the  Ural  vein  intergrown  with  native  gold 
and  associated  with  quartz,,  pyrite  and  galena,  Lindgren^^^ 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurred  in  the  Golden  Rule  mine,  near  Tuttle- 
town, Genth<*\  Also  at  Sawmill  Flat  with  the  forms  (111)  and  (322) 
and  was  partly  analysed  by  Sharwood,  Eakle^^\ 

Pb  Ag  Au  Te 

65.0         tr.         none         35.0 


59.     COLORADOiTE. 

^  Telluride  of  mercurj-,  HgTe. 

Massive,  granular.     Color  iroil-black.     Metallic  luster.     H=3;   G  =  S.63. 

A  white  coating  of  telluric  oxide  and  globules  of  mmcury  are  obtained 
when  roasted  on  charcoal.  Gives  the  characteristic  reaction  for  tellurium 
like  tetradymite. 

The  telluride  of  mercury  is  a  very  rare  mineral,  and  only  one  speci- 
men has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Tuolumne  County:  Hillebrand^^^  found  one  specimen  which  he 
identified  as  coloradoite,  associated  Avith  the  other  tellurides  of  the  Nor- 
wegian mine  near  Tuttletown. 


NiCo 

rb 

Ag 

20.98 

0.72 

4.08 

=  99.21  per  cent 

18.31 

__ 

0.86 

=  99.92 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  67 

60.     MELONITE. 
Telluride  of  nickel,  ISi^Teo. 

Hexagonal.  Comniouly  gramilar  and  foliated.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  reddish  white.     Slreak  dark  sray.     Metallic  luster. 

The  tellurium  is  n-adily  driveu  oil"  in  white  oxide  fumes  when  heated  on 
charcoal.  The  roasted  residue  yields  the  hrown  head  of  nickel  with  borax. 
Gives  also  the  characteristic  \  iolet  solution  of  a  telluride  when  boiled  in 
strong  sulphunc  acid. 

This  rare  telluride  has  only  been  found  in  one  locality,  and  there  is 
some  question  of  its  exact  foriiiu];i. 

C'alaveras  County :  'i'lie  rare  telluride  of  nickel  was  discovered  among 
the  other  tellurides  of  the  Melones  iiiiiic  on  Carson  Hill  in  1867  and  was 
named  hy  (ieiitli*"'  *",  tor  llie  mine,  and  therefore  should  have  been 
called  meloncsite.  A  similai-  miiieinl  \va.s  later  found  in  llie  Stanislaus 
mine  and  analysed  by  Ilillebrand'". 

Te 
Genth   73.43 

Hillebrand 80.75 


61.     SYLVANITE— Graphic  Tellurium. 
Telluride  of  gold  and  silver,  (Au,  Ag)Te2. 

jMonoclinic.  Bladed  crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  clino- 
piuacoidal.  Color  yellowish  silver-white.  Streak  silver  gray.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;  G  =  7.9  — 8.3. 

The  tellurium  is  easily  driveu  off  as  an  oxide  by  heat,  leaving  a  button  of 
gold  and  silver.  The  silver  can  be  extracted  from  the  button  by  nitric  acid 
and  silver  chloride  is  i)recipitated  from  solution  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

This  important  telluride  may  be  present  in  many  of  the  gold  districts 
where  tellurium  is  found,  as  it  is  one  of  the  commoner  forms  of  tel- 
lurium.    It  has  been  identilied  in  very  fcAv  localities. 

Calaveras  County:  Sylvanite  was  one  of  the  tellurides  occurring  in 
the  Carson  Hill  mines  and  was  especially  prominent  in  the  Melones  and 
Stanislaus  nunes.  An  analysis  of  it  from  the  latter  mine  was  made  by 
Stetefeldt<i>. 

Tc  Au  Agr 

59.6  25.5  13.9 

Trinity  County:  It  has  been  found  with  gold  in  the  Yellow  Jacket 
mine,  and  with  nagyagite  at  the  Dorleska  mine.  Coffee  Creek  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurs  in  tlie  Sugarman  and  Nigger  mine,  two 
miles  north  of  Sonora. 

Yuma  County  :  Occurs  with  the  gold  in  the  Red  Raven  mine,  Dobbins 
district. 


68  STATE    MINING   BUREAU.  ^ 

62.     CALAVERITE. 

Telluride  of  gold  and  silver,  (Au,  Ag)Te.^. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  with  striated  faces ;  also  massive.  Color  pale 
bronze-yellow  to  yellowish  silver-gray.  Streak  yellowish  gray.  Metallic 
luster.     H=2.5;  0=9.04. 

Similar  to  sylvauite  in  its  roactious.  Calaverite  and  sylvanite  give  deep 
violet  solutions  when  boiled  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

A  chemical  investigation  of  the  various  telkiride  minerals  from  the 
mines  on  Carson  Hill  by  Genth^^^  proved  the  existence  of  a  new  tel- 
luride of  gold  and  silver  which  he  named  after  the  county,  and  there- 
fore should  have  been  called  calaverasife.  Since  that  original  discovery, 
the  mineral  ha.s  been  found  in  very  valuable  deposits  at  Crip})le  Creek, 
Colorado,  and  in  Australia.  < 

(Jalavcras  County:  Discovered  at  the  old  Stanislaus  mine  and  later 
in  the  Melones  mine,  the  latter  mine  l)eing  the  only  one  of  this  famous 
group  of  mines  on  Carson  Hill  still  in  active  operation.  An  analysis  of 
the  mineral  from  the  Stanislaus  mine  was  made  by  Genth^'*^ 

Au  Ag  Te 

40.70         3.52         55.89         =100.11  per  cent 

40.92        3.08       (56.00) 

El  Dorado  County:  Found  with  petzite  in  the  Darling  mine  near 
Rock  Creek,  about  three  miles  northeast  of  American  Flat. 

Siskiyou  County:  Reported  from  the  northern  part  of  the  county 
near  State  line,  associated  with  free  gold  and  petzite. 

63.     NAGYAGITE. 

Sulpho-telluride  of  gold,   lead  and  antimony,   AuoPbuSbaTeiS,:- 
Orthorhombic.     Generally   foliated   and   granular.     Perfect  cleavage   into 

thin   flexible  laminae.     Dark  lead-gray   color  and   streak.     Metallic   luster. 

H  =  1  —  1.5;  0=6.85  —  7.2. 

Gives  the   yellow   and  white   coatings   of    lead,    antimony    and    tolhuium 

oxides,   when   roasted   on   charcoal,    with   a    slight   odor   of   sulphur.      The 

presence  of  tellurium  can   best  b(<   tost.'<l   by   boilinu-   in   sulphuric  acid   and 

ol>tiuriing  till'  violet  color. 

This  is  a  very  rare  telluride  aud  lias  oidy  been  observed  at  one 
locality  in  California. 

Trinity  County:  Observed  with  hessite  at  the  Dorleska  mine,  Coffee 
Creek  district. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  69 

SULPHANTIMONITES. 

64.     BERTHIERITE. 

Snlphautimouite  of  iron,  FeSb-Si- 

Long  prismatic.  Usually  fibrous  massive.  Color  dark  steel-gray.  Streak 
grayish  black.     Metallic  luster.     H=r2  — 3;  G=4  —  4.3. 

A  slighr  coatiiijj  of  white  n\'u\o  of  antimony  and  a  slight  odor  of  sulphur 
can  ln'  ohtaiiu'd  by  rojisting  on  <-liarfoal.  Tlio  roasted  mineral  becomes 
magnetic. 

This  is  a  rare  iron  coinpound  and  its  existence  in  the  State  has  not 
been  definitely  established. 

Tuolumne  County:  Heavy  ledges  of  dark  ore  occur  in  an  area  of 
schists  on  the  southeast  slope  of  Mount  Gibbs,  which  appear  to  be  an 
impure  berthierite  mixed  with  galena,  pyrite  and  quartz,  Turner^''). 

65.     JAMESON  ITE— Feather  Ore. 
Sulphantimonite  of  lead,  PbjSbjSs. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  fibrous  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  lead-gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  2  —  3; 
G  =  5.5  — 6.0. 

The  yellow  and  white  coating  on  charcoal  of  lead  and  antimony  oxides 
and  odor  of  sulphur  are  obtainwl  by  heating.  Dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  the 
lead  goes  into  solution,  while  th:^  antimony  is  pi-ecipitated  as  an  oxide. 

Jamesonite  is  one  of  the  common  lead  sulpho-salts  and  is  often 
present  in  silver-lead  districts,  sometimes  in  large  masses. 

Calaveras  County:  Found  at  Mokelumne  Hill,  Hanks(^>. 

Inyo  County :  Compact  massive  specimens  have  come  from  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine,  associated  with  argentiferous  galena. 

Napa  County:  The  delicate  capillary  or  hair-like  variety  was  found 
with  cinnabar  at  the  IVIanhattan  mine,  near  Knoxville. 


66.     BOURNONITE. 

Sulphantimonite  of  lead  and  copper  (Pb,Cu2)3SboSa. 

Orthorhombic.  Short  prismatic  and  tabular  crystals  and  massive. 
Color  and  streak  lead-gray.     Metallic  luster.     H=2.5  — 3;   G  =  5.7  —  5.9. 

Fuses  easily  and  on  charcoal  gives  a  white  coating,  at  first  of  antimony 
oxide,  followed  by  a  yellow  coating  of  lead  oxide  nearer  the  assay.  Dis- 
solved in  nitric  acid  and  ammonia  added,  the  solution  tunis  blue ;  soluble 
in  hj'drochloric  acid  with  odor  of  hydrogen  sulphide. 

Bournonite  is  occasionally  found  in  silver-lead  districts  where  copper 
is  also  a  constituent  of  the  veins.  It  occurs  in  good  crystals  as  well  as 
massive. 

Inyo  County:  The  only  known  occurrence  of  the  mineral  is  at 
Cerro  Gordo,  where  it  is  found  massive,  Reid^*\ 


70  STATE   .>riM\G  BUREAU. 

67.     MIARGYRITE. 

Snlpliantiinoiiito  of  silver,  AgSbS:.. 

Moiiocliiiic.  Crystjils  mihI  gnniiiUir  massive.  Color  black  to  sted-.uray. 
.Alftallic  luster.     Streak  eliorry-red.     H=2 — 2.."i :   0  =  5.30. 

Fuses  easily  on  charcdal  with  the  emission  of  sulphur  fumes  and  gives  a 
white  continir  of  antimony  oxide.  Continued  o.xidation  with  the  blowpipe 
l)roduces  a  silver  button.  Soluble  in  nitrie  a<Md  with  the  separation  of 
Miljiliur  ;ni(l  aiitiniiiHV  nidxidi'. 

Miai'gyritc  is  one  (if  llic  raic  forms  of  silver  conipouuds  aud  has 
not  been  reported  from  tlie  silver  depcsits  of  this  t*ountrj%  perhaps  on 
account  of  its  resemblance  to  pyrargyrite  when  massive. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  large  part  of  the  ore  of  the  Coyote  mine 
near  Randsburg  is  miargyrite  instead  of  ruby  silver,  as  was  supposed. 
Fine  monoclinic  crystals  have  been  found. 


68.     PYRARGYRITE— Dark    Ruby    Silver. 

Sulphantimonite  of  silver,  Ag3SbS3. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Prismatic  crystals.  Also  massive.  Color 
grayish  black,  or  dark  red.  Streak  purplish  red.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  2.5;  G  =  5.S5. 

Gives  a  white  antimony  oxide  coating  ou  charcoal  aud  reduces  to  a 
globule  of  metallic  silver.  The  suliihur  can  best  be  detected  by  fusion  in  a 
closed   tube. 

The  ruby  silver  ore  is  found  in  silver  veins  as  a  secondary  mineral 
and  is  associated  with  argentite,  polybasite,  stephanite,  tetrahedrite  and 
other  silver  minerals.  It  is  characteristically  found  as  dark  gray 
})lotches  and  bands  with  red  streaks,  in  massive  white  quartz. 

Alpine  County :  It  occurred  in  the  old  T  X  Iv  and  Exchequer  mines 
of  the  Silver  Mountain  district. 

Kern  County:  Found  associated  with  argentite  at  the  Amalie  mine. 

Mariposa  County :  One  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Bryant  Silver 
mine,  a.ssociated  with  argentite  and  proustite. 

Mono  County :  In  the  Oro,  Addenda,  Fortuna  and  other  mines  south 
of  Bodie  pyrargyrite  and  stephanite  w-ere  abundant.  Crystals  were 
found  in  a  vugg  in  the  Bodie  mine.  Pyrargyrite  also  occurred  in  the 
Blind  Spring  mines,  in  the  Tow-er  mine,  and  in  other  mines  near 
Benton,  Whiting^^^ 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  a  sjiecimen  from  the  Allison  Ranch  mine, 
associated  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite  and  galena;  also  in  the  Central 
mine  south  of  Banner  Hill,  and  is  probably  present  in  other  mines  of 
the  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City  district  as  indicated  by  the  silver- 
rich  concentrates,  Lindgren^^^ 

Shasta  County:  Small  amounts  of  pyrargyrite  were  occasionally 
found  in  the  mines  near  Igo. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  71 

69.     TETRAHEDRITE— Gray    Copper. 
Sulphantimouite  of  copper,   CusSb-S;. 

Isometric,    tetrahedral.     Generally   massive.     Color   dark    steel-giay. 

Streak    black,    sometimes    cherry-red.     Metallic    luster.     Hr=3  —  4.5; 

0=4.4  —  5.1. 

liofractive  index:  ;i  =  >1.'.7"J. 

(iivcs  a  sliglit  white  coalinj;  on  (luircoal  and  a  faint  odor  of  sulpluir. 
Til?  roasted  mineral  gives  the  ])lup  bead  of  copper  with  borax.  Soluble  in 
nitric  acid  and  the  antimony  ])rerii)itates  as  trioxide.  Ammonia  added  will 
-ive  the  characteristic  lilne  solution  of  copper,  and  precipitates  any  iron 
present. 

The  Steel-gray  metallic  tetrahedrite  is  quite  common  in  many  of  the 
gold  and  copper  mines  of  the  State.  It  is,  however,  seldom  prominent 
hut  occurs  in  small  amounts  mixed  with  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite 
and  other  common  sulphides. 

Freibergite  is  the  argentiferous  variety  and  is  perhaps  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  the  mineral  in  California. 

Tennantite  is  a  sulpharsenite  of  copper  and  while  really  a  distinct 
mineral,  it  may  he  considered  as  a  form  of  tetrahedrite  with  its  anti- 
mony replaced  hy  arsenic.     The  two  minerals  are  seldom  ditferentiated. 

Alpine  County:  Considerable  tetrahedrite  has  been  found  in  the 
Silver  Mountain  district. 

Calaveras  County :  Small  amounts  of  the  mineral  were  found  in  the 
mines  on  Carson  Hill.  Present  in  the  ore  at  the  Jones  mine,  Carson 
Creek. 

Del  Norte  County:  Found  at  Crookeshine. 

Imperial  County:  Occurred  in  llio  Blue  Jacket  and  other  mines  of 
the  Picacho  district. 

Inyo  County:  Tetrahedrite  was  an  important  mineral  in  the  Cerro 
Gordo  district  containing  a  large  percentage  of  silver.  Occurred  also 
in  some  of  the  White  Mountain  mines,  in  the  mines  of  the  Button 
Eange  and  in  the  old  San  Carlos  mine. 

Los  Angeles  Countj^:  Found  in  the  Zapate  mine  in  the  San  Gabriel 
Canyon. 

Mariposa  County :  A  common  mineral  in  the  gold  mines  of  the 
county,  associated  with  quartz,  pyrite,  galenite  and  sphalerite.  The 
silver-rich  variety  freibergite  was  found  in  large  mas'>'es  in  white  quartz, 
at  the  Live  Oak  mine,  near  Mariposa,  PIanks^^\  The  mineral  also 
occurred  in  the  Pine  Tree  mine  near  Coulterville.  In  the  Louisa  and 
Bunker  Hill  mines. 

Mendocino  County:  In.  the  Redwood  Copper  Queen  mine  with 
chalcopyrite,  gold  and  silver. 

Mono  County:  An  important  silver  ore  in  several  districts.  In  the 
Diana.  Comet,  Comanche  and  other  mines  of  the  Blind  Spring  Hill 


72  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

district,  it  occurred  massive  associated  with  partzite.  Also  found  in 
the  Bodie  district. 

Nevada  County:  A  heavy  mass  was  found  in  the  Osborn  Hill  vein, 
associated  with  zincblende  and  chalcopyrite.  In  small  quantities  at  the 
North  Banner  and  at  other  mines  of  the  Banner  Hill  and  Willow  Valley 
districts,  Lind^ren""".  Tt  is  pi-cscnt  in  tlie  oi'o  in  the  Badiivr  Hill  mining 
district. 

Placer  County:  Dark  .slcel-gray  tetrahedrite  associated  with  other 
sulphide  minei*als  and  with  electruin  was  quite  common  in  the  Ophir 
district,  having  been  noticed  in  the  Boulder,  Gold  Blossom,  Pine  Tree 
and  Golden  Stag  mines,  Lindgreii'^'.     Observed  at  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County:  Found  at  the  Irby  Holt  mine  in  Indian  Valley. 
Argentiferous  tetrahedrite  was  found  at  the  Trask  and  Coffer  mine. 
Observed  in  small  amounts  in  the  ore  at  Bngels. 

Riverside  County :  A  small  amount  of  gray  copper  ore  was  found  in 
association  with  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  and  galena,  at  Crestmore. 

San  Bernardino  County :  It  has  been  found  massive  in  the  New  York 
and  other  mines  in  the  New  York  Mountains. 

Shasta  County:  Gray  copper  is  of  rather  common  occurrence  in  the 
copper  mines  of  the  county  although  in  small  amounts.  It  has  been 
found  in  a  barite  gangue  in  the  Bully  Hill  mine. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurred  as  one  of  th€  mirerals  on  "Whiskey  Hill, 
Silliman^5\     Found  massive  in  the  Golden  Role  vnine,  near  Jamestown. 

70.     GEOCRONITE. 

Sulphantimonite  of  lead,  PbsSb^cj,, 

Ortliorhombic.     Generally    massive,    granular    or    earthy.     Col»r    bluish 
lead-gray.     Streak  lead-gray.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2.5;  0^1:6.3  —  6.4.5. 

GiA'es  the  same  reactions  as  jamesonite. 
Geocronite  is  one  of  the  very  rare  lead  minerals  found  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County:  According  to  Hanks^^^,  small  masses  were  found  with 
galena  in  the  Inyo  Mountains. 

Mono  County:  It  was  observed  in  the  Garibaldi  mine,  Prescott 
district,  associated  with  galena  and  sphalerite. 

71.     STEPHANITE— Brittle   Silver— Black   Silver. 
Sulphantimonite  of  silver,   AgjSbS,. 
Orthorhombic.     Crystals    common,     usually    with    striated    faces.     Also 
massive.     Color   iron-black.     Streak   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5; 
0  =  6.2  —  6.3. 

The  reajctions  are  similar  to  fliuse  for  pyraruyritc.  but  llio  streak  or  pow- 
der is  black,  whereas  pyrareyritc  is  reddish. 

Stephanite  is  a  very  important  and  usually  prominent  silver  mineral 
in  silver  districts  but  it  does  not  appear  common  in  California.     It  is 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  73 

often  associated  with  argentite  and  polybasite  as  an  original  mineral 
of  the  veins. 

Alpine  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  the  Morning  Star  mine, 
J.  D.  Dana(i). 

Mono  County:  In  llic  Blind  Spring  Hill  district  it  occurred  as  one 
of  the  associate  minerals.  Jjarge  inasses  were  found  with  pyrargyrite 
in  the  Oro,  Addenda  and  Fortuna  mines,  Bodie  district,  Whiting*^i>. 
Also  one  of  the  minerals  of  the  Sweetwater  Range  north  of  Bridgeport. 

Nevada  County:  One  of  1]i(^  minerals  found  in  tlie  Grass  Valley 
mines,  Lindgren^*'^ 

Shasta  County:  Occurs  witli  native  .silver,  i^alona  and  splialerite  in 
a  caleite-<[uartz  gangue  at  the  Igo  consolidated  mines. 


72.     POLYBASITE. 

Sulphantimonite  of  silver,  AgjSbSo. 

Orthorhombic.     Tabular  crystals  and  massive.     Color  iron-black.     Streak 
black.     Metallic  luster.     H=2  — 3;   G  =  6.2. 

In    its  blowpi])!'   n^aetioiis   polybasite   is   like   stopluuiite   ami    p\rargyrite. 

I'olybasite  cldsely  resembl(\s  stcphanite;  the  two  are  often  mixed  and 
are  seldom  differentiated.  When  in  good  crystals  they  can  be  told 
apart  but  when  massive  their  separate  identification  is  difficult. 

Alpine  County :  The  only  reported  occurrence  of  polybasite  is  from 
this  county.  Specimens  have  come  from  the  Pennsylvania  mine  in  the 
Silver  Mountain  district,  and  Hanks^^^  observed  it  in  microscopical 
crystals  from  the  Monitor  and  Mogul  districts. 


SULPHARSENITES. 

73.     DUFRENOYSITE. 

Sulpharsenite  of  lead,  PbiAs^Sj. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally   massive.     Color  dark   lead-gray.     Streak   red- 
dish brown.     Metallic  luster.     11  =  3;   G  =  5.56. 
Refractive  index  :    n  =  2.72. 

Like  jamesonitc  in   its   rt-actioiis.  cxccitt  thai    tlic   more  \'olutil<'   fumes  of 
arsenic  trioxido.  instead  of  the  antimony,  are  given  off. 

This  compound  of  lead  is  a  very  rare  mineral  and  its  existence  in 
California  is  somewhat  doubtful. 

Inyo  County :  Reported  to  have  been  found  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  dis- 
trict, Hanks  (^>. 


74  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

74.     PROUSTITE— Light   Ruby  Silver. 
Sulpharsenite  of  silver,  AgjAsSs. 
Hexagonal,   rhombohedral.     Prismatic  crystals  and   massive.     Color   and 
streak  scarlet-red.     Adamantine  luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5;   G  =  5.5. 

Refractive  indices:     £=2.711;   4^  =  2.979. 

The  fumes  given  off  by  lioat  are  more  volatile  than  from  antimony,  and 
have  a  slight  garlic  odoi*.  Othenviss^  the  reactions  are  the  same  as  for 
l)yrargyritp.  The  two  minci'nls  (jfton  are  intermixed  or  grade  into  each 
(ither. 

The  term  "ruby  silver"  is  given  indiscriminately  to  proustite  and 
pyrargyrite.  Both  minerals  usually  contain  arsenic  and  antimony  and 
they  often  grade  into  each  other.  The  metallic  gray  pyrargyrite  is 
more  common  than  the  transparent  red  proustite,  but  the  tAvo  are  often 
associated. 

Kern  Countj'^:  Specimens  of  proustite  with  pyrargyrite  have  been 
found  in  the  old  Amalie  district. 

Mariposa  County:  The  light  ruby  silver  occurred  with  pyrargyrite 
and  argentite  in  the  Bryant  Silver  mine. 

Mono  County :  Found  in  the  Oro  and  Bodie  mines,  Bodie  district, 
Hanks(6). 

Shasta  County :  Occurred  in  the  Chicago  mine  near  Igo,  associated 
with  galena,  pj^rite  and  quartz. 

75.     ENARGITE. 
Sulpharsenite  of  copper,  Cu^AsS^. 

Orthorhombic.  Crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.  Color 
grayish   black.     Streak   black.     Metallic   luster.     H=3;   G=4.4. 

Fuses  and  gives  a  faint  coating  of  arsenic.  The  roasted  mineral  can  be 
reduced  to  metallic  copper  by  fusion  with  sodium  carbonate.  The  liorax 
bead  is  blue.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  the  precipitation  of  a  small  amount 
of  antimony  trioxide.  Famatinite  gives  a  larger  amount  of  antimony  tri- 
oxide  when  dissolved  in  nitric  acid. 

Enargite  is  a  valuable  but  not  a  common  copper  compound  in  the 
State.     Very  few  of  the  copper  districts  shoAv  it  even  in  small  amounts. 

Famatinite  is  a  corresponding  sulphantimonite  of  copper  and  the 
enargite  of  Alpine  County  appears  to  grade  into  this  mineral. 

Alpine  County :  Enargite  was  found  in  large  masses  associated  with 
massive  pj'rite  in  the  Mogul  district  and  formed  the  chief  copper 
mineral  of  the  Morning  Star  and  a  few  other  mines  of  this  locality.  An 
analysis  of  the  mineral  was  made  by  Root^^^  from  the  i\Ioruing  Star 
mine. 

S  Cu  As  Sb 

31.68        47.21         14.06        6.19         =99.14  per  cent 

Crystals  have  the  forms :  (110),  (001),  (100),  (010),  Silliman^^)  and 
(130),  (250),  (101),  Eakle<'?). 

El  Dorado  County :  Some  enargite  was  found  in  the  Ford  mines  near 
GeorgetoMii. 

Plumas  County :  Small  amounts  occur  with  the  bornite  and  chalco- 
pyrite  at  Engels. 


mtnp:rals  of  California. 


75 


CHAPTER  IV. 


HALOIDS: 


CHLORIDES,   BROMIDES,    IODIDES   AND 
FLUORIDES. 


Ch  lofidcs. 
Calomel 
Halite 
Sylvite 
Sal   Amiuoniac 


Ceiartryiitc 
Chlormagnesite 
Atacamite 
Efflestonite 


Jiroinidc. 

Embolito 
Iodide. 

Cocciuite 
Fluoride. 

Fluorite 


CHLORIDES. 

76.     CALOMEL. 
Chloride  of  mercury,  HgjCL. 
Tetragonal.     Small    crystals.     Color    white,    gray,    browu.     Adamautiue 


luster.     H  =  l  — 2;  G  =  6.4S. 

Refractive  intlicos  :     £  =  2.(ir)(>;   ^,- 

On  charcoal  oasih-   volatilizes  and  coats  the  coal  white. 


,  =  1.!»7:!. 

The  mineral  is 
easily  reduced  to  mci-cury  globules  by  fusion  Avith  soda. 

The  calomel  used  in  medicine  is  a  manufactured  product  as  the  nat- 
ural mineral  is  very  rare.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  clear  colorless 
crystals  of  a  brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  in  white  crystalline  coat- 
ings, in  cinnabar  districts. 

Napa  County :  White  coatings  of  the  mineral  on  metacinnabarite 
occurred  at  the  Oat  Hill  niine. 

San  Mateo  County:  Small  amounts  of  calomel  associated  with  cinna- 
I)ar,  native  mercury  and  eglestonite  occur  about  five  miles  west  of 
Palo  Alto.  Rogei-s  •". 


77.     HALITE— Rock   Salt 
Chloride  of  sodium,  NaCl. 

Isoinctric.     (^'ubcs   niassi\(',   uranular  and  crusts.     Cleavage  perfect  cubic 
Color   white,    reddish    and    colorless.     Vitreous    luster.     Hr=2.5;    G  — -y.lo. 

Refractive  index:    ii  =  l.~A4. 

Fuses  with  intumescence  and  gives  a  strong  yellow  flame.     Easily  soluble 
in  water  and  has  a  taste. 

Most  of  the  salt  produced  in  the  State  is  obtained  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  water  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  yet  extensive  deposits  of  the  mineral 
exist  in  the  southern  counties  and  some  of  them  are  mined.  Salt  is  of 
very  common  occurrence  in  the  desert  regions,  where  former  lakes 
existed,  and  the  deposits  reach  considerable  thickness  in  some  localities, 
often  alternating  with  beds  of  sulphates,  borates,  carbonates  and  mud 


76  STATE    MINING   BUREAU, 

shales.  Salt  wells,  salt  springs,  salt  marshes,  and  salt- rivers  occur  in 
these  arid  plains  and  white  incrustations  of  salt  are  often  found  along 
their  borders. 

Alameda  County :  The  salt  Avorks  at  Alvarado  evaporate  the  water  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  on  a  large  scale,  and  the  bulk  of  the  salt  produced 
in  the  State  is  obtained  by  this  method. 

Colu-a  County :  Salt  was  obtained  by  evaporation  from  the  saline 
springs  on  the  Peterson  Ranch  in  Antelope  Valley,  near  Sites. 

Glenn  County :  Salt  springs  occur  in  Salt  Spring  Valley,  four  miles 
north  of  Stonyford  and  some  a  few  miles  west  of  Elk  Creek  postoffice. 

Imperial  County:  Efflorescences  of  salt  on  the  dry  plains  of  the 
Great  Colorado  Desert  were  early  reported. 

Inyo  County :  Salt  is  common  in  the  dry  valleys  as  white  efflorescences 
and  in  solution  in  many  of  the  springs,  marshes  and  lakes  of  this  county. 
In  the  borax  district  of  Death  Valley  it  is  a  common  associate,  and  the 
bottom  of  this  valley  is  an  extensive  salt  marsh,  into  Avhich  the  Amar- 
gosa  River  sinks.  The  waters  of  Owens  Lake  have  been  evaporated  for 
salt  and  soda.  Pure  white  crusts  occur  in  Saline  Valley  and  at  Salt 
Wells. 

Kern  County :  In  the  Mojave  Desert  region  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  county,  numerous  salt  lakes  and  wells  occur.  The  alkaline  desert 
from  the  Kern  River  to  the  Caiiada  de  las  Uvas  is  impregnated  with 
salt.  Salt  and  borax  are  associated  at  the  Buckthorn,  Indian  and 
Mesquite  springs. 

Riverside  County :  The  well-known  Salton  Sea  is  an  extensive  depres- 
sion in  the  south  central  part  of  the  county  which  was  noted  for  its 
immense  deposits  of  white  salt  and  where  thousands  of  tons  have  been 
gathered.  It  is  now  covered  by  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  River  and 
the  salt  works  have  been  wholl3^  obliterated.  An  analysis  of  this  salt 
Avas  made  by  Allen^^^ 

NaCl  CLl       N02SO4  Gypsum        H2O        Insol. 

5)4.54         0.31         3.53         0.79         0.14         0.50         =99.81   per   cent 

San  Bernardino  County :  Numerous  diy  lakes  exist  in  this  county, 
all  of  which  contain  salt.  Some  of  the  salt  near  Daggett  has  been 
mined  locally  for  chloridizing  the  silver  ores  of  the  district.  A  large 
lake  deposit  occurs  in  the  desert  about  twenty-five  miles  southeast  of 
Danby  and  the  Surprise  salt  mines  have  produced  large  quantities. 
Bailey^i^  reports  a  vein  of  rock  salt  12  to  16  feet  thick  on  the  Avawatz 
Mountains.  Crusts  of  the  mineral  associated  with  sodium,  magnesium 
and  calcium  sulphate  occur  at  the  Mojave  sink.  Salt  and  borax  with 
some  nitrates  exist  along  the  Amargosa  River,  near  the  Inyo  County 
line. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  77 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Along  the  shores  of  the  Salinas  River 
white  crusts  of  salt  can  he  found  in  many  places.  The  Soda  Lake  in 
Carissa  Plains  is  a  dry  lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  the 
surface  contains  crusts  of  salt  and  sodium  sulphate. 

Slrnsta  County :  Sandstones  occur  on  Salt  Creek,  about  twelve  miles 
east  of  Kedding,  which  are  slightly  impregnated  with  salt. 

Solano  County :  Halite  is  obtained  by  evaporation  of  salt  water  from 
a  gas  well  eight  miles  northeast  of  Suisun. 


78.     SYLVITE. 

Chloride  of  potassium,   KCl. 

Isometric.     Cubes    and    octahedrons;    also    granular    massive.     Cleava.ure 
perfect  cubic.     Colorless  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2;G  =  1.97 — 1.99. 

Refractive  index:    h  =  1.4!X>. 

Resembles  salt  and  tastes  salt  and  sli.nlilly  l)itt<'r,  Imt  is  distinguished  bv 


ts  \in]i't  flnnii'  when  fu.«ed. 


The  potassium  salt  is  sometimes  associated  with  the  sodium  salt,  but, 
unlike  the  sodium  chloride,  it  is  very  rare  and  no  deposits  of  it  occur  in 
the  State.  The  brines  of  Searles  Lake  contain  potassium  which  may 
be  sylvite  in  solution. 

Inyo  County:  According  to  Bailey^^^  sylvite  occurs  in  traces  in  some 
of  the  springs  of  this  county.  Analyses  of  some  of  the  impure  salt 
covering  depressions  in  Death  Valley  show  low  percentages  of  potas- 
sium chloride. 


79.     SAL   AMMONIAC— Salmiac. 
Chloride   of  ammonium,   NH^Cl. 

Isometric.     Ciystals,   crusts   and   efflorescences.     Color   white,   yellowish. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;  G  =  ].53. 

Refractive  index  :    ii  =  \AJi2. 

A'ery  easily  volatile  witliout  fusion  w  hrn  heated  and  is  wholly  converted 
into   dense   white   fumes.      Heated    in    a    dosed    t\ihe    with    soda    or   lime,    am- 
monia is  givfn  ofl"  whicli  cnii  \k-  detect^]  by  odor.     Sohiblr  in  water. 

Inyo  County :  According  to  Bailey(i>  sal  ammoniac  is  found  as  efflo- 
rescences at  some  of  the  fissure  springs  in  Death  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County:  A  Avhite  crystalline  incrustation  of  sal  ammo- 
niac was  found  in  the  Monterey  shale  of  Burning  Mountain,  Rogers^^). 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Crusts  5  nun.  thick,  associated  with  sulphur, 
came  from  burning  oil-shales  on  the  Hope  Ranch,  Rogers^^). 


78  STATE   jMINING   BURELVU. 

80.     CERARGYRITE— Hornsilver. 
Chloride  of  silver,  AgCl. 

Isomotiic.  Usually  in  tliiu  plates  and  crusts.  Sometimes  massive. 
Color  gray  but  generally  tarnished  brown.  Highly  sectile.  Waxy. 
n=l  — 1.5;  G  =  o.55. 

Refractive  index  :    »r=  2.061. 

Easily  reduced  on  charcoal  to  metallic  silver.  Mixed  with  copper  oxide 
It  imparts  to  the  flame  the  azure  blue  color  of  the  copper  chloride  flame. 
Insoluble  in  acids,  but  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Cerargyrite  has  been  one  of  the  most  important  silver  minerals  of  the 
State.  It  is  characteristic  of  silver  deposits  located  in  arid  regions  and 
is  often  abundant  in  such  regions.  It  has  been  formed  in  general  by 
solutions  from  above  carrying  alkali  chlorides,  obtained  from  the  over- 
lying strata,  acting  on  the  silver  minerals  of  the  veins  and  forming 
solutions  of  silver  chloride,  from  which  the  mineral  is  precipitated  along 
fissures  and  in  cavities  of  the  gangue,  mostly  in  the  oxidized  zones  of 
the  deposit.  It  is  usually  accompanied  by  the  chlorobromide,  embolite, 
and  occasional!}'  by  the  iodide,  iodyrite.  Barite  is  a  common  gangue 
mineral. 

Inyo  County :  Hornsilver  with  argentiferous  galena,  argentite  and 
copper  minerals  has  been  found  abundant  in  the  Argus  and  Coso  ranges 
and  to  some  extent  in  the  Darwin  and  Cerro  Gordo  districts.  Hanks^^^ 
mentions  it  from  the  Slate  Kange  and  in  microscopical  crystals  at  the 
Modoc  mine  near  Darwin.  Cerargyrite  with  cerussite  oecur^s  in  the 
Noonday  mine,  Tecopa;  associated  with  chiwsocolla  at  the  Bonanza 
King  mine,  Sherman  district. 

Kern  County :  The  mineral  has  been  found  in  the  Amalie  mine  with 
pyrargyrite  and  native  silver. 

Mono  County :  Cerargyrite  has  been  found  in  the  Blind  Springs 
district  near  Benton  and  in  some  of  the  mines  of  the  Bodie  district,  but 
never  in  large  masses.      It  occurs  also  in  the  Sweetwater  Range. 

Placer  County :  It  occurred  in  small  amounts  as  one  of  the  minerals 
in  the  Ophir  district,  on  Duncan  Hill,  Lindgren^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Hornsilver  has  been  a  very  important  silver 
mineral  in  the  Calico  and  Barstow  mines.  The  chloride,  together  with 
the  chlorobromide,  has  been  deposited  along  the  fault  planes  and  in 
the  numerous  fissures  of  brecciated  vein-rock  formed  by  much  faulting. 
The  minerals  associated  with  the  hornsilver  of  this  region  are  embo- 
lite, cerussite,  barite,  pyrolusite,  chrysocolla,  malaehite  and  jasper.  It 
occurs  with  limestone  associated  with  embolite,  wulfenite,  sphalerite, 
galena,  cerussite  and  pyrite  in  the  Silver  Reef  district,  on  the  desert 
about  forty  miles  east  of  Victor.  It  is  associated  with  argentite  and 
secondary  from  it  at  the  Bonanza  King  mine  on  Providence  Mountain 
and  in  the  Imperial  mine.  Lava  Beds  district,  about  nine  miles  from 


]\[INERALS   OK    CALIP'OBNIA.  79 

Lavic.  Cerargyrite  was  reported  as  one  of  the  minerals  with  borax  at 
Searles  Lake,  but  the  hK'ality  was  probably  Calico.  The  silver  deposits 
at  Calico  and  liarstow  have  been  fully  described  by  Lindgren^i^  and  by 
Stornis(i>. 

81.     CHLOROMAGNESITE. 
Chloride  of  magnesium,  MgCL. 

Efflorescence.     Color  wiiite. 

Refractive  indices:    £3=1.59;  („  =  l.(>7r). 

Mixed  witii  copper  chloride,  the  azure  h\uo.  llamo  is  obtaiiit'd.  Soluble  in 
water  and  the  magnesia  is  precipitated  as  magnesium  pyrophosphate  on 
addition  of  sodium  ])h()s|iliale. 

Magnesium  chloride  exists  in  soluble  state  in  the  waters  of  some  of 
the  springs  and  lakes  but  its  easy  solubility  prevents  it  from  forming 
as  a  mineral  except  in  the  dryest  climate. 

San  Bernardino  County:  White  efflorescences  of  chloromagnesite 
occur  at  Saratoga  Springs,  near  the  southern  end  of  Death  Valley, 
Bailey(i). 

82.     ATACAMITE. 
Hydrous  oxichloride  of  copper,  CU2CIH3O3. 
Orthorhombic.     Slender    needles    and    fibrous    reticulated    masses.     Color 
deep  grass-green.     H=3  —  3.5;  6  =  3.7. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.S31;  y3  =  l.SGl;  y  =  1.8S0. 

Fuses  aud  imparts  an  azure  blue  color  to  the  flame.  Readily  reduced  on 
charcoal  to  metallic  copper.  Silver  nitrate  added  to  a  nitric  acid  solution  of 
the  mineral  precipitates  flocculent  silver  chloride.  Ammonia  added  to  a 
nitric  acid  solution  gives  a  blue  color  to  solution.  (Jives  water  in  a  closinl 
tube,  which  reacts  acid. 

Atacamite  is  a  very  rare  form  of  copper  and  its  occurrence  in  Cali- 
fornia has  not  been  definitely  established. 

Inyo  County:  J.  D.  Dana^^^  gives  this  mineral  from  an  unknown 
locality  in  this  county.  As  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine  was  the  best  known 
for  rare  minerals,  the  atacamite,  if  correctly  identified,  perhaps  came 
from  this  mine. 

83.     EGLESTONITE. 

Oxichloride  of  mercury,  Hg4CL0. 

Isometric.  Minute  crystals.  Color  yellowish  brown,  changing  to  black. 
Resinous  to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  2  —  3;  G  =  8.327. 

Refractive  index  :    n  =  2.49. 

Easily  reduced  to  globules  of  mercury.  Solnl)]f  in  nitric  acid  and  silver 
nitrate  precipitates  silver  chloride. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mercury  mineral  which  has  been  found  associated 
with  cinnabar,  metallic  mercury  and  calomel. 


80 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


San  Mateo  County :  Minute  yellow  crystals  of  eglestonite  occur  about 
five  miles  west  of  Palo  Alto  in  seams  and  cavities  in  the  silicious  material 
so  common  in  the  serpentine  of  tlie  cimiabar  districts,  and  the  crystals 
were  described  b}'  Rogers^'*\  Forms:  cube  (100),  octahedron  (111), 
ihombicdodecahedron  (110),  and  trapezohedron  (211). 


Hg 
SS.00 


CI 
7.43 


The  mineral  was  associated  with  cinnabar,  mercury,  calomel,  dolo- 
mite, magnesite,  opal  and  quartz. 

BROMIDES. 

84.     EMBOLITE. 

Chlorobroniido  of  silver,  A.a;(P»r,('l ) 

Isometric.     Generally   massive.     Color   green.     Resinous   luster. 
H  =  l  — 1.5;  0  =  5.31  —  5.43. 

Refractive  index:    h=2.15. 

Heated  in  a  closed  tube  with  potassium  bisulphate  and  pyrolusite,  red 
vapors  of  bromine  are  set  free.  Heated  in  closed  tube  with  galena,  yellow 
lead  bromide  forms,  which  turns  white  on  cooling.  Silver  nitrate  will  pre- 
cipitali'  silver  l)romid('  from  a  nitric  acid  solution. 

The  greenish  embolite  has  only  been  found  in  association  with  cer- 
argyrite  and  in  much  smaller  amounts. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  cerargyrite  in  the  Indiana  mine  near 
Swansea,  Hanks^^^ 

]\Iono  County :  In  the  Minnie  mine,  Sweetwater  Range,  with  horn- 
silver.  Hanks  ^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  An  associate  of  the  cerargyrite  in  the 
Calico,  Grapevine  and  Silver  Reef  districts.  One  of  the  minerals  re- 
ported with  borax  at  Searles  Lake,  probably,  however,  from  the  Calico 
district. 


IODIDES. 

85.     COCCiNITE. 

Iodide  of  mercury,   Hgl. 

Thin  coatings.     Color  n-ddish  brown. 

Reactions  for  the  iodine  are  similar  to  those  for  chlorine  and  bromine  in 
embolite.  Violet  vapore  are  given  off  when  heated  in  closed  tube  with  potas- 
sium bisulphate  and  pyrolusite.  With  galena  the  sublimate  is  dark  orange 
red  hot,  which  changes  to  lemon  yellow  when  cold. 

Reduced  on  charcoal  to  metallic  mercui*y. 

Traces  of  iodine  have  been  found  in  some  of  the  springs  of  the  State, 
but  the  occurrence  of  any  iodide  is  questionable. 

Kern  County:  This  rare  reddish  brown  iodide  is  said  to  have  been 
found  with  stibnite  in  the  San  Emidio  Canyon,  J.  D.  Dana^^). 


MINERALS    OF    CALIKOKNIA.  81 

FLUORIDES. 

86.     FLUORITE. 

Fluoride   of   calcium,   CaFj. 

Isometric,  lisually  in  cubes.  Also  massive,  granular  or  compact. 
Cleavage  perfect  octahedral.  Colorless,  green,  yellow,  purple,  blue,  white. 
Vitreous  luster.     11  =  4;   G=3.2. 

Uefraclive  index:    /i  =  1.434. 

Fuses  witli  some  decrepitation,  (iives  reddish  fianie  >>f  ciilciuni.  Sol- 
ul>l<'  in  acids  and  caUinm  is  precipitated  by  amoniuni  oxalate.  Mixed  with 
ixitassiuin   sulplialc   and    fused   in   a  closed   tube,    tlie  ulass   becomes  etched. 

Fliuii'ito  is  a  comnioii  uiiiuTal,  especially  as  gangue  in  lead  districts 
vvitli  galeua.  Tt  soinetiines  forms  tliiek  veins  and  becomes  important 
as  a  tlnx.     No  good  deposits  are  known  in  the  State. 

Contra  Costa  ('ounty :  Small  cubes  of  white  tliiorite  were  found  on 
^Vlount  Diablo  with  some  copper  minerals,  Hanks^^). 

Inyo  County :  Found  as  a  gangue  mineral  with  argentiferous  galena 
in  the  Cerro  Gordo,  Darwin  and  other  districts. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Fine  specimens  have  come  from  the  Felix  mine 
near  Azusa.  consisting  of  purple  and  green  masses  and  cubes.  White 
fluorite  occurred  on  Santa  Catalina  Island  with  galena  and  chalcopyrite. 

Mono  County :  In  the  Ferris  Canyon  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Sweet- 
water Mountains  green  and  violet  crystals  and  masses  occur. 

San  Benito  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  the  western  part  of 
this  county. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Green  and  purple  tiuorite  comes  from  the 
Kings  Fluorspar  mine,  Cave  Canyon  district,  with  some  iceland  spar. 
Occurs  in  the  Cave  Canyon  district  coated  witli  black  manganese  oxide. 
Light  green  occurs  near  Barstow.  Occurs  near  Ludlow  and  near 
Needles. 

San  Diego  County:  Occurs  in  large  specimens  of  green  color  at  Oak 
(irove.  Paloiiiar  Mountains.  A  small  amount  is  found  at  tile  ^rountain 
Lily  (Jem  mine.  Aguanga  Mountain. 


ft-22132 


82  STATK    MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER    V 


OXIDES  OF  HYDROGEN,  SILICON  AND  SEMI-METALS 


Hydrogen. 

Scmi-metals. 

Water 

Arsenolite 

Silicon. 

Claudetito 

Quartz 

Valontinitc 

Chalcedony 

Rismite 

Tridymito 

>rolybdito 

Cristohalito 

Corvantite 

Opal 

Stibioonite 

Siibioferrito 

Partzite 

Stetefeldtite 

OXIDE   OF   HYDROGEN. 

87.     WATER. 

Oxide  of  hydrogen,  PI^O. 

Hexagonal   when   solid,   as   ice.     Colorless.     Brittle.     H  =  l..'3;    G  =  0.91G. 

Refractive  index  :    h  =  1.333. 

Ice.  refractive  indices:    £=  1.313:  ,.,=  1.300. 

The  mineral  springs  of  California  are  very  numerous  and  of  a  great 
variety.  Many  of  them  have  a  reputed  medicinal  value  and  have 
become  popular  health  resorts. 

Thermal  springs  are  common  and  many  of  them  represent  the  linger- 
ing remnant  of  a  former  volcanic  activity-  of  the  region.  Some  owe 
their  origin  to  the  heat  develojoed  by  decomposition  of  sulphides  and 
other  mineral  bodies  below,  in  the  courses  of  the  underground  waters. 
These  springs  are  usually  strongly  sulphurous  as  Avell  as  hot. 

The  salts  most  commonly  found  in  the  spring  waters  of  the  State  are 
the  carbonates,  sulphates  and  chlorides  of  magnesium,  sodium,  calcium 
and  iron.  Traces  of  boron  are  found  in  many  and  in  some  localities 
like  Clear  Lake,  Lake  County,  and  the  desert  regions  of  Inyo  and  San 
Bernardino  counties,  boracic  acid  has  been  an  abundant  ingredient. 

Some  of  the  lakes  are  also  strongly  saturated  with  salts,  and  Mono 
Lake  and  Owens  Lake  are  noted  for  the  large  percentage  of  solid  con- 
tents of  their  Avaters,  mostly  sodium  bicarbonate. 

Stream  waters  are  purest  in  granitic  regions,  less  pure  and  harder  in 
limestone  regions,  and  quite  impure  and  strongly  alkaline  in  the  arid 
regions. 

Colusa  County :  There  are  many  mineral  springs  in  the  county  along 
Sulphur  Creek. 


IMINKRALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  83 

Lake  C'ount>" :  'Pliis  couiily  is  the  most  noted  oiio  in  the  State  for  its 
luiiieral  si)rin^'s.  Adams,  Anderson,  Bartlett,  Castle,  Harbin,  Highland. 
Howard,  Saratoga.  Siegler,  Soda  liay  and  AVittci-  S|)rings  are  noted 
tourist  resorts. 

Mendoeino  ("oniity:  Several  mineral  .springs  occiii-  in  tlie  county. 
Vichy,  Orr's  and  Duncan  Springs  are  noted. 

Napa  County:  There  are  several  noted  mimral  spring  resorts  in 
the  county.  Aetna.  Calistoga,  Napa  Soda,  Napa  Vichy.  White  Sulphui", 
Pope,  Se(|uoia.  and  Walters  Springs  are  well  known,  all  of  them  con- 
taining iiiinrriil  salts  in  solution. 

San  liuis  Obispo  County:  The  Paso  Robles  Hot  Springs  are  the  most 
noted  in  the  State. 

Sonoma  County :  Numerous  .springs  exist  in  the  county  containing 
mineral  salts  in  solution.  Agua  Caliente,  Alder  (tIcu,  Barcal.  Boyes, 
''Tilt'  Geysers,"  Lytton,  ^Mark  West,  and  Skaggs  are  noted. 


OXIDES    OF    SILICON. 

88.     QUARTZ— Silica. 
Oxide  of  silicon,  SiO;. 

Hexagonal,  ihomboliedral.  Hexagonal  prisms  with  pyramids  verj' 
common  and  sometimes  large.  Compact  and  granular  massive.  Promi- 
nent conchoidal  fracture.  Colorless,  white,  j-ellow,  red-brown,  etc. 
Optically   positive.     Vitreous   luster.     H  =  7;    G  =  2.6o. 

Refractive  indices:    £=1.553:   (,^  =  1.544. 

Infusible  and  insoluble  in  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acids.  Soluble  in  hydro- 
fluoric acid.  Fused  well  witli  a  flux  oi  sodium  carbonate,  the  fusion  dis- 
solved in  water  and  hydrochloric  acid,  when  evaporated  to  dryness,  will  leave 
the  silica  as  an  insoluble  residue.  The  hydrochloric  acid  solution,  after  all 
silica  is  remo\ed.  will  .ai\e  no  precipitates  of  alumina,  calcinni  or  mag- 
ui'siiuu  when  trejited  suceessively  witli  ammoniuui.  junmniiinni  oxaliiti^  and 
sfidium  phi:si(liaf(>.  jiroxing  the  uiineral  to  be  silica   and  not  a   silicnte. 

Silica  constitutes  al)Out  three-fifths  of  the  solid  crust  of  the  earth; 
eonse(|uently  (piartz  and  chalcedony  and  their  varieties  are  exceedingly 
connnon  minerals.  It  is  usual  to  class  under  (piartz  those  forms  of 
silica  which  arc  phenocrystalline,  that  is,  those  with  a  distinct  crystal- 
line structure,  and  under  chalcedou}^  those  forms  which  are  crypto- 
crystalline,  that  is,  those  so  finely  crystalline  that  they  appear  non- 
crystalline except  under  the  microscope.  Under  each  of  these  two 
mineral  species  are  grouped  many  varieties  based  generally  on  color 
and  structure. 

Common  quartz  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granites,  granodiorites, 
quartz-porphyries,  rhyolites,  gneisses,  schists,  (piartzites  and  sandstones, 
and  is  an  accessory  mineral  in  many  other  kinds  of  rock,  either  vol- 
canic, metamorphic  or  sedimentary.  Veins,  ledges,  seams  and  pockety- 
masses  of  white   quartz   are   common   in   volcanic   and   metamorphic 


84  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

areas  and  much  of  it  in  California  is  gold-bearing.  In  ordinary  rock 
decomposition  silica  remains  as  a  rcsidnal  i")rodnct,  as  it  is  practically 
unattacked  by  the  usual  weathering  agencies. 

Rock  crystal  is  the  clear  colorless  variety  -which  is  seldom  to  be  found 
except  as  hexagonal  crystals.  Fine  large  groups  of  these  crystals  are 
frequently  found  in  the  mines. 

Amethyst  is  the  variety  colored  violet  by  manganese  or  possibly 
titanium.  It  also  occurs  in  groups  of  crystals,  being  rarely  massive. 
Very  little  good  amethyst  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Rose  quartz  is  a  massive  variety  colored  pink  by  manganese.  Some 
very  deep  colored  rose  quartz  has  been  found. 

Smoky  quartz  or  Cairngorm  stone  is  the  hair-brown  transparent 
variety,  also  in  crystals,  the  color  being  due  to  carbonaceous  material. 
The  color  is  readil}'  discharged  or  converted  into  citrine-yellow  by  heat 
and  much  of  the  so-called  "false  topaz"  has  been  made  in  this  w^ay. 
This  is  a  y^Yy  common  variety  and  some  excellent  large  crystals  have 
been  found  in  the  State. 

Inclusions  of  other  minerals  in  (juartz  are  very  common  and  have 
several  varietal  names. 

Phantom  crystals  show  the  outlines  of  one  crystal  within  another,  due 
to  inclusions  of  green  chloritic  matter  or  brownish  earthy  material 
arranged  about  the  boundaries  of  the  forming  crystal  during  a  stage  in 
its  growth.  Some  fine  phantom  crystals  have  come  from  near  Plaeer- 
ville. 

Sagenite  or  rutilated  quartz  is  rock  crystal  pierced  by  long  red  needles 
of  rutile.     No  good  sagenite  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Thetis  hairstone  is  rock  crystal  containing  long  hair-like  fibers  of 
asbestos  or  actinolite. 

Avetiturine  or  gold-stone  is  glassy  (quartz  speckled  with  flakes  of 
hematite  or  brow)i  mica.    Good  aveuturine  is  very  uncommon. 

Alameda  County  :  Yellow  crystals  occur  associated  with  glas.sy  albite 
at  the  Newman  mine  on  Cedar  Mountain,  twelve  miles  southeast  of 
Livermore. 

Alpine  County :  Fine  specimens  of  rose  quartz  have  been  found  in 
Hope  Valley  and  in  the  Mogul  and  Monitor  districts. 

Amador  County :  Fine  large  .specimens  of  rock  crystal  have  come 
from  Volcano  and  Oleta.  This  section  has  also  produced  good  speci- 
mens of  amethj'st,  smoky  and  rose  quartz.  Thetis  hairstone  has  been 
found  at  Oleta. 

Butte  County:  Smoky  quartz  occurs  on  the  North  Fork  of  Feather 
River.  Fine  rose  quartz  occurs  lu^ar  Forbestown;  also  clear  crystal 
aggregates. 

Calaveras  County :  Good  rock  crystal  in  fine  large  aggregates  have 
been   found   in   many   of   the   gold   mines.     Mokelumne    Hill,    Green 


MINERALS   OF    CALII-X>RNIA.  85 

Mountain  gravel  mine  near  iVIiirphy,  Angels  and  West  Point  have  pro- 
(liK-eil  large  crystals.  Clear  (|uart/  crystals  occur  at  llic  .Icnnic  Ijjiul 
mine. 

Colusa  County:  The  Colusa  sandstone  from  near  Sites  is  one  of  the 
best  known  in  the  State. 

El  Dorado  County:  Roek  crystal,  i)hantom  crystals  and  smoky  quartz 
have  come  from  near  I'lacerville,  which  are  the  best  in  the  State.  A 
fairly  ]n\Vi'  wliile  (|uart/.  is  found  on  the  .McDonald  Ivam-li.  mar  Shingle 
Springs.  A  large  deiM)-it  occurs  ten  miles  northwest  of  I'lacerville. 
Cleai-  ciystals  are  found  in  While  Rock  Canyon  iicmi-  Georgetown. 
Quaitz  with  actinolite  occurs  near  Fairplay. 

(ilenn  County:  The  i)rincipal  mineral  output  of  the  counly  is  sand 
and  gravel  produced  chieHy  at  AVyo  and  Willows. 

Inyo  County:  Good  rock  crystal  has  been  found  in  the  Cerro  Gerdo 
and  Darwin  districts. 

Kern  County :    Rose  quartz  reported  as  occuri'ing  north  of  Kernville. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Thetis  hairstone  has  been  found  near  Los 
Angeles.  Vein  quartz  some  thirty  feet  thick  has  been  reported  to  occur 
six  miles  northwest  of  Acton.  Quartz  in  vein.s  occurs  between  Lancas- 
ter and  Muroc.    Occurs  on  ^loonstone  Beach,  Santa  Catalina  Island. 

Marin  County:  Chert,  quartzite  and  sandstone  are  the  chief  mineral 
products  of  the  county,  u.sed  for  macadam.  Quartz  amygdules  occur  on 
]Mt.  Tamalpais. 

]\[ariposa  County :  Fine  rock  crystal  occurs  at  Mount  Bullion. 

]\Iono  County:  Rock  crystal,  amethyst  and  tabular  drusy  quartz 
have  come  from  the  Bodie  district. 

Monterey  County:  White  quartz  .^^and  occurs  in  sand  dunes  at  Del 
]Monte  and  Carmel  Bay. 

Napa  County :  Good  rock  crystal  occurs  near  Calistoga. 

Nevada  County:  Good  specimens  of  rock  crystal  are  often  found  at 
(Jrass  Valley  and  Nevada  City.    Large  crystals  occur  near  Washington. 

Orange  County:  Sand  (luai'tz  occurs  with  biotite  and  muscovite  one 
mile  northeast  of  Capi.strano. 

Placer  County:  Quartz  containing  green  chlorite  is  found  at  Shady 
Uun.  Rock  cryi-tal  occurs  in  the  Ophir  district.  Rock  crystals,  some 
with  inclusions  of  green  chlorite,  occur  at  Shady  Run. 

Plumas  County:  Rock  crystal  from  the  Granite  Basin.  Some  deep 
colored  rose  (piarlz  has  come  from  IMeadow  Valley. 

Riverside  County:  Rock  crystal,  smoky  quartz  and  pink  quartz  in 
fuie  large  crystal  are  associated  with  the  gem  tourmaline  at  Coahuila. 
Granular  quartz  occurs  in  the  Crestmore  limestone  quarry.  Quartz 
as  massive  quartzite  occurs  in  large  quantity  on  Eagle  i\Iountains. 

Sacnnnento  County:   Rock  crystal  is  found  at  Folsom  of  fine  (|uality. 


86  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Quartz  with  rutile  needles  has  been  found 
in  the  San  Bernardino  Range.  Found  as  pseudomorph.s  after  calcite 
at  Hart.  Clear  white  occurs  in  tlie  Fremont  mininf?  district.  Found 
associated  with  specular  hematite  and  epidote  in  the  San  Bernardino 
]\rountains  about  tliirty  miles  northeast  of  San  Bernardino. 

San  Diego  County :  Excellent  specimens  of  rock  crystals,  smoky  quartz 
and  ])ink  quartz  are  associated  with  the  green  and  ])ink  tourmaline  of 
the  county.  Large  groups  of  crystals  and  single  crystals  of  a  deep 
rose  color  occur  in  the  pegmatite  veins  which  carry  the  tourmaline,  some 
at  Pala,  Mesa  Grande  and  Kincon.  Rock  crystal  with  long  and  almost 
black  needles  of  tourmaline  occur  at  Pala.  Crystals  from  Pala  and 
Rincon  have  the  forms:  (3031).,  (4041),  (50ol),  (1121),  (3141), 
(41ol),  (5161),  Waring*^'.  A  deposit  of  rose  cpiartz  of  some  size 
occurs  twenty-nine  miles  from  Tia  Juana  on  road  to  Ensenada.  An 
opalescent  rose  quartz  occurs  at  Escondido.  Tourmalinated  quartz 
has  been  found  on  the  east  side  of  Chihuahua  Valley. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Glass  sand  reported  to  occur  about  four 
miles  south  of  Edna  and  also  fortv  miles  east  of  Arrovo  Grande. 

Sierra  County:  Yellow  or  citrine  quartz  has  been  found  on  Bald 
Mountain. 

Stanislaus  County :  Large  ledge  of  quartz  about  twelve  miles  above 
Patterson  on  El  Puerto  Creek. 

Analysis : 

SiO..  00.78 

ALO,  0.21 

FeoO.i  None 

Tulare  County :  Rock  crystal  occurs  at  Three  Rivers  and  in  Drum 
Valley.  Rose  quartz  is  found  at  Bull  Run  IMcadows  and  at  Yokohl. 
Quartz  Avith  inclusions  of  hornblende  is  found  at  Deer  Creek.  Beautiful 
rose  quartz  occurs  at  the  Summer  Rose  Quartz  claim,  eight  miles  south- 
east of  California  Hot  Springs  near  Kern  county  line.  Rose  quartz 
of  good  color  occurs  on  the  west  side  of  Bull  Run  Ridge,  near  county 
line  associated  with  graphic  granite.  Good  rose  quartz  occurs  near 
Lemon  Cove  and  near  Badger.  Excellent  rose  quartz  occurs  on  the 
Gasenberger  Ranch  near  Exeter,  in  a  pegmatite  associated  with  massive 
])lack  allanite. 


MIXKKALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  87 

89.     CHALCEDONY. 
Silicon  dioxide.   SiO;. 

Ki'l'i;.' li\i'   imli'A  :     /^      I.'nIT. 

Kcactidiis  llir  s;\nic  ;is  with  (iiinrtz.  An  iuiimi'ity  of  iron  will  usually  be 
sJKiwii  on  rill-  iiddition  of  aniinonia  to  (In-  liydriH-lildric  acid  sDlution  after 
tlie  silica  is  ri'nio\cd. 

The  ehalecdonic  forms  of  silica  are  never  transparent,  but  occur  in 
dense  cryptoerystalline  masses  and  layers,  translucent  to  opaque,  and 
without  crystal  form.  Hot  solutions,  especially  alkaline  solutions,  act- 
ing on  silieious  rocks  dissolve  some  of  the  silica  and  this  is  deposited 
in  layers  along  the  Avails  of  cavities,  or  completely  fills  cavities,  forming 
geodes  and  irregular  shaped  masses,  with  often  a  banded  structure. 
]\Iany  of  the  large  masses  of  chalcedony  and  jasi)er  have  been  formed 
by  deposition  from  springs,  whose  waters  contain  soluble  silica.  Chal- 
cedony is  a  ver}-  common  secondary  filling  of  cavities  and  fissui-es  in 
volcanic  rock,  and  may  form  large  geodes  in  this  way.  There  are  many 
names  given  to  the  varieties  of  cry])tocrystalline  silica  which  may  be 
classed  under  the  head  of  chalcedony,  most  of  them  based  on  color  or 
structure.  They  include  chalcedony,  agate,  carnelian,  sard,  prase, 
heliotrope  or  bloodstone,  chrysoprase,  onyx,  sardonyx,  jasper  and  flint, 
all  of  which  may  l)e  found  in  the  State.  Ordinary  silicified  wood  and 
agatized  wood  are  silieious  pseudomorphs  after  wood. 

Myrichitc  is  a  local  name  applied  to  a  chalcedony,  having  blood-red 
spots  and  patches  of  cinnabar. 

Kinraditc  is  a  local  name  given  to  a  spherulitic  jasper  occurring  on 
the  shores  of  Golden  Gate. 

Alameda  County :  Small  geodes  of  chalcedony  are  common  in  the 
Berkeley  Hills. 

Alpine  County:  Kcd  jasper  is  common  in  the  IMonitor  district. 

Amador  County:  Bluish  chalcedony  occurs  at  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Red,  green  and  brown  jasper  is  found  near 
Murphy.     Silicified  wood  at  Angels. 

Del  Norte  County :  Agate,  chalcedony  and  jasper  pebbles  are  com- 
mon beach  pebbles  at  Crescent  City. 

101  Dorado  County:  Some  chalcedony  occurs  with  the  quartz  at 
Georgetown. 

Fresno  County  :  Chrysoprase  has  been  found  fifteen  miles  northwest 
of  Coalinga.  Banded,  delicately-veined  masses  of  white  chalcedony 
occur  at  Panoehe. 

Humboldt  County :  The  beach  peljbles  at  Big  Lagoon  are  agate,  chal- 
cedony, jasper,  prase,  carnelian,  etc. 

Imperial  County:  Pine  agates  are  found  as  drift  pebbles  in  Colorado 
Desei't,  near  Canyon  Springs. 


88  STATE    MIXING   BL'REAU. 

Inyo  County :  Porcelain  jasper  has  Ijeen  found  in  the  Coso  district. 

Kern  County :  Deep  blue  and  sky  blue  masses  of  chalcedony  occur 
near  Kane  Springs. 

Los  Angeles  County :  The  beach  pebbles  at  Redondo  are  largely  chal- 
cedony. 

Marin  County:  The  beach  jjcbbles  at  Bolinas  have  agate  and  chal- 
cedon;/.  Red  jasper  outcrops  on  Reed  Ranch.  Spherulitic  jasper, 
i-alled  "kinradite. ''  occurs  on  shore  west  of  Sausalito  between  Point 
Bonito  and  Lime  Point.  Some  of  the  beach  pebbles  at  Bolinas  Point 
are  used  for  moonstones.  The  red  and  yellow  jaspers  from  the  Fran- 
ciscan cherts  make  beautiful  polished  specimens. 

^lendocino  County :   Red  jasper  is  quite  common  at  Shelter  Cove. 

Xapa  County :  Red  jasper  is  found  on  Mount  St.  Helena.  Chal- 
cedony is  common  at  the  ^lanhattan  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville.  The 
I>etrified  wood  of  the  Petrified  Forest  near  Calistoga  is  largely  chal- 
cedony. 

Nevada  County :  Brown  jasper  occurs  at  Nevada  City.  The  beach 
pebbles  at  Lake  Tahoe  contain  chalcedony,  agate,  jasper,  carnelian, 
prase,  etc.     Good  moss  agate  is  found  near  Indian  Flat. 

Placer  County:  Fine  geodal  masses  of  chalcedony  have  been  found 
at  the  Spanish  mine.  Ophir  district. 

Plumas  County :  Banded  green  and  red  jasper  occurs  in  the  slates 
and  schists  west  of  Meadow  Valley. 

San  Benito  County :  Bluish  gray  chalcedony  occurs  as  pseudomorphs 
after  elongated  crystals  of  barite  and  also  forms  shells  about  oily 
bituminous  matter,  in  the  Phipps  Quicksilver  mine,  east  of  Emmet. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Moss  agate  has  come  from  the  San  Ber- 
nardino Jlountains.  Bluish  chalcedony  is  associated  with  opal  in  the 
Black  Mountains  north  of  Barstow.  ]\Iyrickite  occurs  forty-five  miles 
northeast  of  Johannesburg  and  fifteen  miles  northeast  of  Le.ad  Pipe 
Springs,  in  bunches  and  small  masses.  Fine  blue  chalcedony  occurs 
two  miles  northeast  of  Lead  Pipe  Springs.  Bloodstone  occurs  in  vesicu- 
lar basalt  with  jasper  near  Lead  Pipe  Springs. 

San  Diego  County :  Red  and  white  banded  chalcedony  occur  south- 
east of  Dulzura  and  east  of  Donohue  mine.  The  amethystine-colored 
chalcedony  found  east  of  San  Diego  has  been  called  ''violite. " 

San  Francisco  County :  Red.  green  and  brown  jasper  is  common  in 
the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco.  Spherulitic  ja.sper  called  "kinradite" 
is  found  near  Land's  End. 

San  !Matco  County :  The  beach  pebbles  at  Pescadero  contain  fine 
specimens  of  chalcedony,  agate,  carnelian,  jasper,  etc. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  The  beach  pebbles  of  this  county  contain 
agate  and  chalcedonv. 


.MIXEKAI.S    OK    CALirORMA.  89 

Siskiyou  County :  Jasper  is  coninion  with  the  numerous  serpentine 
beds. 

Sonoma  County :  Red  jasper  is  found  at  Windsor. 

'I'rinity  ("ouiity:  Jasper  oecuis  on  R<'d  ^Fountain  at  the  head  iJ" 
I'r'os]n'('t   l*('ak. 

Tuhuv  Counly  :  Fine  moss  agate  oeeurs  on  Deer  Creek.  Chrysoprase 
is  fcMUid  in  the  liills  east  of  Visalia,  on  Deer  Creek  and  at  Yokohol. 
Chrysoprase  was  mined  at  N'euiee  Hill,  Stokes  ^Mountain,  on  Tnle  River, 
Deer  Creek  and  one  mile  east  of  Lindsay. 

Tuolunnie  County :  Yellow  and  brown  jasper  oeeurs  at  Shaws  Flat. 


90.     TRIDYMITE. 

O.vide   of  silicon.   Si(X. 

Hexagonal.     Tliiii   i)iates  ofu-n  ovi'iiappin.i;'.     ("ulnrirss   to  wiiili'.      lIi   7: 
G  =  2.28  — 2.33. 

Hi'frac'tive  indices:     oc=^''>7:    «— 1.47;  ,,  =  1.473. 

Reactions  the  same  as  with  quartz. 

Tridymite  is  a  form  of  siliea  which  is  found  in  recent  volcanic  rocks. 
It  occurs  in  thin  and  often  overlapping  hexagonal  plates,  crystallizing 
as  a  secondary  mineral  in  the  cavities  and  fissures  of  the  rock.  The 
mineral  is  generally  of  microscopic  size  and  therefore  is  rarely  seen, 
except  in  thin  sections  of  rocks.  As  a  rock  miner;*!  if  may  occur  in  all 
of  the  recent  voleanics. 

Mono  County:  Observed  in  the  cavities  of  lava  as  small  hexagonal 
plates,  near  Bridgeport,  with  the  forms:  (0001),  (lOTO),  (3250), 
(5490),  (3034),  (10T2j,  Schaller^"). 

Sliasta  County:  Oecuis  abundantly  in  ^•esi(•lllar  basalts  on  road  to 
Terry's  Mill,  east  of  Kouiid  .Mountain. 

Tuolumne  County:  Found  l)y  Kogers^''^  in  cavities  of  an  audesite 
near  Jamestown.     Occurs  as  very  thin,  Avhite  hexagonal  plates. 


91.     CRISTOBALITE. 
Silicon  liio.Kide.  SiO.. 

Isonntiic.  Siiiall  oclalicdrons.  Color  while.  Dull  luster.  II=<i — 7: 
(i  =  2.27. 

Refractive  index:    ;(  =  1.4(!S. 

In.soluhle  and  infusible,  like  <|uariz.  Au  isouu'tric  iiiodiliculiou  of  Si()_. 
formed  at  temin-ratures  above  1100°. 

Tehama  County :  Occurs  as  eon.stituent  of  rock  near  Tuscan  Springs, 
Rogers^^'. 

Tuolunnie  County:  Occurs  as  distinct  octahedral  ei-ystals  in  augite 
aiulesite  (auganite)  near  Jamesto^^■ll.  Rogers^''. 


90  STATE    MIXING    Bl'REAU. 

92.     OPAL. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  silicon,   SiO^-iiIIjO. 

Amorplious?.     Colloidal  massive.     I'rouiineot  couchoidal  fraclure.     Yellow 

brown,  green,  red,  white,  gray  and  colorless.     Waxy  luster.     H  =  r»..~)  —  6..") 
of  compact  varieties.     G  =  2.1  —  2.2. 

Uffractivc  index:    ;i  =  1.40(5 — 1.4<i. 

(lives  a  slight  amount  of  water  iu   a   clusi^rl   tnln'.   dtln'rwisc   like  (juartz 
and  chalcedony  in  its  reactions. 

Opal  differs  from  chalcedou}-  in  Ijeing  wholly  amorphous,  somewhat 
softer  and  eontaiuing  a  varying  percentage  of  water.  It  is  silica  which 
has  solidified  from  a  colloidal  state.  It  fills  cavities  and  seams  in  many 
different  kinds  of  rock  and  is  a  very  common  form  of  silica. 

Precious  opal  shows  a  beautiful  play  of  colors  and  very  little  of  this 
variety  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Common  opal  is  the  white,  yellow,  brown,  bluish  or  greenish  masses 
with  no  opalescence,  having  a  prominent  choncoidal  fracture.  The 
occurrence  of  this  kind  is  quite  universal. 

Hyalite  is  transparent  glassy  opal  occasionally  found  ir  the  cavities 
of  volcanic  rock. 

Cacholong  is  a  pearl-like  opal. 

Chrysopal  or  prase  opal  is  a  name  applied  to  a  greenish  opal  found 
with  chrysoprase. 

Moss  opal  is  common  opal  with  moss-like  inclusions  of  pyrolusite, 
chlorite,  etc. 

TTood  opal  is  very  abundant  in  the  State,  especially  in  the  foothills 
of  the  Sierras,  where  whole  forests  have  lieen  covered  by  the  great 
thickness  of  gravel.  Masses  of  wood  opal  are  sometimes  white,  but 
usualh"  light  to  dark  brown  in  color.*  The  structure  of  the  wood  is 
often  so  well  preserved  that  the  species  can  be  identified. 

Geyscrite  and  silicious  sinter  are  names  applied  to  hydrous  silica 
formed  about  the  vents  of  geysers  and  hot  springs. 

Diatomaceous  earth,  infusorial  earth  and  tripolite  are  names  applied 
to  deposits  of  silica  formed  by  fresh  or  salt  water  diatoms.  The  waters 
of  the  lakes  during  Tertiary  time  swarmed  with  infusoria  which 
secreted  silica  and  their  silica  remains  have  formed  thick  and  extensive 
deposits  of  white  and  very  light  chalk-like  material. 

Alpine  County :  AVood  opal  occurs  at  Eed  Lake  Peak. 

Amador  County :  Wood  opal  at  Volcano.  Diatomaceous  earth  in 
lone  Valley. 

Butte  County :  "Wood  opal  at  Dodsou  mine. 

Calaveras  County :  Common  and  hyalite  opal  has  been  found  at 
Mokelumne  Hill.  AVood  opal  at  Chile  Gulch,  Bald  Hill,  Angels  and 
other  mining  camps. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Hyalite  and  common  opal  has  been  found  on 
Mount  Diablo. 


MINLKALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  01 

Fresno  County :  Dendritic  or  moss  opal  has  eoine  from  the  moun- 
tains east  of  Fresno.  Some  dialoiiiiiceous  earth  is  repoi'ted  a  i"i'\v  miles 
southwest  of  Mendota. 

Inyo  County  :  Diatomiict'ous  c-ti-ih  rc])oi-t<'d  fi'om  Iii(lc|)riidciiif  \';d- 
h'y  near  main  hiL;li\v;iy. 

Kern  County:  ^Vhi1e  ()i)al  is  found  on  the  sunuiiit  of  Teiiaehapi 
^fountain.  Fine  moss  and  dendritic  opal  occurs  eifrhteen  miles  north- 
west of  Johannesl)ur^'. 

Lake  County :  Fiorite  opal  has  ))een  found  at  Sulphur  Bank.  Hyalite 
has  come  from  ]\Iiddletown  and  Kelseyville.  Diatomaceous  earth  occurs 
on  Lost  Spring  Kaneh. 

Lassen  County:  Wood  opal  is  found  in  Surprise  \'mII(\v.  Vdlow 
and  white  have  been  found  near  Honey  Lake. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Dintomaceous  earth  at  Santa  Monica  and  on 
Santa  Catalina  Island.  A  deposit  of  diatomaceous  earth  is  reported  as 
occurine  near  Bairdstown.  Also  in  the  bluffs  three  miles  south  of 
Kedondo;  at  Point  Duma,  northwest  of  Santa  Monica;  at  Palos  Verdes 
Ranch,  San  Pedro  Hills  and  near  Acton. 

^ferced  County:  Oiatomaeeous  earth  of  good  (|iialily  occurs  in  the 
bills  west  of  Newnum. 

Afodoc  County:    A   deposit  is  said  to  occur  in  Secret   Valley. 

Mono  County:  Diatomaceous  earth  has  come  from  near  Bodie. 

Monterey  County:  The  ]M(mterey  shales  grade  iiilo  i)uiv  diatonuiceous 
earth.  A  bed  of  diatomaceous  (>artb  oecui-s  nine  miles  iiortliwest  of 
Bradley. 

Xaj)a  County  :  Wood  opal  in  large  trees  occurs  in  the  fossil  forest  near 
Calistoga.  Some  diatomaceous  earth  occurs  in  Friend's  ^''a]ley  west 
of  Calistoga;  also  four  miles  .southeast  of  St.  Helena. 

Nevada  County:  Wood  opal  at  Chalk  Bluff,  Nevada  City,  North 
Bloomtield,  and  Shelly  Hill.  ^Masses  of  moss  opal  are  found  at  New- 
town. 

Orange  county:  Diatomaceous  earth  around  Allison  Creek  south  of 
El  Toro. 

Placer  County:  Wood  opal  at  Cold  llun  and  near  Roseville.  Dia- 
tomaceous earth  at  Dutch  Flat. 

Plumas  County:  Wood  oi)al  in  Gravel  Range. 

Riverside  County:  White  hyalite  coats  the  walls  of  some  of  the  small 
cavities  in  the  feldspathic  pegmatite  at  Crestmore.  It  shows  strong 
yellow  liuninescence  under  the  electric  spark,  indicating  the  presence 
of  uranium.   Wood  opal  of  a  dark  bi-own  color  also  occurs  at  the  tpiarry. 

San  Bernardino  County:  ()i)al  occurs  in  the  Black  Mountains  about 
25  miles  north  of  Barstow.  some  of  which  is  good  gem  material  and  is 
worked.      IMost    of    it    is   coiinne.n    opal    with    chalcedony.      Some   clear 


92  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

hyalite  occurs  with  it.  Common  white,  colorless  hyalite,  red,  and  gem 
opal  occur  in  cavities  in  rhyolite  two  miles  northeast  of  Lead  Pipe 
Springs.  An  opal  deposit  occurs  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of 
Barstow,  in  Copper  Mountain. 

San  Diego  County:  Thin  coatings  of  glassy  hyalite  occur  on  the 
quartz  and  iilhite  at  Rincon,  Rogers'"'.  Diatomaceous  earth  has  come 
from  about  forty  miles  north  of  San  Uiego. 

San  Francisco  County :  Nodular  masses  of  common  opal  occur  in  the 
serpentine  of  San  Francisco.  A  moss  or  dendritic  opal  occurs  on  the 
Black  Hills. 

San   Joaquin    County:  Diatomaceous    earth    is    found    on    Staple's 

Ranch. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  occurs  near  Port  Har- 
ford, near  Arroya  Grande  and  near  Edna.  Several  occurrences  of  dia- 
tomaceous earth  are  reported:  In  the  mountains  back  of  Pismo;  in 
the  hills  on  the  south  side  of  San  Luis  Valley;  in  the  San  Luis  Range 
south  of  Morro  Bay;  various  points  in  Salinas  Valley  as  far  north 
as  Rinconacla. 

San  Mateo  County:  Diatomaceous  earth  at  San  Gregorio. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  A  large  deposit  of  diatomaceous  earth  occurs 
at  Lompoc.  Also  on  south  slope  of  Santa  Ynez  Mountains  and  near 
Santa  Barbara.  Diatomaceous  earth  is  exposed  in  low  hills  south  of 
Surf  and  along  the  coast  south  of  Goleta. 

Shasta  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  is  found  in  extensive  beds  along 
the  Pit  River  and  on  Hat  Creek.  A  pure  white  diatomaceous  earth 
occurs  a  few  miles  southwest  of  Bartle  in  T.  37  W..  R.  3  E. 

Sierra  County :  Wood  opal  has  come  from  Downieville. 
■  Siskiyou  County :  Fire  opal  has  been  found  near  Dunsmuir. 

Sonoma  County :  "Wood  opal  near  Santa  Rosa ;  diatomaceous  earth 
about  ten  miles  north  of  Petaluina  :  geyseritc  at  the  Geysers.  Yellow 
masses  occur  on  hills  north  of  Sonoma.  Some  opal  of  gem-  (piality 
lias  been  found  neai-  (Jlen  P]lleu.  Fire  opal  has  been  found  in  a  clay 
.deposit  on  the  Wcisc  Ranch,  bi'tween  Glen  Ellen  and  Kenwood,  infn- 
sorial  earth  occurs  as  a  five-foot-thick  bed,  one  mile  north  of  Mark 
West  Springs  and  six  miles  east  of  Windsor.  A  deposit  occurs  also 
two  miles  northeast  of  Agua  Caliente. 

Tehama  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  near  Lassen  Butte.  Probably 
is  volcanic  tufiF. 

Tulare  County :  Wood  opal  in  Kings  River  Canyon.  Diatomaceous 
earth  near  Exeter.  Chrysopal  or  prase  opal  is  a  nickel  green  opal 
f(;und  with  chrysoprase  in  hills  east  of  Visalia  and  Porterville.  Yellow 
opal  occurred  with  chrysoprase  at  Yokohol. 

Tuolumne  County :  Wood  opal  has  been  found  near  Columbia. 


AIIXKKAI.S    OF    CALIFORNIA.  93 


OXIDES  OF  SEMI-METALS. 

93.     ARSENOLITE— White   Arsenic 
Oxide  of  arsenic,  AsoOj. 

Isometric,  commonly  fibrous  crusts  and  earthy.  Color  white.  Silky  or 
vitreous   luster.     11  =  1.5:   G  =  3.7.     Taste   sweet.     Astringent. 

Refractive  inde.K  :    «=:  1.785. 

Fusible  with  wliitr  fuuifs  ;uh1  :;;n'lif  odor.  (Jives  no  sulphur  in  dosed 
tube.  , 

The  white  oxide  of  arsenic  is  readily  obtained  by  heating  any  arsenic 
compound  l)nt  it  is  not  very  common  native. 

Alpine  County  :  Found  as  an  alteration  of  enargite  at  {he  Exchequer 
mine.  Small  white  octahedrons  occur  in  the  pyrite  and  enargite 
associated  with  ivalgar  at  the  Monitor  mine. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Large  masses  occurred  with  gold  at  the 
Amargosa  mine,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 


94.     CLAUDETITE. 
Trioxide  of  arsenic,   As.O.. 

Monoclinic.       I'lat.v    crystals.       I'crl'cM-t    clinoiiinncoidal    clcnNiinc.       ('oloi- 
less  to   white.      11  =  2.5;    0  =  4.05. 

Refractive  iiidices :     a-l-S71;   ^  =  1.1)2;   y  =  2.01. 

Dense  white  fumes  and  garlic  odor  when  heated  on  charcoal. 

A  mineral  formed  hy  oxidation  of  arsenides  of  metals,  and  is  rare. 

Trinity  County:   Occurs  in  crusts  of  well-formed  monoclinic  crystals 
in  the  pyrrhotite  deposit  at  Islantl  ^lountain. 


95.     VALENTINITE. 
Trioxide  of  antimony,  SbnOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Genei'ally  cohimnar  masses.  Perfect  bracliypiuacoidal 
cleavage.     Color  snow-while   to   ash-gray.     H  =  2.5;    G  =  5.5G. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=2.lS;  ^=2.;>5;  y  =  2.35. 

Gives  white  coating,  but:  no  odor  on  charco.-il.  Gives  no  siilplnir  in  closed 
tube. 

Valentinite  is  an  oxidation  product  of  antimony  minerals,  especially 
of  stibnite. 

San  Benito  County :  Lemon-yellow  bladed  aggregates  of  valentinite, 
probably  pseudomorphs  after  stibnite,  occur  at  the  Picahotes  mine 
associated  with  cinnabar,  (piartz  and  chalcedony,  Rogers^^\ 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  as  white  coating  on  stibnite  in 
northern  part  of  county. 


94  STATE    MlXIXr;    lU-RKAU. 

96.     BISMITE— Bismuth  Ocher. 
Oxide  of  bismutli.   Bi^O;.- 

Orthoiliombic.  Coininonly  occurs  ns  nil  earthy  coaling.  Color  yellow  to 
irray.     G  =  4.36. 

U.'fractivo  indices:    £  =  1.82;  ,„  =  2.(lO. 

(ii\i'S  yellow  coating  ou  charcoal,  which  heeoincs  liri'^'ht  red  wlii'n  fii'ied 
with  jjotassinni  iodide  and  sulphur. 

Bismite  occurs  generally  as  a  yellowish  powder  or  coating  on  bisiiiuUi 
minerals,  especially  on  native  hi.snmtli. 

]\l()ii()  Connly :  Foiuul  at  Lone  Pine. 

San  Diego  County:  Bisnnitli  ocher  was  found  as  a  yellow  and  gray 
powder  with  native  bismuth  at  Pala,  Kunz*°\  This  powder  is,  accord- 
ing to  Schaller^^^,  in  ])ai't  hismiith  hydroxide,  bismuth  vanadate  and 
mixtures  of  these  two.  An  analysis  of  the  yellow  ocher  from  the 
Stewart  mine  showed  it  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  hydroxide  and  the 
vanadate. 

Gang  HoO 

Bi..O.-.      V-O-.  .Sol.  in  HXO;..    jnsol.  in  HNO.,     107°         210°      Ign. 
04.43     12'.11         2.27  17.(i3  0.32       0.224     3.43     =100.43  per  cent 

An  analysis  of  the  gray  ocher  from  the  Stewart  mine  showed  it  to  be 
probably  bismuth  hydroxide  with  the  formula  Bi.0.....3H.O. 

Gang  H.O 

Bi..Os     V-.0-,     Sol.  in  HNO;..     hisol.  in  HXO~     107°     240°     Ign. 
04.0       0".s  f)..-,  ]:;..-,  0.4       0..'1     11.4  =100.8    per    cent 

All  analysis  of  the  yellow  ocher  from  the  Pala  Chief  mine  showed  it  to 
be  the  bismuth  vanadate,  pucherite. 

Yellow  bismite  in  small  irregular  particles  and  minute  tabular  crystals 
with  the  forms  (100)  and  (0^^)  occur  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon, 
Rogers^  ^\ 

97.     MOLYBDITE— Molybdic  Ocher. 
O.xide  of  raolybdennui,   M0O3. 

Capillary  crystals  in  radiating  tufts  and  earthy.  Color  straw-yellow. 
11  =  1  —  2;  G  =  4.r>. 

Refractive  indices:    cc  =1.720;  ^=1.733;  ^  =  1.03.'). 

A  deej)  blue  solution  is  obtained  by  dissolving  the  powder  in  concentrated 
sul])liuric  acid  and  adding  a  scrap  of  paper  not  larser  than  a  i)in  head.  The 
si)Iulion    sioii    turns   brown. 

Molybdite  occurs  as  a  yelloAv  powder  or  as  small  radiating  tufts  as  a 
secondary  alteration  product  of  molybdenite.  JMost  of  the  localities 
given  for  molybdenite  will  show  some  of  the  yellow  oxide. 

Del  Norte  County:    Found  associated  with  bornite  at  French  Hill. 
Mono  County:  Occurs  with  molybdenite  at  Cameron  and  at  Silverado 
Creek,  Whiting^). 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  95 

Nevada  County :  Occurred  mixed  with  linionite  at  the  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois  claim,  Nevada  City.    And  in  Stuart  Ledge. 

Shasta  County :  Occui*s  on  Boulder  Creek  west  of  Gibson  Siding, 
associated  wth  molylidenite. 

Tuolumne  County :  Found  in  some  of  the  rocks  on  the  Stanislaus 
River. 

98.     CERVANTITE— Antimony  Ocher 
Oxide   of   antimony,    SboOs. 
Orthorhombic.     Usually    as    a    crust    or    powder.     Sometimes    massive. 
Color  yellow.     11=4  —  5;  G  =  4.0S. 

Kefractivi"  indox  :   //  =  l.t)S. 

Differs  from  valcntiiiitc  in  hciii.^-  iufusildc  and  the  antimony  coaliny,  on 
charcoal  is  ubtaint-d  only  when  reducod  by  moans  of  a  flux  like  sodium  car- 
bonate. 

Cervantite  usually  occurs  as  a  yellowish  crust  or  powder  as  an  oxida- 
tion product  on  stibnite. 

Inyo  County:  Found  massive  yellow  at  the  Lottie  mine,  Wild  Rose 
district  and  at  the  St.  Ignacio  mine. 

Kern  County:  Occurred  associated  with  stil)nite  at  the  San  Emidio 
mine. 

99.     STIBICONITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  antimony,  Sb204lLO. 

Massive  or  as  a  crust  or  powder.  Color  yellowish  white.  H  =  4  —  5.5; 
G  =  5.1  — 5.28. 

Refractive  index:  h^I.OO — l.i). 

Reactions  like  cervantite,   but  also  yields  water  in   a  closed   tube. 

Occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  stibnite  or  native  antimony  in 
massive  crusts  or  powder,  of  a  yellowish  white  color.  It  is  the  common 
oxidation  of  antimony  minerals. 

Kern  County:  Found  with  luitive  antimony  at  Ijittle  Caliente 
Springs  and  on   Erskinc  Creek. 

San  Benito  County :  Occurs  with  stibnite  at  some  of  the  mines  of  the 
northeast  part  of  the  county. 

Santa  Clara  Count}- :  Found  with  stil)nite  at  some  of  the  mines  of  the 
county. 

100.     STIBIOFERRITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  antimony   and   iron. 

Amorphous.     Color  straw-yellow.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  4;   0  =  3.6. 
This  oxide  was  found  as  a  thick  coating  on  stibnite  from  Santa  Clara 
County  and  Avas  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Goldsmith'^^^     The 
analysis  of  the  substance  suggests  that  it  was  a  mixture  of  stibiconite 
and  silicious  limonite  and  not  a  new  mineral. 


SbaOs 

FeaOa 

HoO 

Si02 

Ign. 

42.46 

31.85 

15.26 

8.84 

1.09 

9G  STATK    MIKING    BrREAU. 

101.      PARTZITE. 

Hydrous  oxide  of  antiniony,  coiiin'i-  and  otlit-r  bases. 
^Massive.     Color  blackish   srocu   to   black.     11  =  3  —  4;   G  =  3.8. 

Blackish  green  to  black  masses  occurring  in  the  oxidation  zone  in  the 
mines  of  the  Blind  Springs  district. 

Stetefeldt'Uc  is  similar  to  ])art/ite  with  more  silver. 

Mono  County :  Found  in  the  Kerrick,  Comanche,  Diana  and  Comet 
mines  of  the  Blind  Si)rings  district  and  described  as  a  new  mineral  and 
analysed  hy  Arents'^'.  Considered,  however,  by  W.  P.  Hlake*^^^)  f,,  \^^, 
a  mechanical  iiii.xtui-c  of  the  liydrous  oxide  of  antimony  with  other 
metallic  bases. 


Sb.O;, 

CU:..0 

Ag..O 

ri)0 

FcO 

H,0 

47.or> 

32.11 

(i.12 

L'.tn 

i>    MO 

S.29 

3=0S..')1       IH'V       CCIll 

A  specimen  labeled  stelefeldtite  1ms  come  from  the  Giant  mine. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


97 


CHAPTEU  VL 

OXIDES   OF   THE    METALS 


Anhydrous. 

Cuprite 

IVriclase 

Melaconite 

Massicot 

LitLarije 

Corundum 

Hematite 

IlmenitP 

Spinel 

Magnetite 

Chromite 


Cassiteritc 

Rutile 

Anatase 

Brookite 

Chrysoberyl 

Hausmannite 

Minium 

Crednerite 

Braunite 

Pyrolusite 


ANHYDROUS   OXIDES. 


Hydrous. 

Manganite. 
Turgite 
Gothite 
Limonite 
Bauxite 
Brucite 
I*j'rochroit<' 
Sassolite 
Psilomelane 
A.sbolitp 


102.     CUPRITE— Red    Copper. 
Red  oxide  of  copper,   Cu^O. 

Isomoliic.  Small  cuhcs  an  I  octahedrons.  Generally  massive.  Color  red. 
Streak  brownish  red.  Adamantine  to  snbmetallic  liistev.  H=r3.r)  —  4. 
G  =  5.99. 

Refractive  index  :    «  =  2.S49. 

Mixed  with  sodium  carbonatf.  it  is  easily  reduced  on  chiin-oal  to  metallic 
copper;  ammonia  add<'d  to  tiie  nitric  acid  solution  produces  a  deep  blue 
color,  but  no  priii|)itate  if  mineral  is  pure. 

Cuprite  occurs  in  most  of  the  copper  localities  as  a  secondarj'  mineral 
in  the  oxidized  portions  of  the  deposits.  Massive  specimens  have  come 
from  various  counties  but  no  large  bodies  of  the  mineral  are  known. 
It  is  ail  important  ore  of  copper.  CJialcofrirhite  is  a  long  hair-like 
variety. 

Alameda  County :  Massive  specimens  have  been  found  near  Liver- 
more. 

Amador  Country  :  At  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County:  Masses  are  occasionally  found  at  Copperopolis 
and  Campo  Seco,  associated  with  the  chalcopyrite.  Mentioned  by 
Si]liman<5)  from  Quail  Hill. 

Colusa  County :  Found  at  the  old  Candace  and  Union  mines.  The 
capillary  variety  chalcotrichife  with  massive  cuprite  was  found  in  the 
Lion  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  Masses  with  native  copper  found  at  the  Pearl 
copper  mine.     Common  in  the  Rockland  district. 

El  Dorado  County:  Found  with  malachite,  chalcopyrite  and  native 
copper  at  the  Cambrian  mine. 

Fresno  County:    Prominent  in  the  Cordon-Fresno  Coi)per  mine. 

Glenn  County :  At  L  'Homme. 

7— 22t32 


98  oTATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

Iluiuboklt  County  :  Occurs  associated  with  native  copper  and  mala- 
chite on  Horse  ^Lountain.  Occurs  with  melaconite,  dialcocite  and 
malachite  on  the  Fields  Lebanon  property.  Red  Cap  Creek. 

Kern  County :  Found  on  the  old  San  Emidio  Ranch. 

Lassen  County :   Fine  specimens  have  come  from  the  Lummis  mine. 

Modoc  County  :  Excellent  specimens  of  cuprite  with  malachite,  native 
copper,  and  chrysocoUa  have  come  from  the  Christy  mine,  Fort  Bid- 
well,  and  from  the  Leitz  mine,  seven  miles  south  of  Fort  Bidwell. 

Mono  County:  Massive  at  the  Eclipse,  Kerrick  and  Mammoth 
mines.  Also  near  Lundy  with  cerarg:yi'it('  and  chrysocolla.  Occurs 
with  native  copper  at  the  Cavin  mine.  Copper  ^lountain.  twenty-two 
miles  .southwest  of  Hodie.  Excellent  specimens  of  cuprite  with  mala- 
chite and  melaconite  are  found  in  the  Detroit  Coi)per  mine.  Jordan 
district,  about  six  miles  northeast  of  Lundy. 

Napa  County :  Found  near  Calistoga  and  St.  Helena,  some  of  it  the 
chalcotrichite  variety. 

Nevada  County:  Occurs  with  chalcorite  and  native  copper  at 
^leadow  Lake.  Occurs  \\ith  chalcocite  and  malachite  at  the  Oro  (irande 
mine. 

Placer  County:  Massive  near  Lincoln.  Occurs  at  the  Elder  miiic 
with  chalcopyrite. 

Plumas  County  :  In  Light's  Canyon.  "With  native  silver  at  the  Poca- 
hontas mine,  Lidian  Valley. 

Riverside  County:  Occurred  in  (|uantity  at  the  Red  Cloud  mine. 
Chuckawalla  ^Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County :  IMassive  in  Holcombe  Valley.  Common  at 
the  Copper  World  mine,  Clarke  Mountain. 

Shasta  County :  Massive  pieces  have  been  found  at  the  Peck,  After- 
thought, Copper  City  and  other  mines  of  this  county. 

Trinity  County :  Massive  at  Trinity  Center. 

Tulare  County :  In  the  ]\Iineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County:  At  Whiskey  Hill.  Silliman(5). 

103.     PERICLASE. 

Oxide  of   inasnesium,   MgO. 

Isometric.     Cubes  and  octahedrons.     Cubic  cleavaso.     White  or  colorless. 
H  =  G;  G  =  3.(57— 8.00. 

Refractive  index:    »  =  1.78G. 

lnfusil)lt'.  l)ut  completely  soluble.     Ammonia  and  sodium  phosphate  added 
to   hydrochloric   acid   solution    precii)ir;'.tcs   mai;nesia.      .Vltcrs   to   brucite. 

A  very  rare  mineral  found  in  crystalline  limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Occurred  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crest- 
more,  but  is  altered  to  brucite  and  hydro-rnagnesite.  Fomid  also  in  the 
City  Quarry  at  Riverside,  Rogers''' '. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  99 

104.     MELACONITE — Tenorite — Black  Copper. 
Oxide  of  copper,  CuO. 
Mouocliuic.     Genorally     as    au     earthy     powder.     Color     black.     Streak 
black.     Submetallic  luster.     H=:3  —  4;  G  =  5.82. 

Refractive  index:    «  =  2.fio. 

Haine  reactions  as  (>l>t!iined  from  cuprite.     l>istinj;uished  by  color. 

The  black  oxide  of  copper  is  a  l're(|iieiit  oxidation  product  of  clialeo- 
pyrite,  forining  a  black  powder  or  nodular  nuisses.  It  occurs  in  many 
more  localities  tliaii  what  can  be  given  here. 

Calaveras  County :  Ratlw^r  coninion  with  the  clialcopyrite  of  Copper- 
opolis  and  Cainpo  Seco.  Large  nodtdar  nuisses  have  come  from  the 
Satellite  mine.  Associated  with  mclacouitc  and  malachite  at  the  Tele- 
graph nunc,   Ilog  Hill. 

Colusa  County:  Found  in  serpentine  with  native  copper  and  cuprite 
at  the  Gray  Eagle  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  "With  the  chalcopyrite  at  the  Alta  and  Pearl 
mines. 

Tnyo  County :  The  black  oxide  of  copper  occurred  with  chrysocolla, 
azurite  and  malachite  in  the  Greeuwater  district. 

^fono  (,'ounty:  Associated  with  cuprite  atid  the  coppei-  carbonates 
at  the  Detroit  Copper  mine. 

Nevada  County :  At  the  Excelsior  mine. 

Shasta  County:  At  the  Afterthought  and  other  chalcopyrite  mines 
of  this  county. 

105.     MASSICOT. 

Monoxide  of  lead.   I'hO. 

Tetragonal?  Usually  in  scjiles  or  scalv  masses.  ("oIdv  lirowiiisli  nransc- 
red.     H  =  2;  G  =  7.1)S.  ' 

Refractive  index:     ^=2.(54. 

Fuses  ea.sily  to  a  yellowish  glass.  Easily  reduced  on  charcoal  to  metallic 
lead  and   yielding-  yellow  coating. 

Kern  County  :    Has  been  found  in  scaly  masses  near  Fort  Tejoii. 

Placer  County:  Said  to  occur  at  the  Rescue  mine,  or  in  tluil 
vicinity. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Crystalline  scaly  masses  occur  on  Cuca- 
monga  Peak,  associated  with  litharge  and  were  described  by  Larsen'-'. 

106.     LITHARGE. 
Monoxide  of  lead,  PbO. 

Orthorhomhic.  Scaly  uiasses.  Color  leman-yi>llow  to  orange-yellow. 
H  =  2;    G  =  S. 

Refractive  index  :     «  =  2.(>1. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  yellow  glass.  Easily  reduced  on  charcoal  to  metallic 
lead,   and  gives  yellow  coating. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurred  with  massicot  on  Cucamonga 
Peak.  Larsen*-'. 


100  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

107.     CORUNDUM. 

Oxide  of  aluminium,  ALO3. 

Hexagoual,  rhoiiibobedral.  Prismatic  crystals  aud  massive.  Cleavage 
rhombohedral.  Color  generally  bluish  gray ;  also  blue,  green,  yellow  and 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H-9;   0=^3.95  —  4.10. 

Refractive  indices:    £=1.7(iO;  (,j=:1.7l)8. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Fragments  moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and 
intensely  licated  assume  a  sky-blue  color.  Necessary  to  fuse  ii  with  sodium 
carbonate  in  order  to  get  it  into  solution  and  i)recii)itate  the  alumina  inHhe 
wi't  way. 

Coruiidnin-l)earing  rocks  are  very  rare  in  the  State  and  no  workable 
deposits  of  this  useful  mineral  are  known.  In  the  few  localities  where 
it  occurs  it  exists  in  very  limited  (luantities.  The  gem  varieties,  ruby 
and  sapphire,  have  not  been  found  in  good  clear  crystals. 

Los  Angeles  County :  The  first  mention  of  corundum  in  the  State 
was  of  some  sapphire-blue  pebbles  found  in  the  drift  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisquito  Pass,  W.  P.  Blake^"\  Crystals  of  ruby  corundum  occur  in  a 
corundum  syenite  in  San  Antonio  Canyon,  near  Uplands. 

Plumas  County:  Large  crystals  of  a  pale  violet-blue  shade  occur  in 
the  plumasite  of  Spanish  Peak,  Lawson^^^. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Found  in  the  Kingston  Range,  Kunz^"^ 

San  Diego  County:  A  con.stituent  of  the  dumortierite  schist  of  De- 
he:-;a,  Schaller  *'".  Occurs  in  a  vein  with  garnet  in  a  mica  schist  on  the 
north  slope  of  San  ]\Iiguel  ^Mountains,  2'6  miles  east  of  San  Diego,  in 
pink  colors  and  as  opaque  gray  cry.stals.  Blue  corundum  is  reported 
from  Tule  ^lountain,  north  of  Jaeumba. 


108.     HEMATITE— Red  Ocher. 
Sesquioxide  of  iron,   FeoOj. 
Hexagonal,    rhombohedral.     Crystals,    compact    massive,    granular,    mica- 
ceous and  earthy.     Color  black,  red.  brown.     Streak  red  and  reddish  brown. 
Metallic,  subraetallic  or  earthy  dull.     H  =  5.5  — 6.5;   0=4.9  —  5.3. 
Refractive  indices:    £  =  2.!>4  ;  ,^  =  3.2li. 

(Jradually  acted  on  by  strong  acids,  and  ammonia  precipitates  ferric 
hydrate.  Becomes  magnetic  on  heatinj;.  (Jives  little  or  no  water  in  closed 
lul>e. 

Hematite  is  the  chief  iron  mineral  and  large  deposits  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia awaiting  development.  It  occurs  massive  black,  and  massive  and 
earthy  red.  The  crystalline  black  masses  are  found  in  connection  with 
the  crystalline  metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks  while  the  red  earthy 
masses  are  sedimentary  alterations  of  iron  bearing  minerals.  Red  hem- 
atite mixed  with  ])rown  limonite  forms  the  common  gossan  capping  of 
iron  sulphide  deposits.  The  flaky  specular  variety,  often  termed  "spec- 
ularite,"  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  crystalline  rocks  of  the  State. 


MIXKRALS    OF    CAL1?\)RNIA.  101 

Martite  is  a  pseudoinorph  of  hematite  after  niaguetite.  Much  of  the 
magnetite  of  the  State  shows  a  change  into  hematite  and  martite  is  com- 
mon in  the  magnetite-hematite  deposits. 

Alameda  County :  ]\Iassive  red  earthy  hematite  mixed  with  limonite 
forms  the  caj^ping  of  the  pyrite  body  at  Leona  Heights. 

Alpine  County :  Massive  black  specimens  are  common  at  Monitor. 

Amador  County :  Small  amounts  occur  about  two  miles  west  of  lone. 
Impure  hematite  occurs  in  a  l)ody  two  miles  west  of  lone,  and  also 
one-half  mile  iioi'thwest  of  Clinton. 

Butte  County :  Common  in  the  gravels  at  Magalia,  Butte  Creek,  Oro- 
ville  and  Stirling  City.     Specular  hematite  is  found  at  Bangor. 

Calaveras  County:  Small  amounts  found  at  Douglas  Plat,  Murphy, 
Wallace  and  Quail' ITill. 

Colusa  Count \- :  (iood  massive  hematite  occurs  forty  miles  west  of 
Willows.  A  red  hematite  suitable  for  mineral  paint  occurs  in  a  deposit 
Jour  miles  southwest  of  Lodoga. 

Del  Norte  County:  Found  at  the  Kelsey  Tunnel,  fourteen  miles 
southeast  of  Crescent  City. 

p]l  Dorado  County  :  Heavy  masses  at  Shingle  Springs,  in  the  gravels 
at  Diamond  Si)rings,  Green  Valley  and  Virner. 

Humboldt  County :  Large  vein  three  miles  south  of  Centerville.  Red 
ocher  is  found  near  Garberville  and  also  eight  }niles  from  Ferndale. 
Some  soft  red  ocher  occurs  on  Jones  Creek,  two  miles  northeast  of 
Areata.  Some  specular  hematite  occurs  at  Orleans  in  the  Humboldt 
mine.  ^lassive  red  hematite  on  Rainbow  Ridge;  associated  with  man- 
ganese deposit  as  red  ocher  at  Fort  Bakei". 

Inyo  County :  Massive  specular  hematite  occurs  at  the  Defiance  mine. 
Also  found  in  Owens  Valley.  Hanks"".  A  large  deposit  of  specular 
hematite  is  found  near  Alvord  Station.  Specular  variety  is  found  in 
iarjre  masses  in  the  Inyo  Mountains,  seven  miles  east  of  Kearsarge 
Also  in  the  White  Mountains.  R«d  hematite  occurs  five  miles  north  of 
Shoshone.     Fine  specular  variety  in  the  Grapevine  Range. 

Kern  County:  At  Cane  Springs  and  Ricardo.  A  deposit  of  some 
size  of  specular  variety  occurs  in  a  mica  schist  at  the  foot  of  ]\rt. 
Breckenridge.  about  twenty  miles  north  of  Caliente.  Red  ocher  occurs 
in  the  Red  Rock  district. 

Lake  County :  ^Massive  red  near  Glenbrook.  In  Cobb  Valley.  A 
deposit  of  red  ocher  used  locally  occurs  in  Jerusalem  Valley,  near  Dollai- 
Springs. 

Lassen  County:  Excellent  specimens  of  specular  hematite  have  come 
from  near  Susanville. 

iMadera  County :  One  of  the  largest  deposits  of  magnetite-hematite 
occurs  in  the  Minaret  Mountains.     Much  of  this  ore  is  martite. 


102  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Marin  County :  Massive  specimens  have  come  from  the  Maillard 
Ranch,  about  two  miles  southwest  of  San  Geronimo. 

INIendoeino  County :  A  red  ocher  once  used  for  paint  is  found  on 
I'orter  Creek,  ten  miles  southwest  of  Ilealdsburg-.  Large  crystalliiu' 
masses  occur  seven  miles  east  of  Round  Valley  on  Eel  River.  Some  red 
ocher  is  found  in  Anderson  Valley  and  some  near  Covelo. 

Modoc  County :  Hematite  flakes  occur  along  the  Feather  River. 

Mono  County:  Common  mineral  in  the  Blind  Spring  district.  A])\uid- 
ant  masses  of  specular  hematite  occur  in  the  andalusite  mass  on  White 
.Mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county.  Knopf*-"". 

Napa  County :  Massive  red  occurs  near  St.  Helena.  ]\Iassive  at 
White  Sulphur  Springs  and  Blaisville.  Red  and  brown  masses  of  hema- 
tite and  limonite  occur  at  the  Sterling  Iron  mine.  St.  Helena.  Red 
ocher  deposit  on  Benoli  Mountain,  two  miles  south  of  Ctdistoga. 

Nevada  County:  Associated  with  gold  at  Meadow  Lake,  Lindgren^^^ 
Minor  deposits  occur  at  Indian  Springs  and  at  Newtown. 

Orange  County  :  Observed  at  Fullerton. 

Placer  County :  Some  hematite  occurs  with  magnetite  at  the  Hotaling 
deposit  about  six  miles  north  of  Auburn.  Small  amounts  occur  at 
Clipper  Gap,  Red  Hill  and  near  Weimar. 

Plumas  County:  With  magnetite  near  Crescent  Mills;  at  Mumford's 
Hill,  Light's  Canyon,  Genessee  Valley  and  Nelson  Point.  Foliated 
masses  of  specular  hematite  in  quartz  occur  on  north  side  of  Diamond 
Range.  Specular  hematite  mixed  with  magnetite  occurs  as  a  vein  very 
close  to  the  Diadem  Lode.  Black  masses  Avith  magnetite  occur  near 
Moonlight,  eleven  miles  north  of  Taylorville.  Occurs  common  at  the 
p]ngels  copper  mine. 

Riverside  County:  Consideral)le  hematite  is  associated  with,  and  has 
been  formed  from,  magnetite,  at  the  extensive  Eagle  ]\Iountain  deposit. 
The  specular  variety  associated  with  green  epidote  is  common  in  the 
Monte  Negro  district.  Some  of  the  cellular  cavities  formed  by  leaching 
out  of  brucite  are  filled  with  red  hematite,  at  Crestmore. 

San  Benito  County:    Reported  to  occur  at  the  old  Quilty  Iron  mine. 

San  Bernardino  County:  The  numerous  iron  deposits  of  the  I\Iojave 
Desert  have  hematite  and  magnetite  in  heavy  black  masses.  The  de- 
posits near  Dale,  on  Iron  Mountain,  in  the  Kingston  Range,  at  Cave 
Canyon,  Newberry,  on  Providence  ^Mountain  near  Kelso  and  elsewhere 
in  the  county  are  massive  hematite  after  magnetite,  or  martite.  A  soft 
red  ocher  occurs  in  the  Calico  district,  five  miles  west  of  Yermo.  Found 
massive  on  Sheephole  Mountain. 

San  Diego  County :  Black  massive  hematite  in  Eagle  Peak  Canyon. 

San  Joaquin  County :  Earthy  red  hematite  as  shale  occurs  at  the 
Ladd  manganese  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  103 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  A  vertical  bed  about  ten  feet  wide  in 
shale  can  be  traced  crossing  Prefumo  Canyon,  in  the  mountains  soutli 
of  Los  Osos  Valley. 

Shasta  County :  The  Kedding  or  Pitt  River  deposit  of  hematite  has 
been  utilized  at  the  electric  smelting  furnace  at  Ileroult.  The  capping 
of  the  pyrite  beds  of  this  county  are  thick  deposits  of  earthy  hematite 
and  limonite. 

Siskiyou  County :  The  gravels  of  the  Shasta  River  show  specular 
iiematite. 

Sonoma  County :  Deposits  are  reported  near  Fort  Ross  and  near  the 
west  fork  of  the  Guelala  River.  Hematite  occurs  on  the  Lancaster 
Ranch,  east  of  Fisk's  Mills.  .\  large*  body  is  said  to  occur  six  miles 
east  of  Fort  Ross.  A  silicious  variety  occurs  on  Porter  Creek,  about 
ten  miles  southeast  of  IIealdsl)urg. 

Stanislaus  County :  A  foliated  variety  occurs  near  La  Grange. 

Tehama  County :  JNIinor  deposits  occur  at  Beegum. 

Trinity  County:  In  the  sands  at  Trinity  Center.  Specular  variety 
occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  Burnt  Ranch. 

Yuba  County:  Li  the  sands  of  the  Brownsville  district. 


109.      ILMENITE — Menaccanite — Titaniferous   Iron. 

Oxide  of  iron  and  titanium,   (FeTi)203. 

Hexagonal,  rliombohedral.  Plates,  massive,  in  rounded  pebbles  and 
grains.  Color  black.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  5~6;  G=4.5  — 5. 

Magnetism  usually  increased  by  beating.  Fused  witli  sodium  carbonate 
and  the  flux  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  the  solution  turns  reddish  or 
l)!iiisli  violet  when  rediici'd  with  nielallic  tin. 

Ilmenite  resembles  hematite  and  magnetite  so  closely  that  it  is  not 
often  differentiated.  The  black  beach  sands  and  the  black  concentrates 
in  the  gold  fields  contain  much  of  the  mineral  in  small  grains  and 
rolled  pebbles.  In  most  of  the  localities  given  below  it  exists  in  the 
sands. 

Amador  County :  Near  Volcano. 

Butte  County:  At  Oroville,  Cherokee,  Little  Rock  Creek,  Brush 
creek,  and  Inskip. 

Calaveras  County:  San  Andreas,  Murphy  and  Wallace  in  consider- 
able amount. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado  County:  In  the  Brownsville  district,  at  Green  Valley, 
Placerville,  Grizzly  Flats.  Its  occurrence  is  mentioned  at  Georgetown, 
Hanks(9). 

Freeno  County:   It  occurs  with  rutile  near  Friant. 

Humboldt  County:  At  Upper  Gold  Bluff. 


10-4  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Imperial  C/Oiinty :  Mass  occurs  near  Niland. 

Kern  County :  A  large  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at  Vaughn. 

Los  Angeles  County :  In  the  beach  sands  at  Ocean  Park. 

Madera  County :  With  magnetite  in  the  Minaret  Mountains. 

Mariposa  County :  Near  Princeton  and  in  dolomite  as  crystals  near 
Mariposa. 

Nevada  County :  At  Rough  and  Ready,  Nevada  City,  North  Bloom- 
field  and  Relief  Hill. 

Orange  ('ounty :  At  Fullerton. 

Placer  County :  At  Gold  Run. 

Plumas  County:  At  Spanish  Ranch,  Crescent  Mills,  Genessee,  La 
Porte  and  Nelson  Point.  Occurs  intergrown  with  hematite  and  mag- 
netite at  Engels.     Good  ci'ystals  have  been  found  at  Genessee. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Near  Needles. 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dikes  cutting  across  the 
city. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  A  constituent  of  the  beach  sands  of  the 
county. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  At  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  At  Aptos. 

Shasta  County :  At  Round  Mountain,  French  Gulch  and  Redding. 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  sands  of  Jackson  Creek,  Happy  Camp, 
Forks  of  the  Salmon,  Sawyers  Bar,  Scott  River  and  Shasta  River. 

Trinity  County:  At  Junction  City,  Carrville,  Minersville  and  on 
Trinity  River. 

Tulare  County:  Occni-s  with  specular  hematite  and  magnetite  near 
Orosi. 

Tuolumne  County :  At  American  Camp. 

Yuba  County :  At  Marysville,  Brownsville,  Yuba  River,  Strawberry 
Valley,  Indian  Hill  and  Oregon  House. 


110.     SPINEL, 
Oxide  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  MgO.ALOs. 

Isometric.  Small  crystals ;  rounded  grains.  Color  rub.v-red,  blue,  green, 
brown   and   black.     AMtreous    luster.     H=:S;    G  =  3.5  —  4.1. 

Refractive  index:    /!  =  1.723 — 1.75. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Fused  with  sodium  carbonate,  dissolved  in 
liydrochloric  acid,  the  solution  yields  alumina  iiydrate  on  the  addition  of 
ammonia,  and  white  magnesium  pyropho.sphate  on  the  further  iuldition  of 
sodium   i)hos])h!ite,  thus  distinguishing  it  fmm  corundum. 

Spinel  occurs  only  as  a  rock  constituent  and  exists  in  some  of  the  gold 
sands  as  ruby-red  grains  resembling  red  garnet.  Picotite  is  a  brown 
spinel  containing  chromium  and  iron  which  occurs  in  the  serpentine 
rocks.     Pleonaste  is  an  iron-magnesia  spinel. 


MIXKKAl.S    Ul"    CALIl  (JKNIA.  ]05 

Butte  County :  Small  crystals  of  ruby  spiuel  have  been  found  in  the 
rock  of  the  diamond  mine  near  Orovillc. 

Ilninboldt  County:  Ruby  spinel  occurs  in  the  beach  sands  at  Gold 
Bluff. 

Placer  Countv :  Picotite  has  been  found  at  llocklin,  llanks^*'^ 

San  Bernardino  County:  Jilack  spinel  occurs  in  the  basalt  lldws 
south  of  Pipes  Canyon.  Sec.  21  and  22.  T.  1  N.,  R.  4  E. ;  also  in  basalt 
near  Quail  Springs,  T.  1  S.,  R.  7  E..  S.  B.  :\r. 

San  Diego  County:  Blue  spinel  was  reported  to  occur  in  the  Mack 
mine  near  Rincon ;  the  deep  green,  pleonaste  variety,  in  small  octahe- 
drons, occurs  there,  associated  with  garnet,  Rogers^^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County  :  HiUn-  spinel  lias  been  observed  near  San 
Luis  Obispo,  Kunz^"\ 

Siskiyou  County  :  Picotite  occurs  in  the  basalts  of  JMount  Shasta, 
Hanks^«^ 

111.     MAGNETITE— Magnetic    Iron. 
Oxide  of  iron,  FejO^. 

Isometric.  Octaliedral  crystals,  compact  and  granular  massive.  Color 
iron  black.  Streak  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  5.5  —  6.5;  0=5.1. 
Strongly  magnetic. 

Very  magnetic.  Soluble  in  liydnxlilm-lc  acid,  and  reddish  ferric  hydrate 
precipitated  on  the  addition  of  anmionia.  Distinguished  from  hematite  by 
strt>ak   and    ningnetisni. 

Magnetite  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  iron  minerals  and  good 
deposits  of  it  occur  in  the  State.  Jt  is  a  constituent  of  all  igneous  rocks 
and  in  such  condition  exists  in  all  of  the  counties.  It  forms  the  bulk 
of  the  black  sands.  ]\Iost  of  magnetite  occurs  with  the  raetamorphic 
schists  and  gneisses,  and  in  igneous  rocks.  Often  occurs  along  the  con- 
tact of  igneous  intrusions  tlirough  metamorphic  or  sedimentary  rocks. 
Some  of  the  magnetite  is  titaniferous,  grading  toward  ilmenite. 

Lodcstone  is  the  variety  possessing  polarity  forming  a  natural 
magnet. 

Alameda  County :  Octahedral  crystals  occur  in  the  schists  of  North 
Berkeley. 

Amador  County:  Large  boulders  have  been  found  at  Volcano,  W.  P. 
Blake(i>.     On  Sutter  Creek. 

Butte  County :  Abundant  in  the  drift  workings  at  Magalia,  in  the 
gravels  on  Butte  Creek  and  in  the  dredging  sands  at  Oroville.  In  the 
concentrates  at  Stirling  City,  Little  Rock  Creek,  Brush  Creek,  Lovelock 
and  Inskip.     Masses  occur  near  Oroville. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  concentrates  at  Douglas  Flat,  San  Andreas, 
Murphy  and  Wallace.    Some  massive  magnetite  occurs  on  Carson  Hill. 


106  STATE    MINING   BURE^VU. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek,  on  Smith  River. 
Masses  of  pure  magnetite  in  the  French  Hill  mining  district. 

El  Dorado  County :  Massive  about  two  miles  northeast  of  Shingle 
Springs  and  also  fine  octahedrons  in  chlorite.  The  lodestone  variety 
has  been  found  at  Colonia.  Common  in  the  concentrates  at  Yirnir, 
Green  Valley,  Grizzly  Flats,  Reliance  mine  and  in  the  Brownsville 
district.  Occurs  at  the  Lilyoma  mine.  Pilot  Hill,  associated  with  galena, 
chalcopyrite,  calcite,  quartz  and  garnet  as  a  contact  deposit. 

Fresno  County:  Lodestone  has  been  found  at  the  Sparkling  Iron 
mine.  Kings  Creek  district.  Octahedral  crystals  associated  with  copper 
ore  occur  in  Uncle  Sam  mine  at  Tehipite  Dome,  on  Kings  River.  Occurs 
intermixed  with  bornite  at  Crown  Creek  opposite  Tehipite  Dome.  Pure 
masses  occur  in  the  Cinnamon  Bear  district,  Pine  Flat. 

Humboldt  County :  The  greater  part  of  the  black  constituent  of  the 
beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  Upper  Gold  Bluff  is  magnetite.  Common 
also  at  Orleans  and  Trinidad. 

Imperial  County :    Found  massive  near  Palo  Verde. 
Inyo  County:    Large  deposits  are  said  to  occur  in  the  Olancha  dis- 
trict near  the  Haiwee  Dam. 

Kern  County:  Abundant  at  Ricardo,  Kane  Springs  and  Vaughn  in 
the  black  concentrates.     Granular  masses  occur  in  the  San  Emidio 
mining   district.     Deposit   of   some   size   occurs   at   contact   with   mica. 
schist,  1-|  miles  south  of  Woody. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Black  sands  at  Ocean  Park.  Solid  masses  near 
Russ  Station  in  Soledad  Canyon.  Small  deposit  in  canyon  about  ten 
miles  northeast  of  Acton :  with  garnet  in  the  black  sands  of  Santa 
Monica  Bay. 

Madera  County :  Large  deposits  of  magnetite-hematite  occur  in  the 
Minaret  Mountains.  Deposits  occur  on  the  west  slope  of  Mount  Ray- 
mond. 

Mariposa  County:    Classes  occur  at  the  base  of  Mt.  Hoffman. 
Modoc  County :  In  the  drift  and  black  sands  of  the  Feather  River. 
Mono  County :  Found  massive  in  the  Benton,  Bodie  and  Lundy  dis- 
tricts, Whiting^i). 

Nevada  County:  A  deposit  occurs  about  one  mile  west  of  Newto-^oi 
and  also  about  four  miles  south  of  Indian  Springs  at  the  contact 
between  granodiorite  and  diabase.  Common  in  the  concentrates  at 
Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley,  North  Bloomfield,  Relief  Hill,  and  Rough 
and  Ready.  A  small  deposit  in  place  at  Diamond  Creek,  about  one 
mile  east  of  Omaha  mine. 

Orange  County:    In  the  sands  at  Fullerton. 

Placer  County:  A  deposit  which  was  worked  in  1881-1886  by  blast 
furnace  occurs  at  Ilotaling,  five  miles  west  of  Clipper  Gap,  on  the 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  107 

fontact  between  diabase  and  (luartzite.  Oetahedrous  are  eoininun  at 
Forest  Hill.  Common  in  the  black  sands  and  concentrates  at  Butcher 
Ranch.  ^Michi^ran  Bluff.  Gold  Knn.  Kast  Auburn,  in  Blue  Canyon,  and 
on  the  North  Fork  of  the  American  Kivci-.  Masses  of  magnetite  are 
found  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake. 

Plumas  County:  Common  at  Spanish  Kauch,  Genessee,  La  Porte, 
Nelson  Point.  Crescent  :\Iilis,  and  on  Kock  Island  Hill,  but  only  in 
small  amounts.  A  larye  l)ody  of  the  ore  occurs  close  to  west  shore  of 
Wade's  Lnke.  Found  associated  with  hematite  at  ^Moonliuht.  Common 
in  the  rocks  at  P^n^els.  sometimes  intero-rown  witli  ilnuiiite. 

Riverside  County:  One  of  the  largest  deposits  of  iron  in  the  State 
occurs  on  Eagle  j\Iountain.     It  is  magnetite-hematite  or  martite  ore. 

Sacramento  County :  In  the  black  sands  at  j\Iichigan  Bar. 

San  Benito  County :   A  large  deposit  is  said  to  be  near  Ilollister. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Important  deposits  of  magnetite  occur  in 
several  localities  in  tiiis  county  but  are  as  yet  not  utilized.  Good 
deposits  on  Iron  Mountain,  near  Dale,  at  Owl  Holes,  on  the  Kingston 
Range,  at  Cave  Canyon,  Garlic  Springs,  Newberry,  and  on  Providence 
^lountain.  The  Dale  deposit  has  been  described  by  Harder ^-\  ^Massive 
lodestone  exhibiting  strong  polarity  has  come  from  a  deposit  thirty 
miles  southeast  of  Daggett. 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  beach  sands. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Common  at  La  Panza. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Common  in  the  beach  sands  at  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  On  the  Leonard  Ranch,  about  one-half  mile 
from  the  coast,  magnetite  occurs  int(M'stratifiod  with  boach  sand  which 
carries  some  gold. 

Shasta  County:  Large  ilei)osit  at  Ileroult  on  contact  ])etweeu  dia- 
])ase  and  slate  was  worked  by  electric  smelter.  Deposit  near  Baird. 
Occurs  with  hematite  at  Iron  Mountain  and  at  most  of  the  copper 
mines.  In  the  sands  at  French  (iulcli.  Redding  and  Round  ^Mountain. 
On  contact  between  dia])ase  and  carboniferous  limestone  at  Gray  Rock 
and  on  McCloud  River.  A  large  deposit  between  cjuartz  diorite  and 
limestone  about  five  miles  east  of  Pit  on  the  Sacramento  and  Eastern 
Railroad.  Occurs  as  contact  mineral  with  pyrrhotite  and  chalcopyrite 
at  the  Black  Diamond  mine. 

Sierra  Count}^:  Large  beds  said  to  occur  in  this  county,  "W.  P. 
Blake' '^'.  Fine  perfect  octahedrons  have  come  from  Forest  City.  A 
massive  deposit  occurs  south  of  Lake  Hawley  in  the  Calaveras  forma- 
tion, and  also  southeast  of  Spencer  Lakes. 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  black  sands  it  is  common  at  Happy  Camp, 
Seiad.   Cecilville.  Forks  of  the  Salmon.   Sawyer's  Bar,   Scott  River. 


108  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Oro  Fino,  Castella,  Shasta  River,  Beaver  Creek,  Heuley  and  Klamath 
River.     A  lodestone  variety  occurs  near  AVeed. 

Tehama  County:  Magnetite  occurs  in  the  Bee»um  district  and  is 
titaniferous. 

Trinity  County :  In  the  black  sands  at  Trinity  Center,  Douglas  City, 
Junction  City,  Carrville,  Minersville  and  along  the  Trinity  River. 
Massive  at  Douglas  Citj',  and  on  the  northwest  side  of  Chauckelulla 
^Mountain. 

Tulare  County:  Massive  at  New  Pass,  \V.  P.  Blake*^'.  Massive  near 
Three  Rivers  and  on  Greenhorn  Mountain. 

Tuolumne  County :  In  the  black  concentrates  at  all  of  the  mines. 

Yuba  County :  Common  at  Marysville,  Brownsville,  Strawberry  Val- 
ley, Indian  Hill,  Oregon  House.  Camptonville  and  on  Yuba  River. 
Occurs  massive  with  hematite  four  miles  from  Clipper  Alills. 

112.     CH  ROM  ITE— Chromic  Iron. 
Oxide  of  chromivim  and  iron,  FeCr^O^. 

Isometric.  Generally  massive.  Color  black.  Streak  grayish  brown. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  5.5;  G  =  4.32  — 4.57. 

Kefraetive  index:     h=2.16. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Gives  an  emerald  jji'een  l)ea(l  of  chromium  with 
borax.  Iron  Ijeads  with  borax  are  \ellow  to  bottle  j;reen.  Man.iianese 
l)eads  are  wine  to  violet. 

In  much  of  the  chromite  of  the  State  magnesium  replaces  the  iron, 
forming  magnesium  chromite.  The  mineral  is  formed  in  serpentine 
rocks,  often  as  large  boulder-like  masses  and  irregular  shaped  masses. 
It  is  abundant  in  the  serpentine  areas  of  the  State,  and  some  tons  of  it 
are  produced  annually.     It  is  also  abundant  in  the  black  sands. 

Alameda  County :  Pockets  of  massive  chromite  occur  at  the  ]\Ien- 
denliall  mine  and  other  mines  about  si.xteen  miles  southeast  of  Liver- 
more  in  the  Cedar  ^Mountain  district,  sometimes  coated  with  zaratite. 

Amador  County :  Found  near  Jackson.  Deposits  near  lone ;  about 
eight  miles  northeast  of  Carbondale :  five  miles  southwest  of  Plymouth, 
near  Willow  Creek. 

Butte  County:  A  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at  Magalia,  Oro- 
ville,  Cherokee,  Buchanan  Hill,  Lovelock  and  Pentz.  Massive  near 
ForbestoA\ni.  Deposits  about  one  mile  southwest  of  Big  Bar;  one  mile 
east  of  Yankee  Hill ;  five  miles  southwest  of  Magalia :  one  mile  north  of 
Woodleaf ;  east  of  Brush  Creek ;  near  Twin  Cedars  six  miles  east  of 
Paradise ;  2|  miles  northeast  of  Forbestown.  Small  bodies  occur  at  the 
Powell  manganese  mine,  one  mile  north  of  Clipper  Mills,  and  at  Pentz. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  serpentine  about  five  miles  east  of  Valley 
Springs.    In  the  concentrates  at  Forest  Gulch.     Deposits  near  Copper- 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  109 

opolis;  about  seven  miles  west  of  Augels;  four  miles  west  of  Fostoria; 
five  miles  southwest  of  A'alley  8prin<rs;  1<>  mih's  northeast  of  Angels; 
fourteen  miles  east  n\'  Miltmi.  Deposits  oceui-  on  the  Tower  Kam-li. 
nine  miles  east  of  ^lilton.  ami  on  lln'  Wright  Raneh.  in  Salt  Spring 
Valley,  ten  miles  nortlu'ast  of  Milton.  A  deposit  at  tlie  Uig  Pine  mine 
has  been  used  for  furnaee  lining  at  Campo  Seeo. 

Colusa  County:  Massive  at  Xewville.  Oeeurs  near  Stnnyforfl,  near 
Wilbui-  Springs;  H  miles  northwest  of  Cook  Si)rings. 

Del  Norte  County:  In  the  blaek  sands  of  Smith  River,  on  Gilbert 
Creek  and  at  Crescent  City.  Good  deposits  on  Rattlesnake  ]\Iountain, 
twenty  miles  east  of  Crescent  City.  Deposits  at  h'n'iich  Hill,  near  Smitli 
River,  in  lens(\s  eight  feet  thick;  of  ronsich-rahlc  si/e  on  Copper  Ci'cek. 
Low   l)ivi(h'  and  .Monkey  Creek. 

El  Dorado  Count.x' :  Near  Latrobe,  near  Coloma  and  at  Shingle 
Springs.  Three  miles  northeast  of  Georgetown  near  Latrobe;  two  miles 
south  of  Georgetown;  in  IMarble  Valley  near  Clarksville;  analysis  of 
chromite  from  the  Donnelly  deposit,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Folsom. 
gave : 

Cr„0,.  SiO,.  FeO  A1.,0,  MgO  CaO  Ign. 

-Hj'.r.ii        (;.(;('►       i7.(«       n".r><>       ir,.s()        i.-j;;        o.r»o-(«».;>4 

Large  deposits  id  FlagstalT  Hill,  eight  miles  south  of  Auburn  as 
ui-ainUar  masses  in  s;M-i)entine.  Tons  have  been  mined  at  the  Pilliken 
( 'hioiiie  mine,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Folsom.  Large  deposit  on  the  Wil- 
liamson property,  six  mile:?  east  of  Shingle  Springs. 

Fresno  County:  Deposits  occur  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  county 
in  the  Blount  Dial)lo  Range,  and  in  the  serpentine  iiills  east  of  F'resno, 
from  Letcher  to  Piedra.  Deposits  in  Watt  Valley,  on  Hog  ^fountain, 
and  at  Pine  Flat. 

Glenn  County:  Deposits  occur  near  ^lillsaps;  at  Bedford,  five  miles 
east  of  Chrome;  about  six  miles  east  of  Xewville;  near  Orland. 

Humboldt  County :  Constituent  of  the  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluflf,  and 
of  the  concentrates  at  Orleans  ami  Trinidad.  jMassive  occurs  near 
lilocksburg.  Small  nuisses  on  Horse  ^lountains;  in  the  serpentine  east 
of  Orleans.    Small  bodies  on  the  Hoopa  reservation. 

Keni  County:   Some  small  deposits  on  the  Kern  River. 

Kings  County :  Some  masses  have  been  found  in  southwest  corner 
of  county  near  Parktield. 

Lake  County :  Pockets  of  chromite  occur  on  the  Pardee  Ranch,  near 
^[iddletown.  AEasses  have  been  found  in  the  mountains  near  Adams  and 
Siegler  Springs.  Large  body  three  miles  northeast  of  llullville;  reported 
from  Jerusalem  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Deposit  rei)orted  near  Acton  and  near  Harold 
Station. 


110  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Madera  County :  Found  near  Madera  in  masses  eoated  with  zaratite. 

^Nlarin  County:  Occurs  on  the  ^laiUard  Kaucli  near  San  Geronimo, 
about  eight  miles  northwest  of  San  Kafael. 

Mendocino  County:  Found  coated  with  green  uvarovite  garnet  about 
ten  miles  north  of  Willits.  Specimens  have  come  from  near  Ukiah. 
Has  been  found  at  several  points  in  hills  west  of  Russian  River.  Occurs 
about  twelve  miles  north  of  Willitts  coated  with  uvarovite  garnet. 
Deposits  occur  about  H  miles  west  of  Ukiali,  on  Red  ^Mountain  and  in 
Potter  Valley. 

Monterey  County :  Common  in  small  masses  in  the  serpentine  of  this 
county,  and  specimens  have  been  analysed,  Goldsmith' ■'.  Masses  occur 
about  three  miles  east  of  I'arkfield.  on  Tal)h'  ^lountain. 

CrnOr.         AI0O3        Fe,Os  MgO  CaO  SiO- 

52.12  2.1s        15.24  12.20  5.65        ]2.12         =99.60  por  cent 

Xapa  County:  Some  small  bodies  have  been  found  near  Knoxville. 
Deposit  occurs  eight  miles  northwest  of  ^Monticello. 

Nevada  County:  Fine  octahedrons  occur  in  the  serpentine  near 
Indian  Springs.  In  the  concentrates  at  Rough  and  Ready.  North 
Hloomfield,  and  Relief  Hill.  At  the  Red  Ledge  mine,  two  miles  south- 
west of  Washington,  the  mineral  occurs  as  a  large  liody  in  serpentine 
near  contact  with  mariposite  schists.  Has  much  uvarovite  garnet  and 
chrome  chlorites  coating  the  specimens.  Classes  occur  in  the  vicinity  of 
Grass  A'alley. 

Placer  County :  A  deposit  occurs  in  serpentine  near  Green  Valley 
below  Towle.  and  also  near  Auburn.  In  the  black  sands  of  the  North 
Fork  of  American  River,  of  Blue  Canyon,  at  Loomis,  and  at  Micliigan 
Bluff.  Small  deposits  occur  about  2^  miles  from  Dutch  Flat ;  near 
Weimar;  four  miles  from  Colfa.x ;  in  the  Iowa  Hill  district  and  on 
Forest  Hill  Divide.  Large  deposits  seven  miles  south  of  Newcastle  as 
nodular  masses  coated  with  good  crystals  of  uvarovite  and  micaceous 
rhodochrome  and  kjimmererite.  Ijenticular  masses  occur  in  serpentine 
on  the  Scott  property  two  miles  east  of  Towle.  and  in  Green  Valley, 
nine  miles  southeast  of  Towle. 

Plumas  County:  Common  at  Rock  Island  Hill,  La  Porte,  and  in 
Meadow  Valley  as  concentrates.  Bodies  occur  six  miles  south  of  Quiney, 
also  three  miles  southwest  of  Crescent  Hill,  two  miles  north  of  Spanish 
Ranch  and  three-fourths  mile  southwest  of  ^leadow  Valley. 

Sacramento  County:  A  prominent  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at 
3Iiehigan  Bar.    ^Massive  occurs  at  Nigger  Hill  near  Folsom. 

San  Benito  County:  Massive  specimens  eoated  with  zaratite  have 
come  from  near  Hollister.  Occasionnl  massi's  iwo  found  in  the  serpen- 
tine near  New  Idria. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  Ill 

Sau  Luis  Ohispo  County:  IMiued  in  mountains  southeast  of  San 
Luis  \'alley  on  the  slope  of  the  San  Lucia  Range.  Occurs  at  the  London 
mine,  4|  miles  northeast  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  Found  at  the  head  of 
Carpojero  Creek  and  at  La  Panza.  The  ehromite  from  the  Pick  and 
Shovel  mine  on  Chorro  Creek,  six  miles  northeast  of  San  Luis  Ohispo, 
has  been  analysed,  Pemberton*". 

OroO.,  AloO.,        FeoO;,         MgO  FeO  MnO         SiOs  H,.0 

56.6S         11.40        3.52         16.23         11.77        0.15        3.40        0.94     =100.09% 

San  ]Mateo  County :  Conunon  in  the  beach  sands.  A  few  scattered 
masses  occur  near  C'rystal  Springs  Lake,  west  of  San  Mateo. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Small  deposit  in  hills  southwest  of  Point 
Sal  and  one  in  the  San  Kafael  Mountains  soutli  of  Santa  Ynez. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Found  in  small  masses  in  the  serpentine  near 
Los  Gatos  and  near  New  Almaden.  Small  amounts  have  been  found 
in  the  hills  east  of  Alum  Rock  Park.  Small  deposit  on  Righetti  Ranch, 
three  miles  east  of  Coyote  Station. 

Shasta  County:  At  French  Gulch  and  in  the  black  sands  of  the 
Sacramento  River.  Deposits  of  massive  ehromite  occur  near  Castella. 
A  series  of  lenses  in  a  shear  zone  in  serpentine  occur  north  of  Shotgun 
(/reek.  Large  body  in  the  northern  i)art  of  the  county  on  Little  Castle 
Creek.     Several  bodies  occur  three  miles  east  of  Simon.s  Station. 

Sierra  County :  Occur.s  as  pebbles  in  gravels  at  Tlowland  Flat ;  also 
in  Goodyear  Creek  near  D(Avnieville,  " 

Siskiyou  County:  A  good  deposit  near  Dunsmuir  coated  with  kiim- 
mererite.  Massive  near  (Jallahan  coated  with  uvarovite  and  zaratite. 
Very  common  as  grains  in  the  concentrates  at  Callahan,  Grouse  Creek, 
Happy  Camp,  on  Scott  River,  Beaver  Creek  and  in  Seiad  Valley. 
Deposits  near  Gazelle  and  on  toji  of  Forest  ^Mountains.  Massive  near 
Edgewood. 

Solano  County :    Small  amounts  have  been  found  near  Fairfield. 

Sononui  County :  Found  at  Litton  Springs  and  near  Cloverdale  and 
Cazadero.  hi  the  hills  near  Cam])  ^Meeker ;  twelve  miles  east  of  Stew- 
art's Point;  small  deposits  bacJc  of  Stewart's  Point;  small  deposits  back 
of  the  Geysers  and  on  the  Madera  property,  eight  miles  north  of 
(luerneville. 

Tehama  County :  Large  deposits  at  Lowry  mine  and  Kleinsorge  mine 
on  north  fork  of  Elder  Creek  about  twenty-eight  miles  west  of  Red 
Blutl'.    Large  deposit  ten  miles  east  of  Paskenta  on  Toms  Creek. 

Trinity  County:  Tn  the  sands  at  Trinity  Center.  Massas  found  at 
Island  ]\Iountain;  reported  from  Carrville  and  near  Weaverville;  a 
small  deposit  ten  miles  south  of  AVildwood. 

Tulare  County:  Some  occurs  near  Three  River.s  on  the  Nicola  prop- 
erty. 


.1.12  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Tuolunme  County:  Masses  liavc  Ix'cii  loiiiid  U  miles  west  of  Chinese 
Camp. 

Yuba  County :  Jn  the  black  sands  at  Caniptonville,  on  the  Yuba 
River,  and  on  Indian  Hill. 


113.     CASSITERITE— Tin  Stone. 
Oxide  of  tin,  SnO.. 

Tetragonal.  Twinned  crystals  and  massive.  Color  brown  and  black. 
Streak  gray  or  pale  brown.  Adamantine  to  dnll  luster.  H  =  G  —  7; 
G  =  6.S  — 7.1. 

Refractive  indices:    g  =  2.(>!);5;  „j=l.;i!lT. 

Infusible  and  ins()hibl(\  'W'itli  sodium  carhonate  on  charcoal  can  bo 
retlufcd  to  globules  of  metallic  tin.  These  globules,  intensely  heated  with 
cobalt   nitrate,  will  give  a  bluish  green  coating. 

This  valuable  oxide,  from  which  practically  all  of  the  metallic  tin  is 
obtained,  is  rare  in  California.  A  few  specimens  of  stream  tin  and  a 
small  deposit  quickly  exhausted,  are  all  that  have  been  found. 

Placer  County:    Stream  tin  has  been  found  near  Michitjan  Blulf. 

Plumas  County :  Stream  tin  was  found  in  the  bed  of  the  middle  fork 
of  the  Feather  River,  three  miles  above  Big  Bar,  Hanks^^\ 

Riverside  County:  The  Temescal  tin  mine  was  situated  a  few  miles 
southeast  of  South  Riverside  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains.  The  oxide 
occurred  in  a  rudely  semicircular  area  of  granite  about  two  miles  in 
diameter,  as  brownish  masses  and  reddish  brown  crystals  in  a  vein  of 
tourmaline  and  quartz.  Some  layers  of  wood  tin  also  occurred.  An 
analysis  of  a  fairly  pure  specimen  of  the  ore  was  made  by  Genth,  Fair- 
banks^^\ 

SiO-        WO3  SnOo  CuO        Alo03Fe..0,i  MnO  CaO 

9.82         0.22         76.15         0.27  13.54 

San  Diego  County :  Small  crystals  were  found  associated  with  gem 
tourmaline,  beryl  and  stibiotantalite,  at  Mesa  Grande,  Penfield  and 
Ford'".  Reported  from  the  placer  gravels  on  the  east  slope  of  Laguna 
^[oiintain ;  also  from  Pine  Valley  and  from  the  south  end  of  Viejos 
Mountain  east  of  Alpine.  Said  to  occur  in  the  Detiance  Copper  district 
and  on  Aguanza  Mountain.  Crystals  associated  with  topaz  at  the  Little 
Three  mine,  Ramoiia.  Occurs  in  a  pegmatite  dike  about  ten  miles  east 
of  Oak  Grove  in  the  Chihuahua  Valley,  two  miles  south  of  the  Riverside- 
San  Diego  coiiiity  line,  associated  with  (piartz,  feldspar,  lepidolite,  blue 
tourmaline,  columbite  and  all)ite.  Schaller""". 

Siskiyou  County :  Stream  tin  is  not  uncommon  in  the  gravels  at 
Sawyer's  Bar  and  on  Hungary  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Klamath  Ki^er. 

Trinitv  Countv:  Found  as  stream  tin  neai-  Weaverville,  Hanks^^\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  113 

114.      RUTILE. 
Oxide  of  titanium,  TiOj. 

Tetragoual.  Loug  prisms  and  grains ;  crj-stals  often  twinned.  Color  red- 
dish brown  to  brownish  blaclc.  Adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Streak  pale 
brown  to  colorless.     11  =  0  —  6.5;  G  =  4.1S  —  4.25. 

Refractive  iudlce.s  :    £  =  2.903;  ,„=L'.i'>l(;. 

Infusibli-.  SoUibli"  siiniriontly  in  hydrochloric  acid  to  yield  a  blue-violet 
solution  on  reduction  by  metallic  tin.  With  phosphorous  salt  (sodium  am- 
monium phosphate)   yields  a  delicate  violet  bead. 

Rutile,  as  a  rock  constituent  in  microscopic  crystals,  is  common  in 
many  of  the  metamorpliic  rocks  of  the  State.  Large  crystals  have  not 
been  found. 

Amador  County :  Reported  as  needles  in  quartz,  forming  sagenite,  at 
Tyler's  ranch  near  Oleta. 

Butte  County:  A  constituent  of  the  gold  washings  at  Cherokee, 
Silliman(7). 

Fresno  County :  Brownish  red  rutile  crystals  occur  witli  ilmenite 
near  Friant. 

Humboldt  County:  First  noticed  in  the  State  in  the  granite  at 
EuJ'eka. 

iVlono  County:  It  occurs  in  small  reddish  l)ruwn  ciystals  in  white 
(luartzite  with  bands  of  blue  lazulite  near  Mono  Lake. 

Placer  County :   Has  been  observed  at  jMichigan  Bluft'. 

San  Diego  County :  One  of  the  constituents  of  the  dumortierite  schist 
at  Dehesa,  Schaller^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Found  in  the  schists  of  Calaveras  Valley  and 
in  much  of  the  metamorphics  of  the  Coast  Range,  Murgoci^^^ 


115.     ANATASE— Octahedrlte. 

Oxide  of  titanium,  TiO^. 

Tetragonal.  Small  pyramidal  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal  and 
prismatic.  Color  brown.  Adamantine*  to  metallic  luster.  H  =  5.5  —  6; 
G= 3.82  — 3.95. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  2.49^:  „^  =  2.554. 

Same  reactions  as  rutile.     Distinguished  by  form. 

This  dimorphic  form  of  the  oxide  is  much  rarer  than  rutile,  and  is 
alwaj'S  found  in  minute  crystals. 

El    Dorado    County:  Minute    crystals    with    brookite    were    found 
implanted  on  quartz  crystals  near  Placerville.  Kunz^^^-  ^-\ 


8—22132 


114  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

116.     BROOKITE. 
Oxide  of  titanium,  TiOo. 

Orthorhombic.     Crystals    tabular    or    pyramidal.     C'olor    dark    brown    to 
black.     Adamautiue  luster.     II=:r>.5  —  G;  G  =  3.87  —  4.01. 

Kefractivo   indices:     a:=2..')8o;   y3  =  2..jS(!;  y  =  2.741. 
Same  reactions  as  rutili'.     Distinjiuislic^d  by  form. 

This  trimorphic  form  of  the  oxide  is  also  much  rarer  than  rutile,  and 
only  the  one  locality  is  known  in  the  State  for  its  occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County :  Found  in  tabular  reddish  brown  crystals,  with 
anatase  on  quartz  crystals  at  Placerville.  Forms  by  Peufield:  (100), 
(001),  (110),  (210),  (102),  (104),  (021),  (121),  (122),  (134),  (234), 
Kunz(i)'(2). 

117.     CHRYSOBERYL. 

Oxide  of  beryllium  aud  aluminium,  BeALO.,. 
Orthorhombic.     Usually     twinned     crystals.     Striated     faces.     Color 
grass-green,  yellowish  green  and  yellowish  brown.     Vitreous.     H  =  8.5; 
G  =  3.5  — 3.84. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1.747;  ^  =  1.74S;  y  =  1.7.57. 

Infusible  and   insoluble.     Fine   powder,   when    intensely    heated    on   char- 
coal, moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and  re-heated,  assumes  a  sky-blue  coloi*. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mineral  and  when  of  good  color  is  important  as  a 
gem  stone. 

Butte  Comity :  Supposed  green  specimens  of  chrysoberjd  have  been 
found  near  Stanwood  and  at  Big  Bar.  They  are  probably  californite, 
which  occurs  in  that  vicinity. 


118.     HAUSMANNITE. 
Oxide  of  manganese,  MnjOj. 

Tetragonal.  Small  pyramidal  crystals,  massive,  granular.  Color 
brownish  black.  Streak  chestnut-brown.  Submetallic  luster.  H=:5  —  5.5; 
0=4.72  —  4.85. 

Uefractive  indices:     £  =  2.1.");  (,j  =  l.'.4(l. 

Infu.siblo.  Dissolves  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding  chlorine  gas.  llorax 
bead  is  amethystine  or  wine-colored.  Fused  on  platinum  with  sodium  car- 
bonate, gives  deep  blue-green  fusion. 

Manganese  is  abundant  in  the  State,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  this 
rarer  oxide  may  occur  in  many  of  the  localities  and  remain  unidentified. 

Plumas  County:  Specimens  of  hausmannite  have  come  from  Meadow 
Valley. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Very  abundant  as  crystals  with  the  terms : 
(001),  (113),  (111)  and  (221)  in  the  manganese  boulder  occurring  near 
Alum  Rock  T*ark,  five  miles  east  of  San  Jo-:e,  Rogers''". 


MINERAI.S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  115 

119.     MINIUM— Red    Lead. 
Oxide  of  load,  Pb^iO,. 
Powder.     Color    bright    rod    mixed    with    yellow.     Streak    orange-yellow. 
G=:4.6.     Dull  luster. 

Refractive  index  :    ii—'2.'H). 

Gives  a  yellow  coating  of  load  uxide  on  chairoal  .iiid  is  n-duced  by  sodium 
carbonate  to  metallic  lead. 

The  red  oxide  of  load  rarely  is  found  native.     It  is  an  oxidation 
product  of  galena  and  other  lead  minerals,  occurring  as  a  powder. 

Kern  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  near  Fort  Tejon. 
Tulare    County:  A  small   amount   of   red  lead   was   found   in   the 
northern  part  of  the  count}'. 


120.     CREDNERITE. 
Oxide  of  manganese  and  copper,  CuoMujO,. 

Monoclinic.  Foliated  masses.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  iron-black  to 
steel-gray.     Streak  brownish  black.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  4  —  5;  G=4.9."i. 

Gives  the  manganese  reactions  like  liausnmnnito  and  in  addition  a  blue 
copper  chloride  flame  when  dipped  in  hydioclilorie  acid  and  heated  in  bun- 
sen   flame. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mineral  and  its  occurrence  in  tlie  State  is  limited 
to  one  locality. 

Xapa  County :  Found  massive  near  Calistoga. 


121.     BRAUNITE. 
Silico-oxide  of  manganese,  SMn^Os.MnSiOs. 
Tetragonal.     Small     pyramids     and     massive.     Color     brownish     black. 
Streak  brownish  black.     Submetallic  luster.     H  —  G  —  6.5;  G  =  4.75. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  leaves  a  residue  of  silica.  Gives  all  the 
reactions  for  manganese  similar  to  hausmanuite. 

Silicious  manganese  ores  are  very  common  in  California,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  rather  common  l)rowu  manganese  exists  in  many  of 
the  localities,  but  it  has  never  been  reported. 

Plumas  County:  Specimens  of  braunite  have  come  from  Meadow 
Valley. 

122.     PYROLUSITE. 
Oxide  of  manganese,  MnO^.. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  librous  or  as  a  powder.  Color  black.  Streak 
dull-black.     Metallic  to  dull  luster.     H=:2  — 2.5;  G  =  4.82. 

Keactions  like  those  for  hausmanuite  and  distinguished  by  crystallization 
and  structure.  Distinguished  from  manganite  and  psilomelane  by  not  yield- 
ing water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Pyrolusite  is  a  very  common  mineral  generally  associated  with  other 
ores  of  manganese.     It  is  usually  found  as  tibrous  seams  and  coatings 


116  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

in  masses  of  psilouiclane,  and  often  grad'3S  toward  mangauite.     Com- 
mon as  dendritic  coatings. 

Alameda  County:  It  occurs  -with  psilomelane  in  the  Diablo  Range, 
southeast  of  Livermore  in  tlic  Corral  Hollow  district.  Occurs  with 
psilomelane  and  sometimes  rhodochrosite  in  deposits  a  few  miles  south 
of  Tesla  and  along  the  Arroyo  Mocha,  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  the  Seaton  mine  and  on  volcanic  ash  at 
Volcano.  Pyrolusite  occur's  with  psilomelane  H  miles  south  of  Vol- 
cano. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurred  at  Wild  Ro.'-:e  Flat  near  ]\Turphy.  Good 
specimens  have  come  from  Hfin  Andreas;  also  near  Angels  with  psilo- 
melane, and  three  miles  northeast  of  ]\lilton. 

Colusa  Count}':  Found  at  Stonyford  in  association  with  cinnabar, 
and  at  the  Manzanita  mine. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Occurred  with  psilomelane  on  Red  Rock,  San 
Francisco  Bay. 

El  Dorado  County :  In  dendritic  coatings  near  Plaeerville  and  fibrous 
at  Greenwood.     Masses  occur  at  (rreenwood  and  at  Cool. 

Humboldt  County:  Occurs  witli  psilomelane  at  Alder  Point;  also  on 
the  Porter  Ranch,  Fort  Bakei-. 

Kern  County:  Fine  specimens  of  pyrolusite  with  some  psilomelane 
occur  five  miles  west  of  Atolia. 

Lake  County:  At  the  Phillips  mine,  near  Laurel  Dell  with  psilo- 
melane. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Associated  with  psilomelane  in  small  amounts 
at  Banning. 

Madera  County :  Occurs  associated  with  limonite  fourteen  miles  from 
Fresno  Flat.  Also  near  Coarse  Gold  with  psilomelane,  manganite, 
rhodochrosite  and  rhodonite. 

Marin  County :  Small  amounts  found  in  the  rock  at  Sausalito. 

Mariposa  County:  Occurs  with  psilomelane  at  Jasper  Point.  Small 
masses  oicur  in  Hunters  Valley. 

Mendocino  County  :  At  Red  Mountain.  Occurs  with  the  psilomelane 
at  the  Independence  Manganese  mine.  Potter  Valley.  Near  Covello; 
four  miles  west  of  Ilopland  with  psilomelane;  in  the  Potter  Valley  and 
Redwood  Valley ;  near  AVillitts ;  at  the  Long  mine,  near  Woodman 
Station;  in  chert  at  Westport;  at  the  Cleveland  mine,  Ukiah. 

Mono  County:  Some  ]iyrolusite  and  psilomelane  occur  in  the  Bodie 
mines. 

Napa  County :  Pyrolusite  occurred  as  radiate  concentric  masses  with 
cinnaliar  at  the  old  Redington  and  ^lanhattan  mines.  Knoxville.  Small 
amounts  oiicur  with  psilomelane  on  ]\lt.  St.  Helena,  and  Ihi'ee  un'les 
west  of  Oakville. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  117 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  the  Grass  Valley  district,  Lindgren^^^ 
Also  at  Sweetland,  and  as  dendrite  on  rocks  of  Sugar  Loaf  Hill. 

Placer  County :  Occurs  twelve  miles  from  Auburn  on  Wolf  Creole 
road. 

Plumas  County:  Common  in  the  Diadem  lode,  Meadow  Valley  dis- 
trict. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  near  Elsinore. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  Calico  and 
]>arstovv  districts.  Associated  with  psilomelane  in  the  Emma  and  Owi,> 
Hole  mines,  in  the  Owl  Mountains. 

San  Francisco  County :  It  has  been  found  in  small  amounts  associ- 
ated with  .psilomelane  at  Hunters  Point. 

San  Joa(iuin  Countj^ :  In  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  Diablo  Range. 

San  Liii.s  Obispo  County :  The  manganese  deposits  in  the  Pref  umo 
Canyon  on  Staneuch  Ranch  are  pyrolnsite  and  psilomelane. 

San  Mateo  County :  At  Baden. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  at  the  Washington  mine  and  in  mines 
of  the  Diablo  Range. 

Shasta  County:  Small  amounts  about  sixteen  miles  northwest  of 
Redding. 

Sierra  County :  Common  as  dendrite  at  Alleghany. 

Siskiyou  County:  Occurs  with  rhodonite  at  Sawyer's  Bar. 

Sonoma  County :  At  the  Shaw  mine. 

Stanislaus  County:  Psilomelane  and  soft  botryoidal  pyrolnsite  form 
the  ore  of  the  Seagrave  mine;  also  at  the  Buckeye  mine,  Hospital  Creek, 
with  rhodochrosite. 

Tehama  County :   Pyrolnsite  and  psilomelane  on  the  Luce  prospect. 

Tuolumne  County :  Common  with  psilomelane  at  Knapp  's  ranch, 
near  Columbia. 

HYDROUS    OXIDES. 

123.     MANGANITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  manganese,  MnoOa.HoO. 

Orthorhomblc.  Crystals  long  prisms.  Structnre  usually  columnar. 
Perfect  brachypinacoidal  cleavage.  Color  iron-black.  Metallic  luster. 
Streak  dark  reddish  brown.     H  =  4;  G  =  4.3. 

Kofractivo  indices:      oc=2.24;   «  =  2.24;  y=:2..j3. 

Yields  the  manganese  reactions  as  given  under  hausmannite  and  a  slight 
amount  of  water  in  a  closed  tub?. 

There  are  numerous  small  deposits  of  manganese  in  the  State,  and 
much  of  tlifi  ore  appears  to  be  manganite  mixed  with  a  more  or  less 
silicious  psilomelane.  The  deposits  consist  generally  of  black  porous  ore 
in  masses  and  lenses  of  red  and  brown  jasper  in  the  metamorphics  of 
the  Coast  ranges,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Sierras.  Reports  on  the 
deposits  of  the  State  have  been  made  by  Penrose^^^  and  by  Harder^^^ 


118  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Alameda  Comity :  Deposits  occur  in  the  Livermore-Tesla  district 
southeast  of  Livennore  in  the  Diabh)  Range.  The  ore  is  in  jasper 
lenses,  and  much  of  the  manganese  produced  in  the  State  has  come  from 
tliis  district  along  the  Arroyo  ]\Iocha  Creek. 

Calaveras  County :  Some  manganite  with  psilomelane  occurs  two 
miles  northeast  of  San  Andreas  in  mica  schist. 

Colusa  County :  Small  deposits  on  the  east  flank  of  St.  John  Moun- 
tain, near  Little  Stony. 

Contra  Costa  County :  The  deposits  on  Red  Rock  Island  in  San 
Francisco  Bay  contain  some  manganite  with  the  psilomelane. 

Kern  County :  The  hydrous  oxide  manganite  occurs  vritli  psilomelane 
in  the  Rand  mining  district  near  Randsburg. 

Marin  County :  Some  manganite  is  found  in  the  red  rock  near 
Sausalito. 

Mendocino  County :  At  the  Cave  mine,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Ukiah. 

Placer  County:  Small  pieces  have  been  found  near  Colfax. 

Plumas  County :  Considerable  manganese  occurs  in  this  county  in  the 
Meadow  Valley  and  other  districts,  and  manganite  is  probably  common. 

Riverside  Comity :  Psilomelane  and  manganite  occur  in  a  network  of 
veins  in  schist  six  miles  northeast  of  Elsinore,  in  the  Maria  Mountains. 

San  Joaquin  County:  Some  small  deposits  in  jasper  in  the  Diablo 
Range.  The  Ladd  or  Corral  Hollow  mine,  southeast  of  Livermore,  is 
the  best  known  manganese  mine  in  the  State. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Small  deposits  occur  live  miles  west  of  San 
Luis  Obispo. 

Santa  Clara  County:  In  the  Black  AVonder  and  other  mines  of  the 
Diablo  Range. 

Sonoma  County :  At  the  Shaw  mine  eight  miles  northwest  of  Clover- 
dale. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurs  with  rhodonite  two  miles  north  of  Sonora. 

124.     TURGITE. 

Hydrous  oxido  of  iron,  2Feo03.H20. 

Compact  Hbrous,  botrj'oidal  or  earthy.  Color  red  lo  reddish  blattk. 
Streak   red.     Hardness   of  compact   varieties  =  5—6 ;    G  =  4.29- — 1.41). 

Ilefractive  indices:    oc=2.45;  Q  =  2.'m\  y^'IXi-*. 

Flies  to  pieces  when  heated  in  a  closed  tube,  which  serves  to  distinguish 
it  from  hematite  or  limonite.  Gives  water  in  closed  tul)e.  Other  reactions 
similar  to   hematite  or  limonite. 

Turgite  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State,  since  it  is  a  hydrous 
hematite  and  may  occur  in  hard  masses  or  as  ocher.  It  has  seldom 
been  ditt'erentiated  from  hematite,  so  our  knowledge  of  distinct  ioeali- 
ties  is  deficient. 

Inyo  County :    Reported  to  occur  near  Shoshone. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  119 

125.     G6THITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  iron,  Fe^^O^.H^O. 

Orthovhorubic.  Slender  prisms,  vertically  striated.  Cleavage  perfect 
brachypiuacoidal.  Color  yellowish  brown.  Streak  yellowish  brown.  Ada- 
mantine to  submetallic  luster.     H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  4.37. 

Refractive  indices:      ex  =2.26;  ^  =  2.39;  y  =  2.40. 

Distinguished  from  the  more  common  limonite  iiy  its  crystalline-fibrous 
and  columnar  structure  and  cleavage. 

Gothitc  is  usually  found  as  slender  prismatic  crystals  in  masses  of 
limonite  or  hematite,  and  resembles  limonite  so  closely  that  it  would 
be  usually  classed  as  such. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  chrysocolla  and  limonite  at  the  St.  Ignacio 
mine. 

Mariposa  County :  Observed  at  Burns  Creek  in  masses  of  limonite. 

Riverside  County:  Cothite  is  associated  with  the  other  iron  minerals 
of  Eagle  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County:  An  associate  with  limonite  at  the  mag- 
netite-hematite deposit,  near  Dale. 


126— LIMONITE— Brown    Hematite. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  iron,   2Fe„03.3HoO. 

Massive.  Compact,  stalactitic,  botryoidal,  columnar,  fibrous,  earthy.  Color 
yellow,  brown  to  black.  Streak  yellowish  brown.  Submetallic  to  dull 
luster.     H  =  5  — 5.5;  G  =  3.6  — 4. 

Refractive  index  :    «  =  2.05. 

Distinguished  from  hematite  by  its  streak  and  by  its  yielding  water  in  a 
closed  tube.  Becomes  magnetic  on  heating.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
and  brown  ferric  hydrate  is  precipitated  by  ammonia. 

Limonite  is  the  most  common  of  the  iron  minerals,  and  is  quite  uni- 
versal in  its  occurrence  as  a  staining  material.  It  is  found  varying 
from  soft  yellow  and  brown  ocher  to  hard  compact  masses.  As  the 
common  alteration  product  of  pyrite  and  of  most  minerals  containing 
iron,  it  is  prevalent  in  most  mineral  districts  and  forms  the  gossan  and 
brown  capping  of  ore  deposits.  Cubes  of  limonite  as  pseudomorphs 
after  pyrite  are  common  in  mining  regions.  As  an  ore  of  iron  it  is  not 
so  valuable  as  hematite  or  magnetite.  It  is  present  in  every  county  in 
some  form  and  only  a  few  of  its  occurrences  can  consequently  be  cited. 

Alameda  County:  Earthy  limonite  mixed  with  hematite  is  common 
as  a  gossan  capping  of  the  pyrite  deposit  at  Leona  Heights. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  concretions  and  earthy  masses  at  Pine 
Grove.     With  hematite  and  magnetite  at  Volcano. 

Butte  County:  Large  blocks  at  Burns  Creek,  W.  P.  Blake^^^.  Thick 
masses  at  the  Monarch  mine ;  cubes  at  Red  Hill  and  at  Magalia. 


120  STATE  :mixixg  bureau. 

Calaveras  County :  Forms  capping  of  hill  about  one  mile  and  a  half 
north  of  Murphy.  The  Detert  deposit  near  Valley  Springs  was  form- 
erly worked.  Massive  and  yellow  ocher  at  the  Eureka  mine,  near 
Valley  Springs.  A  depo.sit  occurs  1^  miles  jiortheast  of  iMurphy,  and 
also  one  seven  miles  southeast  of  ]\Iokelumne  Hill.  Yellow  and  red 
ochcr  occurs  at  Campo  Soco.  A  deposit  occurs  on  Bonanza  Creek,  seven 
miles  sonthea.st  of  ]Mokclinnne  Hill.  ^Massive  limonite  has  come  from 
the  Diett'enbach  Ranch,  twenty-five  miles  northeast  of  Valley  Spring. 
It  is  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Campo  Seco  as  ocher. 

Colusa  County:  Yellow  ocher  occurs  in  a  large  outcrop  4|-  miles 
west  of  Stonyford.  Yellow  and  red  oclicr  suitable  for  mineral  paint 
occurs  four  miles  south  of  Lodoga. 

El  Dorado  County :   Ma.ssive  near  Diamond  Springs. 

Inyo  County :  Pseudomorphs  after  long  prisms  of  stibnite  have  been 
found  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine. 

Lake  County :  Ocliers  of  yellow  and  brown  shades  occur  two  miles 
north  of  Hough  Springs  suitable  for  paint.  ^Massive  specimens  have 
come  from  the  hills  near  Glenbrook. 

Mariposa  County:  Fine  large  cubes  have  come  from  the  Chowchilla 
Valley. 

Xapa  County :  An  ocher  deposit  occurs  1^  miles  east  of  Calistoga. 

Placer  County :  At  Gold  Run.  Massive  limonite  occurs  at  the  Clip- 
per Gap  mine. 

Plumas  County:  ]Vrassive  in  Light's  Canyon  and  at  Nelson  Point. 
Red  and  yellow  ocher  occurs  near  Quincy. 

Riverside  County:  Yellow  and  brown  limonite  is  common  in  the 
pisolitic  cavities  formed  by  the  ])rucite,  at  Crestmore.  !Mas.sive  limonite 
occurs  on  the  Eagle  ^Mountains  with  some  goethite. 

Sacramento  County :  Yellow  ocher  occurs  at  ^Michigan  Bar. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Brown  banded  masses  have  come  from  the 
Prefumo  Ranch.  This  deposit  lies  in  the  Los  Osos  .^Fountains  inter- 
bedded  with  Franciscan  shales  and  sandstones  and  occurring  with  hema- 
tite. Dark  brown  massive  limonite  is  found  at  the  Harrington  mine, 
four  miles  southwest  of  San  Luis  Oliispo. 

Shasta  County:  Common  as  cappings  of  the  pyrite  deposits  of  the 
county.  Pseudomorphs  after  hedenbergite  have  been  found  at  Ydalpan. 
Highly  iridescent  specimens  have  come  from  Copper  City.  Excellent 
bronze  colored  stalactites  occurred  at  the  Lost  Confidence  mine.  Iron 
Mountain. 

Sonoma  County :  Yellow  ocher  at  the  Occidental  mine.  Yellow  ocher 
occurs  on  the  Lancaster  Ranch,  ea.st  of  Fisk's  Mills. 

Stanislaus  County :  A  deposit  of  yellow  ocher  used  for  paint  occurs 
at  Knight's  Ferry  on  the  Stanislaus  River. 

Tulare  County:  Common  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Yolo  County :  In  the  sands  at  Capay. 


:minerai,r  of  California.  121 

127.     BAUXITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  aluminium,  AI2O3.2II0O. 

Massive,  eartliv,  pisolitic.  Color  \\hiie,  yellow,  red  or  brown.  II  — l..'*: 
G  =  2.55. 

Kefraetive  index:    R^^  IJu. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Moistened  by  a  few  drops  of  cobalt  nitiat<'  ami 
intensely  heated,  the  powdiu"  assumes  a  sky-blue  color.  Fused  with  sodium 
earbonatt^  and  the  mass  dissohed  in  hydroehlorie  acid,  leaves  no  silica  resi- 
due. Ammonia  precipitates  tiocculent  alumina  hydrate  from  I  In-  soliitiim. 
The  absence  of  silica  differentiates   it   from  clay. 

Bauxite  has  hct'ii  ropoi'tcd  from  scvi-fal  localities  in  the  State,  but 
they  are  not  authentic  aiul  a.s  yet  only  one  deposit  is  known.  The  min- 
eral closely  resembles  clay  and  is  only  distin«iuislied  at  sight  from  elay 
V<y  its  eharaeteristie  pea-shaped,  or  pi.solitic  structure;  that  is.  a  struc- 
ture having  small  round  coucretions  of  the  mineral  about  the  size  of 
peas  imbedded  in  the  clay-like  masses.  Its  color  when  pure  is  white, 
but  the  masses  frequently  are  yellow,  red  and  brown  by  impurities  of 
the  iron  oxides. 

Rivei-side  County:  Red  and  gray  pisolitic  bauxite  occurs  in  a  deposit 
between  Corona  and  Alberhill.    Analy.ses: 

Dark  Red         Gray  Reddish 

SiO..    13..JG  39.82  '\.2?, 

Al.O,    45.42  36.43  ".8.10 

Fc'o,    14.87  7.14  12.82 

MnO    0.O.J  0.04              

TiO,   2.34  2.37  1.65 

H..O'atlOr>° 1.9<)  1.26  0.9.> 

11,0  above  105°   23.23  13.06  29.08 

101.46  101.02  100.83 


128.     BRUCITE. 

Ilydnius  oxide  of  magnesium,  MgCIIoO. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Foliated  plates  and  fibrous  masses.  Cleav- 
age perfect  basal.  Color  white,  .gray,  pink.  Pearly  luster.  H=:2.5; 
(}  =  2.38  — 2.4. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.5S0:  t,j  =  1.559. 

Yields  a  small  an'ount  of  water  in  a  closed  tube.  Easily  soluble  in  dilute 
h.vdrochloric  acid  and  maanesia  is  prfcipitated  by  sodium  phosphate,  (lives 
a  j)ink  color  characteristic  of  magnesia  when  intensely  heated  with  cobalt 
nitrate. 

Brucite  occurs  as  thin  veins  in  serpentine,  but  very  little  has  been 
observed  in  the  State  as  an  alteration  of  serpentine.  It  also  occurs  as 
a  metamorphic  mineral  in  crystalline  magnesian  limestone. 


122  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  County:  Brucite  is  abundant  in  small  globular  masses  in 
the  white  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore,  formed  probably  as  a 
hydration  product  of  original  perielase.     An  analysis  by  Eakle  gave: 

MgO  FeoOg  HoO 

C.7.48  0.55  31.73  99.76  per  cent 

;San  Francisco  County :  A  small  amount  of  brucite  has  been  observed 
as  thin  seams  in  the  serpentines  of  San  Francisco. 


129,     PYROCHROITE. 

Hydrous  oxide  of  manganese,  Mn(0H)2. 

Rhombohedral.  In  hexagonal  plates.  Color  white,  but  alters  to  brown 
and  black.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  2.5;   G=3.258. 

llefractive  indices:  g^l.GSl;  ^^  =  1.723. 

Heated  in  a  closed  tube,  it  becomes  green,  then  black,  and  yields  water. 
Gives  green  bead  with  sodium  carbonate. 

A  rare  manganese  mineral  only  previously  known  to  occur  in  this 
country  at  Franklin,  New  Jersey. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Occurred  as  a  prominent  constituent  of  a  man- 
ganese boulder  (supposed  meteorite)  near  Alum  Rock  Park,  five  miles 
east  of  San  Jose,  Rogers^°\ 


130.     SASSOLITE— Boracic  Acid. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  boron,  B^Os.SHoO. 

Triclinic.  Usually  in  small  scales.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  white. 
Pearly  luster.     H  =  l;  G  =  1.4S. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1-340;  ^  =  1.456;  y  =  1.459. 

Solnlilc'  in  water.  Yellow  turmeric  paper  when  immersed  in  a  hydro- 
chloric acid  solution  and  then  dried,  will  assume  a  carmine  red  color. 
Fused  in  a  colorless  flame  the  mineral  gives  a  momentary  yellowish  green 
flame.  This  flame  and  the  turmeric  paper  reaction  are  characteristic  of  al! 
borates. 

The  waters  of  some  of  the  springs  and  lakes  of  the  State  contain 
traces  of  boracic  acid,  but  the  scaly  white  crystals  of  the  solid  sassolite 
have  not  been  fomid. 

Lake  County:  Occurs  in  the  waters  of  Clear  Lake,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 
San  Bernardino  County :  Some  of  the  borate  waters  of  this  county 
yield  the  oxide  upon  evaporation. 


IMINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  123 

131.     PSILOMELANE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  manganese,  usually  inipuie. 

Massive,  bolryoidal,  stalaelitic.  Prominent  conchoidal  fracture.  Color 
bhuk.     Streak  brownish  black.     11  =  5  —  G;   G  =  3.7  —  4.7. 

Yields  till'  manganese  rcuetions  as  jnvt'u  un<ler  Imusmannite,  as  wi'll  ;is 
water  in  a  closed  tube  and  precipitations  of  impurities,  especially   barium. 

This  is  the  most  common  manganese  mineral  and  is  the  chief  ore  of 
manganese  in  the  State.  It  is  ahuost  always  associated  with  manga- 
nite  or  pyrolnsite,  and  often  with  limonite.  The  mineral  is  found  in 
many  localities,  hut  the  chai-acleristie  occurrence  of  the  more  important 
deposits  is  in  scams  and  ii'rcgular  masses  in  jasper.  All  of  the 
localities  citcil  J'or  i)yrolusil('  and  maiiganite  contain  psilomclane  as  well. 

Wad  is  an  impure  soft  ])lack  oxide,  often  with  the  harder  psilomelane. 

Asholitc  is  a  wad  containing  cobalt. 

Reports  on  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  State  have  been  made  by 
Penrose^^^  and  by  Harder^ ^\ 

Alameda  County :  The  Corral  Hollow  deposit  is  largely  silicious 
psilomelane.  Tlie  manganese  deposits  lie  a  few  miles  southeast  of  Liv- 
ermore  along  the  Arroyo  ]\Iocho  and  south  of  Tesla,  in  what  is  known 
as  the  Corral  IToll(>\\'  district,  which  extendi  into  San  Joaciuin  County. 
Psilomelane  is  the  ciiiel"  mineral,  associated  with  ]>yrolusite  and  occa- 
sionally rhodochrosite. 

Anuidor  County:  A  deposit  of  |)silomelane  mi.xed  with  pyrolnsite 
occurs  1.!  miles  south  of  Volcano.  Also  one  four  miles  east  of  Pine 
drove  and  another  about  one-lialf  mile  southeast  of  Defender. 

Butte  Count\' :  Psilomelane  occuj-.s  in  several  localities  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  Clipper  IMills. 

Calaveras  County:  Deposits  of  psilomelane  occur  three  miles  iiortli- 
east  of  Milton,  assm-ijited  with  pyrolnsite;  two  miles  northeast  oi  San 
Andreas:  six  nn'les  southeast  of  Valley  Springs. 

Colusa  ( 'ountx' :  I'silomehnie  in  small  amounts  occurs  on  eastei  ti  s]o[)e 
of  St.  Johns  ^Mountain,  west  of  Stonyford. 

Contra  Costa  County:  The  deposit  of  manganese  on  Red  Rock,  San 
Francisco  Baj',  whicli  was  formerly  mined,  is  psilomelane. 

Fi-esno  County  :    Some  psilomelane  occur.s  near  Piedra  on  Pine  Flat. 

Clenn  County:  Associated  with  pyi'olusite  at  the  Black  Diamond 
and  Rattlesnake  mines,  about  thirty  miles  soutliwest  of  Fruto.  Some 
•silicious  psilomelane  is  reported  from  ]\Iill.saps. 

Humboldt  County:  Occurs  with  pyrolnsite  on  the  Porter  Ranch, 
Foi't  Baker,  in  good  massive  ore. 

Imperial  County :  Psilomelane  deposits  have  been  reported  in  the 
Chocolate  Mountains. 

Inyo  County:  Fine  specimens  found  at  southeast  end  of  Panamint 
Range,  twenty-five  miles  south  of  Bennett's  wells  on  Death  Valley  slope. 


124  STATE    MINING   BURELVU. 

Lake  County :  Small  amounts  of  good  ore  come  from  the  vicinity  of 
Glenbrook.  Psilomelane  occurs  on  the  Phillips  Ranch  about  1^  miles 
south  of  Laurel  Dell,  and  on  Dry  Creek  about  three  miles  west  of  Mid- 
dletown.  A  large  deposit  occurs  about  ten  miles  north  of  Upper  Lake 
and  thirty-eight  miles  northeast  of  Ukiah  on  the  soutliwest  slope  of 
Horse  Mountains.  The  manganese  ore  of  the  Smythe  manganese  pro.s- 
pect  is  mainly  psilomelane  with  some  pyrolusite. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Asbolite  occurred  in  the  0  K  mine,  San  Gabriel 
Canyon.  Deposits  occur  about  five  miles  west  of  Palmdale,  of  silicious 
psilomelane. 

]\LTrin  County:  Small  streaks  and  pockets  of  psilomelane  occur  near 
Sausalito  and  Fort  Baker  and  in  masses  on  tlie  Mallard  Ranch,  about 
eight  miles  northwast  of  San  Rafael. 

J\Iariposa  County :   Small  masses  occur  in  Hunters  Valley. 

Mendocino  County :  Large  deposits  in  Potter  Valley.  Reported  on 
the  Pieta  Creek  near  Pieta  in  large  amounts.  Deposits  occur  at  the 
Cleveland  mine  three  miles  east  of  Calpella ;  and  at  the  Independent 
mine  fourteen  miles  east  of  Willits.  Occurs  in  the  hills  east  of  Middle 
Fork  of  the  Eel  River.  Associated  with  rhodochrosite  on  Mount  San- 
hedrin.  A  deposit  of  high  grade  occurs  on  Shaw  Ranch,  seven  miles 
northwest  of  Cloverdale.  The  Thomas  and  Wild  Devil  mines,  about  six 
miles  northeast  of  Redwood  Station,  contain  psilomelane  in  jasper. 

Merced  County:  ^Manganese  deposits  occur  in  the  southwestern  cor- 
ner of  the  county,  about  twenty-six  miles  east  of  Tres  Pinos. 

Monterey  County :  Deposit  occurs  about  tliree  miles  north  of  the 
mouth  of  San  Carpojaro  Creek  and  one  mile  inland.  Occurs  in  the 
Chalone  district  near  Soledad. 

Napa  County:  Deposit  five  miles  west  of  Oakville  and  another  six 
miles  northeast  of  St.  Helena.  Small  amounts  of  manganese  minerals 
occur  on  Mt.  St.  Helena  and  on  Moore  Creek.  Also  three  miles  west  of 
Oakville. 

Nevada  County :  "Wad  occurs  near  the  North  Banner  mine.  Psilo- 
melane occurs  near  west  bank  of  Bear  River,  seven  miles  from  Colfax. 
A  large  body  occurs  in  the  Limekiln  district,  northwest  part  of  county. 

Placer  County:  ]\lasses  at  INIiehigan  Bluff.  Deposits  occur  about 
nine  miles  north  of  Colfax  near  Yankee  Jim. 

Plumas  County :  Large  masses  on  ]\rumford  Hill.  Psilomelane,  man- 
ganite  and  rhodonite  occur  in  the  Diadem  and  Penrose  Lodes,  near 
Edmanton,  in  the  Meadow  Vallev  district.  Deposits  occur  near  Crescent 
:Mills. 

Riverside  County:  Deposits  occur  in  the  McCoy  ^Mountains  about 
twelve  miles  northAvest  of  Mineral  Station.  Occurs  about  seven  miles 
southwest  of   Perris   interbedded  with  .jasper.     Black  massive   psilo- 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  125 

inelaue  occurs  iii  tin*  Paleu  Mountains  about  tvveuty-two  miles  northwest 
of  Mineral.  Some  occurs  about  six  miles  northeast  of  P^lsinol'e  asso- 
ciated with  rhodonite.  At  the  base  of  the  Santa  INIaria  ^Mountains. 
Some  occurs  al)out  eight  miles  northwest  of  Palo  Verde. 

San  Benito  County :  Stringers  and  coatings  occur  with  the  benitoite 
of  this  county,  Louderback'-*.  Occurs  in  cherts  about  eighteen  miles 
east  of  Tres  Pinos  on  Paries  and  Lewis  ranches. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  on  the  north  slope  of  Avawatz 
Mountains ;  at  tiie  Owls  Hole  mine.  Owl  ^Mountain ;  on  the  Lavie  ^louu- 
tains,  five  miles  northwest  of  Ludlow,  associated  with  pyrolusite.  Good 
specimens  have  come  from  "Wagner,  Mojave  Desert. 

San  Diego  County :  Fine  specimens  have  come  from  Winchester  and 
from  Campo. 

San  Joaquin  County  :  Li  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  Diablo  Range, 
notably  at  the  Ladd  mine  in  Corral  Hollow. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Tlie  outer  crust  of  the  manganese  boulder  near 
Alum  Rock  Park,  five  miles  east  of  San  Jose,  was  the  black  oxide,  psilo- 
melane,  Rogers**^'. 

Shasta  County:  A  deposit  of  psilomelane  occurs  on  Pitt  River,  one 
mile  soutli  of  Heroult.     Occurs  with  jasper  in  Arbuckle  JMountain. 

Siskiyou  County :  Occurs  in  small  amounts  with  pyrolusite  near  Fort 
Jones. 

Sonoma  County  :  Deposit  near  Freestone. 

Stanislaus  County:  Occurs  on  Porter  Creek  west  of  Patter.son.  In 
the  manganese  deposits  of  the  Diablo  Range,  notably  at  the  Buckeye 
mine,  west  of  Vemalis. 

Tehama  County:  Deposits  occur  with  jasper  on  Beauty  View  Butte, 
ten  miles  west  of  Paskenta. 

Tuolumne  County:  Massive  with  pyrolusite  near  Columbia. 


126 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


Anhydrous. 
Calcite 
Dolomite 
Ankerite 
Masnesite 
Siderite 
Rhodochrosite 
Smithsonite 
Aragonite 
Strontianile 


CARBONATES. 

Witliorite 
Bismiitospliaorite 
Phosgenite 
Nortliupite 
Tychito 
ITinh-oits. 
Malachite 
Azurite 
Aurichalcite 
Hydiozincite 


Dawsonite 

Thormonatrite 

Gay  Lussite 

Natron 

Trona 

Pirssonite 

Hyd  romagnesite 

Hydrodolomite 

Zaratite 

Bisraiitite 


ANHYDROUS  CARBONATES. 

132.     CALCITE — Calc   Spar — Limestone. 

Carbonate  of  calcium,  CaCOs. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  common,  rhombohedrons  and  scale- 
nohedrons.  Also  massive,  granular,  stalaetitic,  chalky.  Cleavage  perfect 
rhombohedral.  Colorless,  white,  yellow,  brown,  blue,  red,  pink,  green,  black, 
etc.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  3;  G:^2.71. 

Refi'active  indices:    £  =  1.4SG;   (,j  =  ].658. 

The  carbonates  are  all  characterized  by  their  effervescence  with  hydro- 
chloric or  nitric  acids.  Calcite  eff(  rvesces  freely  in  very  dilute  acid  and 
gives  a  flame  test  that  is  bright  red  at  tirst.  fading  into  a  yellow  red.  The 
calcium  can  be  precipitated  by  ammonium  oxalate  as  a  white  granular  cal- 
cium  oxalati". 

Calcite  is  one  of  the  exceedingly  common  minerals  and  occnrs  in 
many  colors  and  in  many  varieties  l)ased  on  color  and  structure.  Some 
of  these  varietal  names  are:  iccland  spar,  dofjlooth  spar,  stalactite, 
stalagmite,  marhh,  onyx  marhlc,  travertine,  calc-tufa,  chalk  and  com- 
mon limestone.  Extensive  beds  of  limestone  are  common  in  the  State, 
and  are  (quarried  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.  Fine  quality  marble 
is  also  known,  but  much  of  it  is  quarried  for  cement. 

Manganocahite  is  a  variety  containing  manganese.    It  weathers  blael-:. 

Alameda  County:  Crystals  are  common  in  the  chalcedony  geodes  on 
the  Berkeley  Hills.  A  fine  grade  of  lithograpliie  limestone  on  the 
Crocker-AVinship  properties,  soutli  (if  Danville.  Crystals  of  calcite  anfl 
'iiassive  limestone  near  Snnol. 

Alpine  County :  Fine  groups  of  rhombohedrons  have  come  from  the 
Pennsylvania  mine. 

Amador  County :  Liglit  gray  and  bluish  marble  occurs  2|  miles  east 
of  Plymoutli  in  Dry  Creek  Canyon. 

Butte  Couuty:  A  black  mottled  marble  is  found  at  Pent/.  On  We^t 
Feather  River,  a  few  miles  west  of  Yankef    Hill :  white  and  liluisb 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  127 

crystallized  limestone  at  the  Big  Bend  of  North  Foik  Kctiihfr  liivci- 
near  Intake  Station. 

Calaveras  County:  Crystals  oeeiir  near  Natural  Bridge.  Fine  stalac- 
tites occur  in  Mercer's  Cave,  1]  miles  northwest  of  jNIurpliy.  Good 
marble  occurs  near  ^Murphy  and  near  San  Andreas.  White  and  \arie- 
gated  marble  occurs  about  1]  miles  east  of  San  Andreas,  also  aboui  fonr 
miles  southeast  of  Valley  Springs. 

El  Dorado  County:  Fine  stalactites  occur  at  the  Alabaster  Cave. 
Good  crystals  found  at  the  Cosumnes  copper  mine.  Large  cleavage 
rhombohedrons  occur  in  the  Starlight  mine,  three  miles  south  of  ^lud 
Springs. 

Fresno  County:  Good  marble  in  various  colors,  white,  blue,  black. 
•dud  variegated  occurs  on  th&  south  .side  of  Big  Creek,  five  miles  ])(>low 
Cascada. 

Glenn  County:  Banded  marble  on  the  Nye  Ranch  and  (m  east  side 
of  Stony  Creek. 

Imperial  County:  Large  deposit  of  crystalline  limestone  or  inai-blc  on 

the  south  side  of  Coyote  ^Mountain : 

Analysis : 

CaCOs    !^r,.(; 


MgCO, 1. 


SiO,    tr. 

ALO,.  Fe-Os 0.0 

CaS04    0.5 

99.7 

Good  variegated  marble  occurs  at  the  Fowler  Quarry,  Coyote  Moun- 
tains. 

Inyo  County :  Thick  deposits  of  beautiful  variegated  marble  occur  at 
the  foot  of  the  Inyo  Mountains,  between  Keeler  and  Lone  Pine.  The 
marble  is  dolomitic.  Fine  crystal  specimens  and  stalactites  have  been 
found  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  Unica  mines.  Gray,  greenish  and  yel- 
low marble  found  at  tlu^  Lindsay  quarries,  Walker  River;  fine  crystals 
at  the  Lane  mine. 

Kern  County :  Large  deposit  of  crystalline  limestone  occurs  three 
miles  south  of  Tehachapi,  near  Neenach.  Blue  rhombohedrons  in 
Grizzly  Canyon,  three  miles  southwest  of  Tehachapi. 

Lake  County :  Small  body  of  crystalline  limestone  near  Hullville. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Calcite  crystals  occur  with  the  colemanite  at 
Lang  with  the  forms :  (lOTO),  (01T2),  (0995),  (0221),  (0001).  White 
marble  occurs  in  Antelope  Valley ;  also  in  Paeorina  Canyon  near  San 
Fernando. 

^Marin  County :  Low  thin-edged  rhombohedrons  of  manganocalcite 
occur  in  a  trachite  on  the  Burdell  Ranch.  They  turn  black  when 
heated  and  also  l>y  weathering. 


128  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Mariposa  County :  Good  crystals  have  come  from  the  mines  near 
i\[aripo.sa.  Large  deposit  of  white  marble  eontaiuiug  dark  streaks 
occurs  ou  South  Fork  of  INTorced  River,  ('alcite  crystals  occur  with 
(juartz  and  arseiio]\yrite  at  the  Smilli  mine,  Bear  Valley. 

Merced  County :  A  strontian-liearing  ealcite  is  said  to  occur  at 
Delhi. 

Modoc  CouiitN':   Small  stalactites  occur  on  South  Fork  of  Pitt  River. 

Mono  County :  A  large  deposit  of  1  rayertine  occurs  near  Bridge- 
port, (lood  crystals  have  come  from  the  Bodie  district.  A  mass  of 
white  uuirble  occurs  in  canyon  southeast  of  Topaz. 

Monterey  County:  Large  perfect  crystals  occur  near  Soledad. 
Deposit  of  linu'stone  near  Natividad,  i)-^  miles  from  Salinas. 

Napa  County:  Onyx  mai'l)lc  has  come  .from  a  plac(>  called  Zem  Zem 
near  Knoxville. 

Nevada  County :  Common  in  the  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City 
mines.  Fine  scalenohedrons  have  come  from  the  Pittsburg  mine.  Found 
northeast  of  Nevada  City  on  banks  of  South  Yuba  River.  Caleite  crys- 
tals occur  with  kannnererite  at  the  Red  Ledge  mine,  near  Washington. 

Orange  County :  Greenish  and  white  marble  occur  in  Cool  Canyon 
on  west  side  of  iNFt.  Downey,  Santa  Ana  Range.  Fossiliferous  beds 
occur  near  El  Toro. 

Placer  County :  One  of  the  minerals  of  the  Ophir  district,  Lind- 
gren^^^  A  verd-anti(iue  variety  was  found  about  sixteen  miles  north- 
east of  Auburn.  Verd-autiqne  marble  reported  near  Butcher  Ranch; 
white  nuirble  near  llotaling. 

Plumas  County :  Large  divergent  masses  of  caleite  in  the  (Tencssee 
Valley.     ]\larble  occurs  on  sides  of  Middle  Feather  River. 

Riverside  County :  Blue  caleite  occurs  at  Crestmore,  which  is  quar- 
ried for  cement  manufacture.    Ophicalcite  is  foiuid  on  the  P]agle  IMoun 
tains. 

San  Benito  County :  Found  in  the  rocks  adjoining  the  benitoite  veins 
near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River,  Louderback'^-\ 

San  Bernardino  County:  A  large  deposit  of  beautiful  variegated 
marble  occurs  at  the  Geni  INIarble  quarries  in  the  Silver  Mountain 
district  about  five  miles  south  of  Oro  Grande  which  is  now  quarried  for 
cement.  Also  on  Slover  ]\Iountain,  near  Colton,  gray  limestone  is 
((uarried  for  cement.  Large  caleite  cleavage  masses  with  black  carbo- 
naceous matter  arranged  zonally,  and  twinned  on  the-iR  face,  occur  six 
miles  northwest  of  Ludlow.  Verd-antique  marble  <>n  ]Mo,jave  Desert 
about  sixteen  miles  from  Victorville.  Tjarge  deposit  of  white,  pink  and 
blue  near  Baxter.  Iceland  spar  occurs  in  Cave  Canyon  district,  near 
Yermo. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  129 

San  Die^ro  County:  AVliilc  and  ^i*ay  banded  marble  on  Los  Penas- 
quitas  Creek.  Dark  jLirax  marble  near  Jacumba ;  larj^e  bed  of  wliite 
speckled  marble  4^  miles  northeast  of  Dos  Cabezas  Springs. 

San  Franeisco  County  :  Sealenohedrons  of  ealcite  occur  at  Fort  Point. 
They  have  the  forms:  (5382),  (23o8),  (4.16.20.3),  (1.6.7.13),  Schal- 
ler<s). 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Beautiful  onyx  iiuirble  with  moss-like 
inclusions  of  greenish  chlorite  imparting  a  landscape  effect  to  the  trans- 
lucent thin  slabs  occurs  at  the  Kesseler  deposit,  about  seventeen  miles 
northeast  of  Arroyo  Grande. 

San  Mateo  County  :  Crystals  have  come  from  near  S{ui  Pedro.  Ocrtiis 
as  ei-ystalline  veins  in  limestone  at  ^lontara. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Pink  rhoml)ohedrons  found  on  Santa  Cata- 
'jna  Island. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Yellow,  white  and  brown  marble  five  miles 
southeast  of  New  Almaden. 

Santa  Cruz  County:  Large  masses  on  Ben  Lomond,  west  of  Felton. 
Coar.^ely  crystalline  limestone  on  northwest  side  of  San  Felipe  Canyon, 
northwest  of  Santa  Cruz ;  also  one  mile  from  Santa  Cruz. 

Shasta  County :  Large  stalactites  and  tubular  shapes  occur  in  Pot- 
ter's Cave,  neiw  l>aird,  Eakle'"'.  Marble  deposit  reported  five  miles 
cast  o^  Kennett. 

Siskiyou  County:  Large  deposits  of  white  and  variegated  marble 
occur  on  Marble  Mountain. 

Solano  County:  Onyx  marble  and  massive  limestone  occurs  near 
Tolenas.     A  brown  banded  onyx  marble  occurred  near  Suisun, 

Sonoma  County :  Ijow  rhom])ohedrons  of  ealcite  occur  in  geodes  near 
Petaluma. 

Trinity  Comity:  CMlcite  oi-ciirs  with  garnet  and  epidote  at  Red 
^fountain. 

Tuhii-e  County  :  Dju-k  giviy  iniirl)lo  on  James  Ranch,  efght,  miles  soutli- 
east  of  Porterville. 

Tuolumne  County:  White  and  blue-veined  marble  occurs  in  an 
extensive  deposit  on  the  Stcinislaus  River  a  few  miles  north  of  Columbia. 
Fine  crystals  with  the  forms  (lOTO),  (OlTl),  and  (3121)  were  found  at 
the  Keltz  mine.  Large  stalactites  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Cave  near 
Columbia.  The  mai'ble  (luai-ries  three  miles  northwest  of  Columbia  on 
Staui'laiLs  River  are  well  known  in  the  State. 

Yuba  County:  Marble  on  north  and  .south  side  of  Yuba  River,  and 
on  Oregon  Creek. 


»-22132 


]30  STATE    MIXING   BUREAU. 

133.     DOLOMITE — Magnesium    Limestone. 

Carbonate  of  magnesium  and  calcium  (Ca,Mg)  CO3. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  usually  with  curved  faces  and  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  rhombohedral.  Color  white,  gray,  brown,  pink. 
11  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  2.S8. 

Refractive   indices:     £  =  1.500;  (^  =  l.(iSl. 

Effervesces  feebly  in  cold  dilute  acids.  Best  distinguished  from  calcite 
in  the  wet  way.  After  removal  of  the  calcium  by  its  precii)itatiou  with 
ammonium  oxalate,  the  magnesium  is  obtained  from  the  filtered  solution  by 
precipitating  with   sodium   phosphate. 

Dolomite  is  a  common  mineral,  but  is  not  so  abundant  as  calcite. 
Much  of  the  limestone  and  marble  of  the  State  is  dolomitic,  and  some 
is  doubtless  pure  dolomite,  but  the  amount  and  localities  are  unknown 
since  the  two  carbonates  are  only  chemicall.y  differentiated.  The  min- 
eral is  commonly  associated  with  magnesian  silicates,  especially  the 
serpentine  rocks,  in  which  it  is  often  found  as  white  veins. 

Alameda  County :  Some  dolomite  occurs  in  the  manganese  district 
about  fiften  miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Calaveras  County:  "White  crystals  of  dolomite  occurred  in  the  gold- 
bearing  schist  of  Carson  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County :  A  large  vein  occurs  at  the  Laskin  mine,  one-half 
mile  east  of  Diamond  Springs. 

Inyo  County :  The  variegated  and  white  marbles  of  the  Inyo  ]Moun- 
tains  are  dolomitic.  Good  crystals  were  found  in  the  San  Felipe  mine. 
A  commercial  body  occurs  at  the  Bodgley  quarrA-.'  four  miles  north  of 
Keeler. 

^Monterey  County:  Occurs  at  Natividad.  Large  deposit  of  dolomite 
occurs  lying  along  the  foothills  six  mile.s  east  of  Salinas. 

Nevada  County:  Dolomite  occurs  as  veins  in  the  serpentine  at 
Nevada  City. 

Orange  County :  A  mass  of  dolomite  with  gypsum  occuts  in  Gyp- 
•  sum  Canyon,  west  slope  of  Santa  Ana  Range. 

Plumas  County :    Silicious  dolomite  is  common  in  the  Diadem  Lode. 
Riverside  County :    Dolomite  in  a  variety  of  colors  occurs  on  the 
Eagle  Mountains. 

San  Benito  County:  Pure  white  dolomite  is  found  in  a  large  body 
about  ten  miles  southwesj;  of  IloUister.  ]\lassive  dolomite  occurs  wast 
and  southwest  of  llollister.  Crystals  occur  at  Sa'iip.son  ^lagnesito  mine 
near  New  Idria. 

San  Bernardino  County :  ^Fassive  near  Victorville,  associated  with 
bodies  of  calcite. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  A  vein  of  white  dolomite  occurs  in  Little 
Falls  Canyon. 


MINERALS   or    CALIFORNIA.  131 

Santa  Clara  County:  Large  specimens  of  drusy  crystal lizations  and 
low  rhombohedrons  of  snow-white  dolomite  occurred  in  the  New  Al- 
inaden  and  Guadalu])e  (luicksilvcr  mines. 

Tnoluifine  County  :  Dolomite  is  a  common  associate  of  the  mariposite 
schists  of  the  mines  n«'ar  Jamestown.  Part  of  the  limestone  nOiir  Sonora 
is  dolomite. 

134.     ANKERITE. 
Carbonate  of  calcium,  magnesium  and  iron,  CaCOa.MfiCOs.FeCOj. 

Hexagonal,  rliombohedral.  Generally  massive.  Cleavage  like  calcite. 
Color  white  to  brown.     H  =  3:5  —  4;  G  =  2.95  —  3.1. 

Uffrac-tivi-  iiulifi's :    £=1.520;  (^  =  1.716. 

Becomes  magnetic  on  heating.  The  presence  of  the  three  bases,  iron, 
talcium  and  magnesium,  is  determined  by  their  precipitation  from  the  acid 
solution  with  iimmonin.  aniuiiiiim  oxalate  and  sodium  phosphate  in  the 
order   given. 

Ankerite  is  sometimes  classed  as  an  iron-bearing  dolomite.  It  is  a 
very  common  form  of  carbonate  associated  with  the  gold-bearing  schists 
of  the  Mother  Lode  region,  especially  with  the  green  mica,  mariposite. 

Calaveras  ( 'oniity :   Occurs  in  the  schists  at  the  Golden  Gate  mine. 

Mariposa  County:  The  miiieral  was  first  reported  by  Silliman^^)  as 
an  associate  of  mariposite  on  the  Mariposa  Estate.  It  was  prominent  in 
mariposite  schists  at  the  Josephine  mine. 

Tuolumne  County :  Common  on  Quartz  Mountain  and  at  the  Raw- 
hide ranch  mine,  near  Tuttletown.  Reported  from  the  Eagle  Shaw- 
mut  mine  on  Woods  Creek. 


135.     MAGNESITE. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia,  MgCOj. 

He-xagonal,  rliombohedral.  Ci*ystals  are  rare.  Generally  compact  mas- 
sive; sometimes  earthy.  Color  snow-white  to  brown.  Prominent  con- 
choidal  fracture,  of  massive  mineral.     ri  =  3..5  —  4.5;   G  =  3.0  —  3.12. 

Kefrartivo   indices:    £=].."09;   ,,,  =  1.700. 

Cold  dilute  iiydnx-hloric  ncid  hiis  little  effect,  but  wln'ii  IicmI'mI  it  efTer- 
\-('sces  frei'ly.  The  solution,  wlien  trcjited  by  ainuiouia.  anuuoniuni  oxnlat<» 
and  sodium  i)bosi)bate.  will  give  an  important  precipitate  only  wlicn  the 
last  K^agent  is  used.  Magnesite  moistem-d  with  cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely 
heuted.  will  tui-n  ])ink. 

Magnesite  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  California  because  of  the 
great  areas  of  serpentine  from  which  it  is  an  alteration  product.  It  is 
characteristic  of  the  serpentinized  rock  to  be  intersected  by  veins  and 
patches  of  the  snow-white  to  light  bufip  carbonate,  some  of  these  veins 
forming  important  deposits  of  the  mineral.  The  main  deposits  lie  in 
the  serpentine  belts  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  but  minor  deposits  also  occur 
in  the  serpentines  of  the  Sierras.     The  mineral  is  almost  uniformly  in 


132  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

cryptocrystalliue  masses  with  prominent  couchoidal  fracture,  and  the 
silieious  varieties  are  very  hard.  A  bulletin  on  the  maguesite  deposits 
of  the  State  has  been  issued  by  Hess^^^  who  gives  the  analyses  cited 
below.  • 

Alameda  County:  Small  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  on  Cedar 
Mountain,  about  twentj'-two  miles  southeast  of  Livermore.  Stray  boul- 
der* found  on  Hoyle's  Ranch,  eleven  miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Calaveras  County :  Veins  occur  near  San  Andreas. 

Fresno  County:  A  very  pure  magnesite  occurs  in  veins  on  Kings 
River  at  Piedra,  nine  miles  east  of  Sanger.  Deposits  at  Piedra  and 
Watt  Valley,  latter  showing  peculiar  surface  jointage  cracks. 

Kern  County :  Some  veins  are  found  near  Walker 's  Pass,  east  of 
Bakersfield.  A  sedimentary  bedded  deposit  interstratified  Avith  clay 
and  clay  shales  occurs  about  three-quarters  mile  north  of  Bissell  Station, 
eleven  miles  east  of  Mojave,  Gale.*"' 

Kings  County :   Occurs  in  southwest  corner  of  county  near  Parkfield. 

Los  Angeles  County:  A  small  deposit  occurs  in  serpentine  on  a 
branch  of  San  Franeisquito  Canyon. 

]\Iendocino  County :  Pure  white  veins  on  Hixon  ranch,  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Cloverdale. 

SiOa        AI2O3       FeaOs        CaO  MgrO  CO2 

0.41         0.28         0.12         0.03         47.16         51.88         =99.88  per  cent 

Deposit  six  miles  north  of  Ilealdsburg.  A  deposit  fifteen  miles  north- 
west of  Cloverdale. 

^lodoc  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  near  Adiu. 

^Monterey  County :  Found  three  miles  east  of  Parkfield. 

Napa  County :  A  large  number  of  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  of 
the  county.  Very  prominent  in  Chiles  Valley,  about  thirteen  miles 
from  Rutherford.     Analyses  of  the  mineral  from  this  locality  gave : 

Si02         AI0O3        FeoOs        CaO        MgO  CO-         H^O 

2.1.T         1.22         1.16         5.28         41.01         48.72  "__  =   99.54  per  cent 

1.81  0.08  tr.  46.55         51.25         0.32         =100.01 

6.6S       15.10  —  __  37.20         40.98  __  =   99.96 

Veins  also  occur  on  the  east  side  of  Pope  Valley,  in  Soda  Creek 
Canyon,  and  in  the  serpentine  of  Beryessa  Valley.  ]\Iag-nesite  is  one  of 
the  mo.st  important  minerals  of  the  county.  The  deposits  are  mainly 
in  Pope  and  Chiles  Valleys.  Large  deposit  of  yellowish  brown  limon- 
itic  miignesite  in  the  White  Rock  deposit. 

Nevada  County:  Narrow  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  at  Nevada 
City. 

Placer  County :  Veins  occur  near  Damascus  and  Michigan  Bluff  and 
at  Gold  Run.  Deposits  occur  about  five  miles  northeast  of  Iowa  Hill, 
and  near  Towle. 


.MIXKRALS    UK    CALIFORNIA.  133 

Riverside  County :  Veins  are  found  in  a  hill  of  serpentine,  about 
three  miles  south  of  Winehester,  which  are  worked  for  cement  purposes. 

SiO;         AUO3       I'-e^O,        CaO  :Mg:0  CO- 

4.73         0.12         O.OS'        0.43         44.77         49.40         =99.53  per  cent 

San  Benito  County :  Large  deposits  on  west  .^lope  of  Sampson  Peak, 
three  miles  southwest  of  New  Idrin.  Some  of  the  magnesite  at  Sampson 
mine  is  coated  with  dolomite. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  in  the  Quaker  (iroup,  four  miles 
south  of  Cima.    The  mineral  has  been  observed  near  Needles. 

San  Francisco  County:  Small  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  at  Fort 
Point. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Small  veins  on  the  Kiser  ranch  about  nine 
miles  northwest  of  Cambria. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Some  veins  exist  in  the  mountains  back  of 
Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Large  veins  exist  in  the  Diablo  Kangc  in  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  county.  An  analysis  of  quite  pure  magnesite 
from  the  Alameda  claim  gave : 

SiO;        AI2O3       FesOs        CaO  MgO  CO2 

0.73         0.14         0.21         0.40         4G.61         51.52         =99.61  per  cent 

An  analysis  of  butf-colored  silieious  magnesite  from  the  Cochrane 
ranch,  about  four  miles  from  Morgan  Hill  Station,  gave: 

SiO"  AlcC-,        FeoQ:,  CaO  MgO  CO2 

49.85         3.45         0.18         0.48         21.53         23.96         =99.45  per  cent 

Analysis  of  the  mineral  from  veins  in  serpentine  near  Coyote  gave: 

siOo         AL-O-,        Fe-jOs        CaO  JIgO  CO- 

0.30        0.16        0.38         1.34         45.86         51.80         =99.74  per  cent 

The  mineral  oecui-s  prominently  at  the  ^ladrone  ^Magnesite  mine,  near 
]\[adrone. 

Sonoma  County:  There  are  luiiuerous  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  the 
countA\  and  IIcss  gives  several  analyses.  1.  Veins  near  Preston  called 
the  Kelling  deposit  contain  an  isomorphous  mixture  of  siderite; 
2.  Verdi  Ranch,  near  Cloverdale ;  3.  Gillam  Creek  deposit  on  steep 
west  side  of  creek,  about  seven  miles  northwest  of  Guerneville ;  4.  Red 
Slide  deposit  in  valley  of  East  Austin  Creek,  about  eight  miles  north  of 
Cazadero. 


SiOi 

Al.Os 

Fe203 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

3.     1.60 

0.25 

1.09 

1.04 

45.20 

50.43 

=99.61  per  cent 

of  0.51 
-  1  0.23 

1.98 

0.16 

0.59 

45.84 

50.80 

=  99.88 

0.04 

0.20 

0.19 

46.88 

51.57 

=  99.11 

3.     3.51 

1.10 

0.80 

1.46 

43.65 

49.16 

=  99.68 

4.     7.67 

0.26 

0.20 

0.04 

48.42 

48.08 

=  99.76 

134  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Stanislaus  County :  The  veins  of  the  American  Magnesite  Company 
extend  across  the  line  from  Santa  Clara  County.  Occurs  in  the  south- 
west corner  of  this  county.    High  grade  from  the  Quinto  mining  claim. 

Tulare  County:  A  large  amount  of  magnesite  has  been  mined  from 
veins  on  hills  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Porterville.  Hess  gives 
several  analyses  of  the  mineral  from  this  county.  1.  From  the  serpen- 
tine hills  near  the  chi-ysoprase  locality,  about  eight  miles  southeast  of 
Porterville;  2.  On  range  of  hills  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Porter- 
ville; 3.  From  veins  on  South  Fork  of  Tule  River. 


SIO2 

AloOs         FeoOa 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

1. 

0.31 

0.11         0.08 

0.24 

47.22 

51.64 

=  99.60  per  cent 

2 

\  2.2.S 

0.03         0.26 

1.32 

45.17 

50.74 

=99.80  / 

1  0.00 

0.49 

1.49 

44.39 

50.06 

\ 

3. 

o.so 

0.42         0.20 

1.02 

45.94 

51.30 

=  99.68 

Small  veins  also  occur  in  Round  Valley,  about  four  miles  east  of 
Lindsay ;  on  Rocky  Hill,  about  two  miles  east  of  Exeter,  with  call- 
fornite;  near  Naranjo  with  white  opal;  and  near  Auckland.  Deposit 
at  the  Alpha  claim  3^  miles  east  of  Strathmore  of  high  grade.  White 
River  deposits  five  miles  west  of  Tailholt. 


136.     SIDERITE— Spathic    Ore. 
Carbonate  of  iron,  FeCOj 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  with  curved  faces,  also  massive. 
Cleavage  pei'fect  rhombohedral.  Color  ash-gray  to  dark  brown.  Vitreous  to 
pearly  luster.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  3.8. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.633;  4^  =  1.875. 

Effen'esces  only  in  hot  hydrochloric  acid.     Becomes  magnetic  on  heating. 

The  iron  carbonate  is  occasionally  found  in  the  mining  regions  in 
drusy  crystallizations  associated  with  pyrite  and  galena,  but  the  mineral 
does  not  appear  to  be  very  common  in  the  State. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurs  with  albite,  caleite  and  quartz  at  Campo 
Seco. 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurs  with  ealcite  and  albite  at  the  Red  Hill 
mine,  Kelsey  mining  district. 

Imperial  County:  Occurs  with  spectdai;  hematite  in  ([uartz,  near 
Bard. 

Inyo  County :  Small  masses  have  been  found  at  the  Custer  mine, 
Coso  district. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Some  massive  siderite  occurs  in  the  Tejunga 
Canyon. 

]Maripc)sa  County:  Found  with  caleite  at  Devils  Gulch. 

Mono  County:    Occurs  with  limonite  and  hematite  near  Benton. 

Plumas  County:  A  common  carlionate  associated  with  the  copper 
nunerals  of  the  Engels  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  135 

Santa  Clara  County:  A  deposit  occurs  on  the  Weber  Kancli.  in  Los 
Animos  Hills,  three  miles  northeast  of  ]\Iadrone ;  large  masses  on  Red 
Mountain:  on  Coyoti'  Creek  4^  miles  east  of  ^Nladrone;  small  irregular 
bunches  three  miles  east  of  Coyote  on  west  slope  of  ]\Ietcalf  Canyon. 

Shasta  County:  According  to  Fairbanks'^^)  siderite  occurs  in  large 
masses  in  this  county  east  of  the  Stillwater  region. 

137.     RHODOCHROSITE. 

Carbonate  of  maugaueso,   MnCO;. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  SmaH  crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage  per- 
fect rhomholiedral.  Color  rose-red  •r  gray.  Vitreous  luster.  11  =  3.5 — 4.5; 
G  =  3.45— 3.()0. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.597:  (,j  =  1.n17. 

Its  efferve.«couces  and  wine  or  amethystine  bead  with  borax  serve  to 
distinguish  it. 

Few  good  specimens  of  the  rose-red  carbonate  have  been  found  in  the 
State.  The  mineral  is  generally  found  in  gold-silver  regions  where 
manganese  is  associated  with  the  veins. 

In  many  of  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  State  the  gray  carbonate 
is  quite  abundant  as  tlie  primary  mineral. 

Alameda  CouTity :  Rhodochrosite,  both  gray  and  pink,  occurs  com- 
monly in  the  pdlomelane  mines  of  the  Tesla  district,  southeast  of  Liv- 
ermore.  Occurs  on  the  Arroyo  ]Mocho  road  southeast  of  Livermore, 
with  the  black  oxide  of  manganese.  Found  at  the  ^Ferehant  mine  nine 
miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Amador  County:  Occurs  with  black  manganese  oxides  two  miles 
east  of  Pine  Grove. 

Butte  County :  The  mineral  has  been  found  on  the  North  Fork  of  the 
Feather  River. 

^ladera  County :  Occurs  near  Coarse  Gold  with  manganese  minerals. 

Mariposa  County :  In  Indian  Gulch  gray  and  red  rhodochrosite  is 
associated  with  psilomelane. 

^lendocino  County :   In  Mt.  Sanhedron  Group  at  Impassable  Rock. 

Placer  County :  Small  druses  of  the  mineral  have  been  found  in  some 
of  the  mines  of  the  county. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Good  specimens  occur  at  the  New  York 
mine  near  ]\ranvel.  Rt'i)orted  as  a  vein  mineral  in  quartz  at  the  Saga- 
more mine.  New  York  ^Mountains. 

San  Joaquin  County :    In  the  Ladd  mine  of  Corral  Hollow. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Oeciirred  as  pink  crvstals  showing  steep  nega- 
tive rhombohedron  (0221)  with  occasionally  the.  unit  rhombohedron 
(lOTl).  in  the  manganese  boulder  near  Alum  Rock  Park,  five  miles 
east  of  San  Jose,  Rogers'^'. 

Stanislaus  County :  With  caJcite  and  pyrolusite  in  tlie  Buckeye  Man- 
ganese mine,  Hospital  Creek. 


136  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

138.     SMITHSONITE— Dry   Bone. 
Carbonate  of  zinc,  ZnCOa. 
Hexagonal,  ihombobedral.     Drusy  crystals  and  massive;  often  bone-like. 
Color  grayisb,  bluish,  greenish.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5;  G  =  4.45. 
Refractive  iudici's  :    £  =  1.G1S;  ^.^^  1.818. 

Effervesces  i-eadily  iu  hydrochloric  acid.  Fused  with  sodium  carbonate 
on  charcoal,  liecomes  yellow  while  hot  and  white  when  cold.  Moistened 
with  cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely  hciited,  assumes  the  yellowish-gi-een  color, 
characteristic   of   zinc   minerals. 

Smithsonite  is  a  secondary  mineral  more  often  found  iu  silver-lead 
districts.  It  is  usually  associated  with  lead  carbonate  and  the  silicates 
of  zinc. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  cerussite  at  the  ]\Iodoc  mine,  Cerro  Gordo, 
Hanks^*'*.  Present  also  at  the  Ignacio  mine  with  calamine  and  willemite. 
An  unu.sual  stalactite  form  of  the  zinc  carbonate  occurs  at  Cerro  Gordc. 
Occurs  with  calamine  at  Camp  Burgess.  Found  in  the  limestone  foot- 
wall  of  Cerro  Gordo  mine.  With  cerussite  and  galena  in  limestone  a: 
Redwing  and  Noonday  mines.  Resting  Springs  district.  Common  at 
the  ]\Iiuneatta  mine.  Occurs  with  galena  and  cerussite  in  limestone  at 
the  Ophir  mine. 

Kern  County :  Occurred  in  drusy  veins  at  the  Jewett  mine  on  Cot- 
tonwood Creek. 

San  Bernardino  County :  With  calamine  at  the  Cuticura  mine,  near 
Daggett.  Occurs  witli  cerussite,  angiesite,  linarite  and  galena  in  dolo- 
mite at  the  Ibex  mine.  Black  ^Mountains,  six  miles  north  of  Saratoga 
Springs.     Found  at  tli(>  Ophir  mine.  Slate  Range. 


139.     ARAGONITE. 
Carbonate  of  calcium,  CaCO^. 

Orthorhombic.  Slender  prisms,  acicular,  fibrous,  stalactitic,  massive. 
Colorless,  white,  yellow,  brown.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4;  G--2.93  — 
2.95. 

Refractive   indices:     oc=l.")31:   ^  =  1.«382;   ^  =  1.086. 

Distinguished  from  calcite  by  its  action  with  cobalt  nitrate.  Th?  powder 
boiled  in  a  solution  of  cobalt  nitrate,  turns  violet  and  the  solution  also  as- 
sumes this  color.  Whereas  calcite  has  no  effect  on  the  solution.  Other 
reactions  the  same  as  for  calcite. 

The  distinction  between  calcite  and  aragonite  has  seldom  been  made, 
and  much  of  the  })anded  onyx  marble  of  the  State  has  been  erroneously 
called  aragonite.  The  fine  snow-white  branching  stalactitic  form  of 
aragonite,  calk'd  ^'fios  fcrri,"  is  exceptional  in  its  occurrence  in  the 
State. 

Calaveras  County:  Fine  stalactites  of  "flos  ferri"  have  come  from  a 
cave  near  ^lurpli\'.  Fine  nia.sscs  have  been  found  in  tlie  ^Morgan  mine. 
Carson  Hill. 


MINERALS    Ol'    CALIFORNIA.  137 

{'oliisa  County:  Found  with  sulpliui-  ;it  Sulphur  Creek.  A  l)eautirul 
liaiuled  ilarU  brown  onyx  niarl)le  occurs  near  Sulpluii-  Creek.  Masses 
liave  eome  from  the  ('andaee  mine. 

i'hicer  County:  Said  to  occur  at  Gold  Run. 

River.^ido  County:  Small  amoi;nt.s  of  fibrous  ara^onite  weie  found  at 
Crestmoi'e. 

San  Benito  County  :  Occurs  in  tlie  rocks  adjoining  the  benitoite  veins 
as  radiate  bunches  and  stringei's  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito 
River.  TjOuderback^-\ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Said  to  have  occurred  with  priceite,  Silli- 
man'^\  l)robably  from  Calico.  Occurs  with  calcite  in  the  limestone  of 
Slover  Mountains  near  Colton. 

San  Francisco  County:  Found  as  thin  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  Fort 
Point.  Kakle(i>. 

Solano  County:  Some  aragonite  is  formed  at  the  Tolenas  Springs. 

Tuolumne  County:  Occurs  as  bunches  in  the  basaltic  rock  of  Table 
Mountain. 

140.     STRONTIANITE. 

Carbonate  of  stroutium,  SrCO^. 

Orthorhombic.  Columnar  mas.ses,  fibrous,  granular.  Cleavage  pris- 
matic. Color  white,  pale  green,  yellowish.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4; 
G  =  3.68  — 3.71. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =:  1  ••"»-*' :  0~l.i\^u:  -y^l.t'diT. 

Effervesces  like  calcite.  Distinguished  from  calcitf  hy  its  peniiancni 
dci'l)  crimson  flame  obtained  b.v  taking  a  little  of  the  i>o\vder  on  a  platinum 
wire  miiist(Mied  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  holding  it  in  a  colorless  B'unsen 
HauK'.     .\ls()  b.v  its  suliihate  being  more  insohible  than  calcium  sulphate. 

The  sli'ontia  eoin()))Uii(ls  are  of  recent  ilisrovei-y  in  the  State,  and  the 
carbonate  has  been  found  in  several  localities. 

Inyo  County:  A  deposit  of  brown  massive  strontian  cai'bonatc  occurs 
three  miles  west  of  Shoshone. 

Plumas  County:  Large  masses  of  divergent  columnar  strontianite 
were  found  in  the  Genessee  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Large  deposits  occur  as  brown  fibrous  dnOi 
gray  granular  masses  in  limestone  on  ]\Iud  Hills,  or  Strontium  Hills, 
ten  miles  north  of  Barstow.  Some  eelestite  and  gypsum  are  associated. 
The  deposit  has  been  described  by  Knopf'^'. 


138  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

141.  WITHERITE 
Carbonate  of  barium,  DaCOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Soldom  iu  sood  crystals.  Usually  columnar  or  iiranular. 
Poor  cloavagi'.     Color  white  or  gray.     II  =  ."> — 3.75;  G  =  4.2T. 

Refractive   indices:       oc=l-'^^;    /J  =  1.C76;   y  =  l.G77. 

Infusible.  Cives  alkaline  reaction  on  turmeric  paper.  Easily  soluble  with 
offervesceuce  in  hydrochloric  acid.  On  adding  sulphuric  acid,  barium  sul- 
phate is  precipitated.     Gives  green  flame  of  barium. 

Sometimes  found  associated  with  barite,  but  it  is  very  rare  in  this 
country. 

]Maripo.sa  County  :  Massive  witherite  occurs  with  barite  in  the  deposit 
near  El  Portal.  This  is  the  only  commercial  deposit  known  in  the 
United  States. 

Shasta  County  :  On  BecLium  Creek,  near  Platina.     ]\Iassive. 

142.  CERUSSITE. 

Carbonate  of  lead,  PbCOa. 

Orthorhombic.  Platy  crystals.  Generally  massive.  Color  gray,  cream- 
white,  brown.     Adamantine  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  —  3.5;  G  =  6.46  —  6.57. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.S(U:  y5  =  l>.(>7G:  y  =  2.078. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  effervescenc".  P'asily  fusible.  Fused  on  char- 
coal with  sodium  carbonate,  reduces  to  metallic  globules  of  lead  and  gives 
yellow  coating. 

The  carbonate  of  lead  is  a  common  alteration  product  of  galena,  and 
in  all  mines  carrying  much  lead  sulphide  it  is  to  be  found  in  the 
oxidized  portion  of  the  veins.  It  generally  occurs  as  heavy  gray  or 
brown  masses,  but  is  occasionally  found  in  cream-white  platy  crystals 
in  the  porous  ore  and  galena  cavities.  In  silver  districts  it  is  frequently 
rich  in  silver  and  forms  the  chief  ore. 

Imperial  County :  Occurs  in  small  veins  and  pockets  five  miles  east  of 
Pieacho. 

Inyo  County:  Large  crystals  were  found  in  the  Russ  district,  W.  P. 
Blake"''.  A  common  mineral  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  other  silver  dis- 
tricts of  the  county.  With  galena  at  the  ^Montezuma  mine,  ten  miles 
southeast  of  Big  Pine ;  with  galena  and  smithsonite  in  limestone  at  the 
Ophir  mine.  Slate  Range ;  at  the  Redwing  mine  with  smithsonite ;  at 
the  Santa  Rosa  mine.  Lee  district ;  with  smithsonite  in  limestone  at  the 
Ventura  mine ;  common  in  the  Carbonate  mine ;  with  galena  and  smith- 
sonite at  the  Noonday  mine ;  large  crystals  with  anglesite  at  the  Ube- 
hebe  mine ;  occurs  with  galena,  ehalcopyrite  and  native  copper  in  lime- 
stone at  Chloride  Cliff,  Grapevine  Range. 

Kern  Count}' :  With  galena  seven  miles  northwest  of  Randsburg. 

Mono  County:  Common  in  the  Blind  Springs  district,  Goodyear^^^ 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  with  galena  in  gold-bearing  quartz  at  the 
Free  Coinage  and  Steel  mines,  Hodges  district,  in  southeast  corner  of 


MINERALS   Of^    CALIFORNIA.  139 

county.     The  load  oarljonate  oecMif.s  in  vci-v  small  amounts  as  an  altera- 
tion of  galena  at  Crestniore. 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  the  hornsilver  districts  of  Calico  and 
Barstow  the  lead  carbonate  was  a  very  prominent  mineral,  Lindgren^^^ 
Storms'^'.  Very  jirominent  in  the  Silver  Reef  disti'ict  near  Oro  Crande. 
Oeeui-s  with  smithsonite  at  the  Silver  Rule  mine,  one-quarter  mile  south 
of  Inyo  county  line.  Occurs  with  siuithsonite,  anglesite,  linarite  and 
galena  in  dolomite  at  the  Ibe.x  mine,  si.x  miles  north  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
Platinum  has  been  identitied  in  a  lead  carbonate  ore  from  the  Piute 
mine,  near  Cima. 

143.     BISMUTOSPHAERITE. 

Carbonate  of  bisinutli,  BiiiCOj. 

Concentric  globular  with  radiating  fibers.  Color  bright  yellow  to  brown. 
H=3  — 3.5;  G=:7.30. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.04;  t^  =  2.13. 

Effervesces  in  acid.  Mixed  with  ])otassium  iodide  and  sulphur  and  fused 
on  charcoal,  it  gives  a  bright  red  coating  on  the  outer  edge  of  a  yellow 
coating. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  formed  by  the  alteration  of  bismuth 
minerals,  and  is  always  secondary. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  grayish  black  masses  and  as  a  yellow 
powder  from  the  alteration  of  native  bismuth  at  Pala,  Schaller^*^ 

144.  PHOSGENITE. 

Chlorocarbonate  of  lead   (PbCl),COa. 

Tetragonal.  I'rismatic  ci-ystals.  Color  white  to  yellow.  Adamantine 
luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3;  G  =  G. 

Kofractivo   indices:     ^  =  2.140;   (,^  =  2.1 14. 

Effervesces  with  dilute  nitric  acid.  Easily  fusible  to  yellow  l)rad.  Kr- 
duced  with  sodium  carbonate  to  metallic  lead.  Fused  with  copper  oxide, 
it  gives  blue  flame  of  copper  chloride. 

Tliis  is  a  very  rare  lead  compound,  and  but  one  locality  in  the  State 
is  known  for  its  occurrence. 

Inyo  County :  A  specimen  was  found  of  acicular,  straw-yellow 
crystals  in  cjuartz  at  the  Silver  Sprout  mine,  Hanks^^\ 

145.  NORTHUPITE. 

Double  carbonate  of  sodium  and  magnesium  with  sodium  chloride, 

Na2CO3.MgCO3.NaCl. 

Isometric.  Octahedral  crystals.  Colorless  to  brownish.  Vitreous  luster. 
11  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  2.38. 

llefractive  index:    « =  1.514. 

Easily  fusible,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  SolubU'  in  dilute  acid, 
frum  whieli  magnesia  can  be  prccipitatt^d. 

Northupite  is  a  new  mineral,  only  known  to  occur  in  this  State. 


140  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

San  Bernardino  Conntj^ :  Some  small  dirty  Avhite  and  dark  brown 
octahedrons  of  the  combined  carbonates  and  chloride  were  discovered 
in  1895  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  and  named  by  Foote^^\  An  analysis 
was  made  by  Pratt^^^. 

CO"  Cl         SOa      MgO      Na.>0      H-O     Insol.  O   for   CI 

35.12     14.10     0.08     16.08     36.99     0.72     0.22     =100.31 —  3.16  =  100.15  per  cent 


146.     TYCHITE. 

Double  carbonate  of  sodium  and  magnesium  with  sodium  sulphate, 

2MgC03.2Na„C03.Na,SO^. 

Isometric.     Small    octahedral    cry.stals.     Color    white.     Vitreous    luster. 
H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.5S. 

Refractive  index:    /i  =  1.508. 

Similar  to  northupite  in  its  reactions. 

This  new  mineral  was  found  with  northupite,  and  likewise  is  only 
known  from  the  one  locality. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  few  small  octahedrons  of  the  combined 
carbonates  and  sulphate  were  mixed  with  the  northupite  crystals  and 
discovered  in  1905  and  named  bv  Penfield  and  Jamieson^^^ 


so,-. 

CO2 

MgO 

Na^O 

15.08 

33.55 

15.83 

35.49 

=  99.95  per  cent 

15.06 

33.45 

15.77 

35.65 

=  99.93 

HYDROUS    CARBONATES. 

147.      MALACHITE— Green    Copper 

Basic  carbonate  of  copper,  CuC03.Cu(0H);. 

Alonoclinic.     Fibrous,  radiating  tufts,  botryoidal.  stalactitic.     Color  green. 
Streak  green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  4. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.655;  ^=  1.875;  ,,  =  1.009. 
BflFervesces  in  nitric  acid.     Ammonia  turns  solution  deep  hlu(\ 

Malachite  is  to  he  found  practically  in  every  locality  where  there  is 
the  least  trace  of  copper,  as  it  is  the  common  alteration  mineral  of 
copper  compounds.  As  an  iiulieation  of  the  presence  of  copper,  it 
occurs  in  green  coatings  and  stains,  and  in  the  oxidized  portion  of 
copper  veins  it  often  forms  beautiful  drusy  and  velvety  crystallizations. 
Azurite  is  often  associated. 

Amador  County :  Fine  reniform  masses  have  come  from  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Frequently  seen  at  Campo  Seco  and  Copperopolis, 
but  more  as  stains  than  as  good  specimens.  Fine  specimens  came  from 
the  old  Hughes  mine.  W.  P.  Blake^^\ 

Del  Norte  County:  Occurs  with  magnetite  and  chalcocite  at  French 
Hill ;  with  chalcopyrite  and  bornite  at  the  Diamond  mine.  Low  Divide ; 
at  the  Morning  Star  mine.  Rockland  district,  associated  with  magnetite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  141 

Humboldt  Coiuity :  Excellent  specimens  have  come  from  Horse 
Mountain,  also  from  the  Mattole  district. 

Inyo  County :  Good  drusy  uuilachite  occurred  in  the  Cerro  Gordo 
district.  Found  associated  witli  clirysocoUa  ten  miles  east  of  Death 
Valley  Junction. 

Kern  County:  Found  in  the  San  Emidio  Canyon  a.ssociated  with 
azurite. 

Kings  County :    Observed  at  Anshall  Creek. 

Lake  County:  Occurs  on  the  Langtry  Ranch,  seven  miles  south  of 
Middletown. 

La-ssen  County:  Associated  with  azurite  at  Copper  King  mine,  near 
Westwood. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Occurs  with  azurite  on  Upper  San  Gabriel 
River. 

Mariposa  County:  Fine  drusy  coatings  and  excellent  specimens  of 
crystallized  malachite  occur  at  the  White  Rock  mine.  Good  specimens 
with  azurite  at  the  Peter.son  and  Cornet  mines. 

^lendocino  County:  AVith  native  copper  in  serpentine  at  Red  ^loun- 
tain,  ten  miles  southeast  -of  Ukiah.  In  the  Anderson  Valley  as  altera- 
tion of  chalcopyrite. 

Mono  County :  Common  alteration  mineral  in  the  Blind  Springs 
district.  Good  specimens  of  malachite  with  cuprite  and  melaconite 
occur  at  the  Detroit  mine. 

Monterey  County:  Some  malachite  has  been  observed  in  the  serpen- 
tine east  of  Parkfield. 

Napa  County :  Occurred  with  some  covellite  and  chalcocite  in  the 
Jumper  group  of  mines. 

Placer  County :  Large  amounts  witli  native  copper  at  the  Algol  mine, 
nine  miles  northeast  of  Lincoln. 

Plumas  County :  Good  specimens  associated  with  bornite  and  chalco- 
cite occur  in  Ijight's  Canyon.  Large  masses  in  limestone  at  the  Bluebell 
mine,  Genessee  district.  With  azurite  as  a  vein  in  the  Pettinger  mine, 
near  Taylorville.  Excellent  specimens  with  chalcocite  at  Green  Ledge, 
Genessee  Valley.  As  an  alteration  of  chalcocite  and  bornite  at  the 
Oregon,  Olympia,  Polar  Star  and  Engel  mines.  Occurs  in  a  bante 
gangue  with  hematite  and  yellow  limonite,  in  Cook's  Canyon. 

Riverside  County :  Observed  in  the  ^lonte  Negro  district  as  an  altera- 
tion of  chalcopyrite.  Occurs  with  azurite  and  cuprite  in  Ironwood, 
Palen  and  Santa  Maria  ^Mountains.  Green  copper  carbonate  occurs  as 
an  alteration  of  copper  sulphides  at  Crestmore. 

San  Benito  County :  Associated  with  azurite  at  the  Towle  Copper 
mine  near  Elkhorn. 


142  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Sail  Bernardino  County:  One  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Calico 
district;  also  (piite  common  in  the  oxidized  copper  ores  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county.  Occurs  witli  cluilcocite  and  bornite  four  miles  east 
of  Judson. 

San  Diego  County :  Excellent  specimens  have  come  from  three  miles 
south  of  Julian. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Occurs  on  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  and  on 
Chorro  Creek. 

Trinity  County  :  Observed  on  Uobbyn  Creek.  Sparingly  at  the  Cop- 
])er  Queen  Lode,  Carrville.  Occurs  as  a  secondary  mineral  at  Island 
.Mountain. 

Tuolumne  County :   Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  at  the  Green.stone  mine. 

148.     AZU RITE— Blue   Malachite. 
Basic  carbonate  of  copper,  2CuCOo.Cu(OH);. 

Monocliuic.  Good  crystals,  massive,  cartliy.  Color  deep  azure-blue. 
Streak  light  blue.  Vitroous  to  adamantine  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  3.77 
—  3.83. 

Refractive   indices:    oc  =1-730;   ^  =  1.754;   y:=l.S36. 

Similar  to  uialacliitc  in  reactions,  but  easily  distinguished  by  color. 

The  blue  azurite  is  not  so  common  as  the  green  malachite  with  which 
it  is  usually  found.  It  occurs  generally  in  aggregates  of  distinct 
crystals,  often  lining  cavities  in  liuionitic  and  malachitic  masses.  Most 
copper  districts  may  have  some  azurite  formed  as  an  oxidation  mineral. 

Butte  County :   Observed  with  malachite  near  Bangor. 

Calaveras  County:  Fine  crystals  occurred  with  malachite  at  the  old 
Hughes  mine,  W.  P.  Blake''".  Some  azurite  with  malachite  has  been 
found  in  the  Santa  Cruz  niiiio  near  Kobinsnn's  Ferry.  Also  at  the 
Telegraph  mine,  Hog  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County:  Good  specimens  of  the  two  carbonates  have  been 
found  at  the  Alabastei-  Cave  mine.  Cave  City. 

Inyo  County:  Occui'.s  with  melaconite,  malachite,  and  chry.socolla  in 
the  Creenwater  district.  Black  ^Mountains;  at  the  ^Mountain  View  mine, 
Panamint;  at  the  Half  Dollar  mine  it  occurred  with  pink  and  white 
lepidolite. 

Kern  County :  In  the  Cinco  district  it  is  associated  with  malachite, 
galena,  anglesite  and  ceritssite.  Fine  specimens  have  been  found  in 
San  Emidio  Canyon. 

Lassen  County :   With  malachite  near  Westwood. 

Madera  County :   Occurs  with  malachite  in  the  old  Buchanan  mine. 

Mariposa  County :  Fine  crystals  occur  in  the  Hawlington  district. 
Observed  in  the  White  Rock  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  143 

Modoc  County:  Occurs  seveu  miles  south  of  Fort  Bitlwell  with  iiiahi- 
I'hite,  cuj)rite  and  uative  copper. 

Mono  County :  Crystals  on  limonite  front  tiie  Diana  mine  had  the 
forms:  (001),  (T02),  (012),  (Oil),  (110),  (111),  Jackson^^). 

Napa  County :  Some  azurite  and  malachite  have  been  found  near 
Monticello. 

Placer  County :  Small  amounts  observed  in  copper  mines  seven  miles 
north  of  Auburn. 

Plumas  County :  Occurs  with  malachite  near  Taylor.sville  at  the 
Pettinger  and  Polar  Star  mines. 

Riverside  County:  Occurs  in  the  Ironwood  and  Palen  Mountains 
with  malachite  and  cuprite.  Blue  azurite  is  associated  with  malachite 
at  Crestmore. 

San  Benito  County :  Small  crystals  occur  at  the  Towle  Copper  mine 
near  Elkhorn. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  with  malachite  and  copper  sul- 
phides in  the  Signal  mining  district.  Specimens  have  come  from  the 
Bumper  claims  near  Needles. 

Siskiyou  County :  With  malachite  near  Gazelle  and  in  the  Bonanza 
mine  near  Honolulu. 

Sonoma  County :  Small  perfect  crj'stals  w^ith  malachite  occur  eight 
miles  northea.st  of  Cazadero. 

Trinity  County:  Oecur.s  with  malachite  as  a  secondary  mineral  at 
Island  ^Mountain. 

Tuolumne  County :  01)served  at  Whiske}'  Hill,  and  in  various  mines 
of  the  county  in  small  amounts. 


149.     AURICHALCITE. 

Basic  carbonate  of  zinc  aucl  copper,  2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zu,Cu  I  (Oil).. 

Monoclinic.     Plumose,  tabular,  laminated.     Color  pale  green,  bluish  green. 
Streak  like  color.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  2  ;  G=3.54  —  3.64. 

Refractive  indict^s:     a:=l-C>54j;    «=:1.740;  y  =  1.743. 

Easily  solublo  witli  flforvescciu'c.  In  a  closed  tube,  bla<'k(>ns  and  gives 
water.  On  charcoal,  wiien  mixed  with  sodium  carbonate,  it  gives  yelhiw 
coating   of  zinc  and   globules   of  c'opiier. 

This  is  a  very  rare  .secondary  mineral,  and  has  only  been  found  in 
Iwo  localities  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County :  Plumose  aggregates  and  long  prismatic  crystals 
associated  with  calamine  and  chrysocolla  occurred  in  specimens  from 
the  Cerro  Gordo  mine.  Has  been  mentioned  from  this  locality  by 
Rogers^^>. 

^lono  County :  Occurs  as  pale  green  fissure  fillings  in  magnetite  con- 
taining sphalerite,  from  near  Topaz. 


]44  STATE    MINING   BT'REAU. 

150.      HYDROZINCITE. 

Basic  carbonate  of  zinc,  ZuCOs,  Zu(OH)j. 

Massive  and  cartlu'.  (Icncralh  as  inci-ustaiions.  Snow-white  color. 
Dull  luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  3.58  —  3.8. 

Refractive  indices:     a:  =1.040;  ^=1.7:'.0:  ,,  =  1.750. 

Soluble  with  effervescence  in  dilute  acid.  Gives  water  in  closed  tube. 
Intensely  heated  on  charcoal  with  cobalt  nitrate,  will  assume  green  color  of 
zinc  and  give  globules  of  copper. 

Hydrozincite  is  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  from  the  alteration 
of  sphalerite.     It  is  rare  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County :  Thick  layers  of  the  white  carbonate  occur  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine  with  si)haltn'ite,  willemito  and  calamine;  has  been  men- 
tioned from  this  locality  by  Rogers'-''^ 


151.     DAWSONITE. 
Basic  carbonate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  Na3Al(C03)3.2Al(OH)3. 
Monoclinic.     Incrustations.    Color  white.    Vitreous  luster.    H  =  3;G  =  2.4. 
Refractive  indices  :     ex  =  1 .4<^>n  :  ^  =  1 .542  :  y  =  1  ■•">i'<''- 

Effervesces  easily..  Swells  and  fuses,  coloring  flame  deej)  yellow  and  fused 
mass  gives  an  alkaline  reaction.  With  cobalt  nitrate  gives  a  line  1)lue  color. 
Gives  water  in  closed  tube. 

Dawsonite  is  a  very  rare  mineral,  and  occurs  in  arid  regions  as  white 
crusts. 

Inyo  County :  Reported  to  occur  as  a  soft  incrustation  in  a  dike  in 
Amargosa  Canj^on,  Bailey ^^\ 


152.     THERMONATRITE. 
Hydrous  carbonate  of  sodium,  Na-CO^.HnO. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually  as  efflorescences.     Color  white,   yellowish.     Vit- 
reous  luster.     H  =  l  —  1.5;   G  =  1.5  —  l.G.     Taste  alkaline. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1.120;    aj=1.."iO0;  ,,  =  !.. 524. 

Soluble  in  watei-  and  liiis  alkaline  l:iste.      Stroncr  yellow  flume  of  sodium 
and  .gives  an  alkaline  reaction,  on  heating. 

This  is  a   very   rare  mineral   which   forms  as  efflorescences  in  arid 
regions. 

Inyo   County :  Forms   white   efflorescent   coatings   in   Death   Valley, 
.lecording  to  Bailey ^^\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  145 

153.     GAY    LUSSITE. 

Hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  CaCOs.NaoCOa.SH-O. 

Monoclinic.  Flat  wodftc-shaptHl  crystals.  Cleavatre  perfect  prisnintic.  Color 
white.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  2  —  3;   G  =  1.93  — 1.95. 

Ilcfractive   indices:      ex  =:  1-444;   ^  =  l.r)lG;   y  =  1.523. 

Easily  fusible  to  a  white  enamel  with  strong  yellow  flame.  Gives  alkaline 
reaction  on  turmeric  paper.  Easily  effervesces.  Gives  water  in  closed  tube. 
Calcium  shown  by  precipitation  with  ammonium  oxalate. 

This  double  carbonate  is  frequently  formed  on  the  shores  of  soda 
lakes  in  flat  wedge-shaped  crystals.     Found  only  in  dry  regions. 

Mono  Count}' :  Found  in  crystals  on  the  shore  of  ]Mono  Lake. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  One  of  the  minerals  of  the  Searles  Borax 
Lake,  Hanks^^'^^  The  forms  on  the  crystals  from  this  lake  as  determined 
by  Pratt  d)  are:  (010),  (001),  (110),  (Oil),  (TOl),  (112).  Bailey<i> 
mentions  it  as  occurring  at  the  Owl  Springs  niter  beds. 


154.     NATRON. 
Hydrous  carbonate  of  sodium,   NajCOa.lOHjO. 

Monoclinic.  Exists  only  in  solution  or  mixed  with  trona.  Tabular 
crystals  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  waters  from  soda  lakes.  Color  white. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  1  —  1.5;  G  =  1.42  — 1.46.     Taste  alkaline. 

Refractive  indices:     a:  =1.405;  ^  =  1.425;  y  =  1.440. 

Soluble  in  water  and  effervesces  in  acids.  Gives  intensely  yellow  flame 
and  reacts  alkaline. 

The  normal  carbonate  of  soda  has  not  been  found  in  native  state,  but 
it  exists  in  solution  in  some  of  the  lakes  and  springs  of  the  State. 
Crystals  of  the  carbonate,  mixed  with  the  bicarbonate,  are  obtained  by 
evaporating  the  water  of  Owens  Lake  and  other  soda  lakes  of  Death 
Valley  and  San  Bernardino  County.  The  solid  contents  of  Owens  Lake 
have  been  analysed  by  Foster^^^  and  Chatard^^\ 


155.     TRONA— Urao— Soda. 
Hydrous  bicarbonate  of  sodium,  Na2CO3.HNaCO3.2H2O. 

Monoclinic.  Slender  crystals  and  fibrous  masses.  Cleavage  perfect  ortho- 
pinacoidal.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  2.5  — 3;  G  =  2.11  — 2.14. 
Taste  alkaline. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.412;   ^  =  1.492;   y  =  1.540. 

L/ike  natron  in  reactions.     Much  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

The  bicarbonate  is  the  common  form  of  soda  found  in  lakes  and 
springs.  In  dry  protected  localities  it  exists  as  crystals  and  finely 
fibrous  coatings. 

Mono  County:  The  solid  contents  of  the  waters  of  Owens  Lake  are 
mainly  trona,  and  the  mineral  occurs  along  the  shores  in  white  layers. 

10— S2182 


146  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Chatard^^^  analyses  of  the  solid  iiiattcr  of  this  lake  show  it  to  be  over 
90  per  cent  pure  soda. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Soda  is  (juite  eouimon  in  this  county  at  the 
various  sinks  and  borate  lakes.  At  Searles  Borax  Lake  it  is  the  material 
mined,  and  large  amounts  of  it  have  been  accumulated.  Thick  layers 
of  solid  trona  occur  with  the  borax,  hanksite,  thenardite,  glauberite  and 
other  salts.  Crystals  are  very  common.  They  are  elongated  right  and 
left,  and  have  the  forms:  (100),  (001),  (101),  (302),  (111),  (Til), 
(211),  Ayers<2). 

156.     PIRSSONITE. 

Hydrous  double  carbonate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  CaCO3.Na2CO3.2HoO. 

Orthorhombic.     Hemimorphic     crystals.     Colorless     to     white.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  2.352. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1-504;  Q=l.r>10;  y  =  1.575. 

Similar  tt)  .i;ay  lussite  in   its  reactions.     Boiled  in  water  the  sodium  car- 
bonate is  leached  out  and  causes  the  solution  to  l)efome  stron,i;ly   alkalim'. 

Pirssonite  is  a  mineral  discovered  in  California  in  1896  and  only 
known  from  the  one  locality. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Good  hemimorphic  crystals  of  this  salt  were 
found  with  nortliupite  and  borax  at  the  New  Well,  Searles  Borax  Lake, 
and  the  mineral  was  described  and  named  by  Pratt^^\  Forms:  (010), 
(110),  (111),  (111),  (131),  (311). 

CO2  CaO  NaaO  K2O  H2O  AI0O3        SiOo 

36.07         23.38         25.70         0.15         14.73         0.13         0.29         =  100.45  per  cent 


157.     HYDROMAGNESITE— Hydrodolomite. 
Hydrous  carbonate  and  hydrate  of  magnesium,  3MgC03.Mg(OH);.3H20. 

Monoclinic.     Generally  massive  chalky.     Color  white.     Vitreous,  silky  to 
dull  luster.     H  =  3.5,  crystallized  ;  G  =  2.14  —  2.18. 

Refractive   indices:      a:  =1.527;    «=  1.530;    y  =  1..540. 

Easily  effervesces  in  dilute  acids  and  the  solution  made  alkaline  with  am- 
monia and  sodium  iihosi)hate  addinl.  the   masiiesia   is  jirecipitated. 

Soft  white  veins  of  a  hydrated  magnesite  have  been  found  in  the 
serpentine,  but  most  of  these  veins  are  classed  as  magnesite. 

Alameda  County:  A  specimen  of  hydromagnesite  from  Livermore 
was  analysed  by  Gutzkow^^^ 


SiOsAloOaFeeOs 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

H2O 

Moisture 

1.25 

tr. 

43.00 

30.30 

18.70 

0.75 

Massive  white  hydromagnesite  has  been  found  near  Pleasanton. 

Inyo  County :  Said  to  occur  in  chalky  and  mealy  crusts  in  spots  along 
the  Amargosa  River,  Bailey^^\ 

Riverside  County :  Crystals  of  hydromagnesite  occur  in  the  calcite 
at  Crestmore  as  an  alteration  product  of  brucite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  147 

Sau  Benito  County:  llydroinagnrsitt'  ot'ciirs  witli  ma^nesite  in  pow- 
dery white  balls,  on  Larious  Creek,  on  slope  of  Sampson  Peak,  and  was 
analysed  by  W.  li.  Hicks.     Deposit  described  by  Gale*^*. 

SiO..       AI.O;       I'V.t):,       Ca(»         MkO  CO,  ILO? 

2.r>0        0.13         0.44         0.34         41.(W         'M.^k)         10.2]  =n!).ll% 

San  Francisco  County  :  Small  white  veins  are  found  in  the  serpentine 
of  San  Francisco.  Kadiatinii;  rosettes  of  hydroma^nesite  occur  on  the 
serpentine  at  Fort  Point.  The  white  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  San 
Francisco  are  in  jiart  hydrolomite  and  in  part  hydroma^nesite. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Small  veins  found  in  the  rocks  near  Port 
Harford. 

158.     HYDROGIOBERTITE. 
Hydrous  magnesium  carbonate,  2MgO.C02.."}IInO. 
Spherulitic  iiKTustations.     Light  gray  color.     H  =  3 — 4;  0  =  2.152.     Effer- 
vesces with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Napa  County:    Found   in    Chiles  A'alley  near  Philips   Sprinf2:s  and 

analysed  by  Wells'^'. 

MgO  co„  H„o 

4,(>.n4  23.ft4  21.42 

45.80  28.00  26.20 

Larsen  has  shown  by  a  microscopic  and  optical  examination  that  it 
is  a  mi.xture  of  two  fibrous  minerals  and  is  probably  hydi'omag'nesite. 

159.     ZARATITE. 
Hydrous  carbonate  of  nickel,  NiC03.2Ni(OH)j.4H„0. 

Incni.stations.     Massive.     Color  emerald-green.     Streak  green.      \'iti'eous 
luster.     H  =  3;  0  =  2.57  —  2.69. 

Refractive  index:    «  =  1.57 — 1.61. 

Effervesces   in    hot   acid.     Gives   water   in   closed   tube.      Imparts   to   the 
bora.x  bead  a  brown  color  whicli.  when  reduced,  becomes  gray  and  cloudy. 

The  emerald-green  nickel  carbonate  is  always  accompanied  by  chro- 
mite,  occurring  as  an  incrustation  on  massive  ehromite.  Most  of  the 
green  coatings  on  the  ehromite  of  the  State  consist  of  small  uvarovite 
garnet  crystals  or  green  chlorite. 

Alameda  County :  Green  coatings  of  zaratite  occur  on  the  ehromite 
at  Mendenhall  mine  on  Cedar  IMountain. 

Madera  County :  Found  as  coating  on  ehromite  near  Madera. 

Monterey  County:  Found  on  ehromite  in  this  county,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 

San  Benito  County:  Found  on  ehromite  near  Hollister  and  near 
Panoche. 

Shasta  Count}' :    Observed  on  the  ehromite  at  Castella. 

Siskiyou  County :  Green  coatings  occur  on  the  ehromite  near  Cal- 
lahan. 


148  STATE    MIiNIXG    BUREAU. 

160.     BISMUTITE. 

Hydrous  carlionatc  of  bismuth,  BiX'Oj.HjO. 

Incrustations  and  earthy.  Color  white  and  dirty  green.  Streak  greenish 
gray.     Vitreous  to  dull  luster.     H=:4  —  4.5;  G  =  6.9. 

Kefractivo  indices:    £  =  2.20;  ^  =  2.0. 

Effervesces  in  acid.  Ftised  on  charcoal  with  ixjtassium  iodide  and  sul- 
phur, it  gives  a  red  coating.  A  small  amount  of  water  is  obtained  by 
heating  in  a  closed  tube. 

The  carbonate  of  bismuth  is  a  secondary  mineral  formed  by  the  altera- 
tion of  ores  containing  bismuth. 

Fresno  County :  Occurred  at  the  Second  Sierra  and  Lot  One  mines, 
Kings  River. 

Inyo  County :  Found  at  Big  Pine  Creek,  Hanks^^^ ;  also  at  Antelope 
Springs,  Deep  Spring  Valley.  Fibrous  and  crypto-crystalline  speci- 
mens have  been  found  near  Lone  Pine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  White  earthy  bismutite  has  been  found  in  this 
county. 

Mono  County:  Found  at  Oasis,  Hanks^^\ 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  as  an  alteration  of  associated  bis- 
muthinite  at  the  United  Tungsten  Copper  mine,  Morongo  district. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  as  an  alteration  of  bismuth  at  Pala, 
Schaller(4). 


MINERALS    UK    CALIFORMA. 


149 


CHAPTER  vni. 


ANHYDROUS  SILICATES. 


I 


Ftldspam. 
Orthoclase 
Microcline 
Anortlioclase 
Albite 
Oligoclase 
Andesine 
Labradorite 
Bjtownite 
Anorthite 
Pyroxene  Group. 
Enstatite 

Bronzite 
Hypersthene 
Pyroxene 

Malacolitc 

Diopside 

Diallage 

Omphacite 

Augite 

Violan 

Hedenbergite 
Arruite 

Apgirite 
Spodumene 

Kunzite 

Iliddenite 
Wollastonite 
Pfctolite 
Rhodonite 


A  inphibole   Group. 

Anthophyllite 

Ainphibole 
Tremolite 

Asbestos 
Actinolite 
Smaragdite 
Cummingtonite 
Uralite 
Asbeferrlte 
Edenite 
Hornblende 
Soretite 
Pargaslle 
Caranthiue 

Glaucophane 

Crocidolite 

Not  Grouped. 
Beryl 
Xepheline 
Sodalite 
Nosean 
liazurite 
Carnet 
.Mouricellitc 
Olivine 
Te|>hri>ito 
Iddingsite 
^A'illemite 


FELDSPARS. 


WiMucritt' 
Scapolilo 

Clehlonite 

Mcrwiniic 

Vcsuvianite 
Californite 

Zircon 

Topaz 

Andalnsite 

Siilimanite 

Cyanite 

Spurrite 

Datolite 

Zoisite 

Saussurite 
Clinozoisite 

Epidote 

Allanite 

Piedmontite 

Axiuite 

Prehnite 

Choudrodito 
Lotrite 

llvaite 

Calamine 

Lawsonite 

Tourmaline 

Dumortierite 


^ 


The  name  feldspar  is  given  to  a  group  of  alumina  silicates  with 
potash,  soda  and  lime,  whose  members  have  the  general  properties  of 
hardness,  cleavage,  gravity  and  twinning  similar.  They  include:  two 
potash  feldspars,  orthoclase  and  microcline;  a  potash-soda  feldspar, 
anortlioclase:  a  soda  feldspar,  albite;  a  lime  feldspar,  anorthite;  and 
four  soda-lime  to  lime-soda  feldspars  intermediate  between  albite  and 
anorthite,  namely  oligoclase,  andesine,  labradorite  and  bytoivnite.  The 
feldspars  are  the  most  abundant  and  most  important  of  the  rock-form- 
ing silicates,  and  the  classification  of  a  volcanic  rock  is  in  general  based 
upon  the  prevailing  feldspar.  The  potash  feldspars  are  characteristic 
of  the  acid  volcanics,  while  the  albite-anorthite  feldspars  belong  to  the 
basic  volcanics,  the  terms  "acid  and  basic"  meaning  whether  high  or 
low  in  silica  percentage.     The  albite-anorthite  feldspars  are  commonly 


150         ,  STATE    MINING  BUREAU. 

called  the  "plagioelase  feldspars,"  and  in  many  petrographic  descrip- 
tions this  name  is  used,  so  that  the  particular  kind  of  feldspar  is  not 
designated.  As  rock-forming  minerals  the  feldspars  are  too  universally 
distributed  to  give  many  localities. 


161.     ORTHOCLASE— Potash    Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  potassium  and  aluminium.  KAlSijOg. 

Mouocliuic.  Crystals  very  common.  Often  as  Carlsbad  twins.  Perfect 
basal  and  clinopinacoidal  cleavage.  Colorless,  white,  flesh-red.  Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  6  — 6..5;  G  =  2.57. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=l.."tlS;  ^  =  1.524,:  y  =  1.5'2CK 

Fused  at  5  in  the  scale  of  fusibility,  therefore  can  only  be  rounded  on 
edgi^s  of  splinter.  Insoluble  in  acids.  The  powder  mixed  with  gypsum, 
taken  on  the  loop  of  a  platinum  wire  and  held  in  the  colorless  flame  of  a 
Bunsen  burner,  will  give  the  violet  flame  of  potassium,  best  seen  through 
blue  glass  or  the  Merwin  color  screen. 

Orthoclase  is  an  essential  constituent  of  the  acid  igneous  rocks, 
granites,  syenites,  quartz-porphyries,  rhyolites  and  trachytes,  and  an 
occasional  constituent  of  other  more  basic  rocks.  Large  crystals  often 
form  the  phenocrysts  of  porphyritic  rocks,  and  these  crystals  are  often 
"Carlsbad  twins."  The  color  of  granites  is  mainly  due  to  the  color  of 
the  orthoclase,  red  granites  having  orthoclase  colored  by  ferric  oxide. 
Granites,  syenites  and  diorites  are  often  intersected  by  "pegmatite 
veins"  consisting  of  coarse  crystals  and  massive  orthoclase,  with  quartz 
and  mica,  and  these  veins  vary  greatly  in  width,  and  some  can  be 
quarried  for  the  feldspar.  The  principal  commercial  localities  in 
California  are  in  ^loiiterpy.  Riverside.  San  Diego,  and  Tulare  counties. 

Adularia  is  a  glassy,  transparent  variety,  sometimes  found  in  large 
crystals. 

Sanidine  is  a  glassy  potash  feldspar,  common  to  rhyolites  and 
trachytes. 

Valcncianite  is  a  variety  name  given  to  vein  orthoclase. 


162.     MICROCLINE— Potash  Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  potassium  and  aluminium,  KAlSijOg. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  very  common.  Bases  often  show  rectangular  grat- 
ing structure.  Cleavage  like  orthoclase.  Color  white,  green.  H  =  6  —  6.5; 
G  =  2.54  — 2.57. 

Refractive  indices:    cx=1.522;  ^  =  1.526;  y  =  l..j30. 
Same  reactions  as  for  orthoclase. 

Microcline  has  the  same  composition  as  orthoclase,  but  differs  from 
it  in  its  twinning  structure  and  crystallization.  It  is  a  constituent  of 
granites,  syenites,  and  granodiorites  and  some  of  the  pegmatitic  veins. 

Amazo7i  stone  is  a  green  variety. 


I 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  151 

163.     ANORTHOCLASE— Potash-Soda    Feldspar. 

Silicate  of  potassium,  sodium  aud  alumiuium.  KAiSiaOj  with  NaAlSijO^  in  varying 

proportions. 

Triclinic.     Crystals   observed    in    rock   sections.     Like   orthoclase    in    its 
physical  properties.     H=:6  — 0.5;  0  =  2.57  —  2.60. 
Kofractivo  indices:     oc  =1.52.3;  ^=1..T2n:  ^  =  1. .■..!]. 
Sanio   reactions  as  for  orthoclase. 

Anorthoclase  is  a  constituent  of  granites  and  granodiorites  of  the 
State,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned  in  the  petrographical  descriptions. 


164.     ALBITE— Soda   Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  NaAlSisO.,. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  common  aud  usually  as  repeated  twins.  Often  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  basal  and  brachypiuacoidal.  Colorless  and  white. 
Vitreous  luster  often  very  glassy.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.02  —  2.65. 

Refractive  indices  :    oc  =  1  "'25  ;^=  1.52!) :  y  =  1 .536. 

Fused  at  4  and  imparts  a  bright  yellow  color  to  flame.  Unacted  on  by 
acid. 

The  soda  feldspar  is  a  common  constituent  of  acid  granites,  acid 
rhyolites,  granodiorites  and  diorites  and  metamorphic  gneisses  and 
schists.  It  forms  very  prominent  white  veins  in  the  crystalline  schists 
of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sierras.  Albite  is  frequent  as  pegmatitic 
veins  in  diorites  and  basic  igneous  rocks. 


165      OLIGOCLASE— Soda-lime    Feldspar. 

Silicate  of  sodium,   calcium   and   alumiuium,   juXaAlSiaOs  with   nCaAKSijOs,   nearer 

albite  in  composition. 

Triclinic.  Crystals,  usually  twinned  like  albite.  Cleavage  perfect  basal 
and  brachypiuacoidal.     Colorless  to  white.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.65  —  2.67. 

Refractive  indices:    oc  =1.539;  Q  =  'i.^yii^;  y  =  1..547. 

Same  reactions  as  albite.  The  calcium  can  be  dctcrmuu'd  in  the  wet  way, 
by  precipitation  as  calcium  oxalate.  All  insoluble  silicates  need  to  be  fused 
with  sodium  carbonate  to  render  them  soluble. 

A  constituent  of  diorites,  porphy rites,  andesites,  etc.,  and  to  some 
extent  in  granites,  syenites  and  granodiorites.  Occasionally  found  in 
large  white  masses  as  veins  in  diorite  and  other  basic  rocks. 

Moonstone  is  a  soda-lime  feldspar  with  milky  chatoyancy.  Much  of 
the  so-called  moonstone  is  chalcedony. 


152  STATE    MINING   BUREAU, 

166.     ANDESINE— Soda-lime  Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  sodium,  calcium  and  aluminium,  intermediate  between  albite  and  anorthite. 
Triclinic.     Crystals  similar  to  albite.     H  =  5  — 6;  G  =  2.68  — 2.60. 
Refractive  indices:     a:=l."».W;  ^=1..153;  y  =  l.^T)7. 
Samo  roactlons  as  for  olis;oclase. 

A  constituent  of  diorite,  gabbro,  porphyrite,  audesite  and  other  basic 
rocks.     Only  observed  as  a  mierosoopieal  constituent. 


167.     LABRADORITE — Lime-soda    Feldspar. 

Silicate    of    calcium,    sodium    and    aluminium,    CaALSijOj    with    NaAlSijOs,    nearer 

anorthite  in  composition. 

Triclinic.  Small  twinned  crystals  in  rocks ;  sometimes  massive  with  twin- 
ning striations.     I'roperties  like  oligoclase.     11  =  5 — (5;  G  =  2.70 — 2.72. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =  3 -"'i)  :  ^=1.563;  y  =  1..568. 

Same  reactions  as  for  oligoclase.  The  minei-al  is  slightly  acted  on  by 
hydrochloric  acid. 

An  essential  constituent  of  most  basic  eruptive  rocks  such  as  diorites, 
gabbros,  diabases,  andesites  and  basalts.  Sometimes  it  occurs  as  veins 
of  large  cleavable  masses. 


168.     BYTOWNITE— Lime-soda    Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  calcium,  sodium  and  aluminium,  near  anorthite  in  composition. 

Triclinic.     Properties  like  oligoclase.     H  =  5  —  6;G  =  2.72. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =l-i'>C(5 :    i3  =  ]..")72;  y  —  l.r>lCi. 

Sonii'whaf   more  suhihlc  than  lahradorite.     (ii\es  the  red  flamo  of  calcium. 

A  common  constituent  of  very  basic  rocks  like  gabbros,  diabases  and 
basalts,  associated  with  labradorite  and  anorthite. 

169.     ANORTHITE— Lime   Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  CaALSijOg. 

Triclinic.     Generally  in  small  crystals  as  a  rock  constituent.     Properties 
like  oligoclase  and  labradorite.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.74  — 2.76. 
Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.576;   «=1.584;  y3:1..5SS. 

Soluble  slowly  and  yields  gelatinous  silica.     Gives   the  red   flame  of  cal- 
cium.    Fused  at  4. 

Anorthite  is  the  most  basic  of  the  feldspars,  and  is  a  constituent  of 
the  very  basic  rocks,  especially  gabbros,  diabases  and  basalts. 

A  few  of  the  localities  where  feldspars  have  been  noticed  may  be 
cited. 

Alameda  Count>- :  Good  crystals  of  glassy  albite  occur  at  the  New- 
man mine.   Cedar  ^loiuitain,   associated  with  yellow   euliedral  quartz. 

Calaveras  County :  Large  crystals  of  orthoclase  occur  at  Mokelumne 
Hill.     Albite  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  schists  of  the  Mother  Lode. 


MINERALS    OK    CALIFORNIA.  153 

Crystals  of  albite  from  the  old  Stanislaus  mine,  Carson  Hill,  had  the 
forms:   (010),    (001),    (Til),    (lOl)    (1T0\    (130),    (_021),  Jackson^^). 
Crystals  from  Angels  had  tho  forms  :    (010),  (110),  (ITO),  (111),  (TTl), 
(001),  Geuth(2). 
The  mineral  from  Angels  was  analysed  by  Genth. 

SiOo      AI2O3       Fe.03     CaO      Na^O        K,.0        H2O 
68.39     19.0",       0.41       0.47     10.97         tr.         0.21         100.10  per  cent 

Valencianite  occnrs  five  miles  east  of  Milton  in  small  prismatic  crystals. 
Forms:   (160),  (lOT),  (001)  and  (010),  Rogers^^). 

Contra  Costa  County :  Albite  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  chlorite 
and  actinolite-schists  of  the  county.  Numerous  white  veins  of  the 
mineral  intersect  these  schists.  Prominent  as  veins  in  the  actinolite 
schist  near  San  Pablo  and  analysed  by  Blasdale^^^ 


H2O 

SiOo 

AloOj 

CaO 

NaoO 

at  100°     ab  100° 

67.09 

20.47 

0.24 

10.96 

0.27         0.59 

99.62  per  cent 

El  Dorado  County :  Large  white  crystals  of  orthoclase  occurred  at 
the  old  Cosumues  copper  mine  near  Fairplay  with  bornite,  molybdenite, 
epidote  and  axinite.  Massive  red  orthoclase  occurs  with  tourmaline  at 
Buck's  Bar,  Cosumnes  River.  Small  colorless  crystals  of  adularia  have 
been  found  on  the  south  side  of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake  with  forms  (110), 
(101),  (001),  and  (010).  They  are  associated  with  pale  green  diopside, 
Rogers'"'*.  Albite  with  siderite  and  calfite  occurs  at  the  Red  Hill  mine, 
Kelsey  district. 

Fi"esno  County:  Bodies  of  f('lds|)atlii('  rock,  mainly  orthoclase,  as 
pegmatites,  occur  live  miles  northeast  of  Trimiuei',  and  beryl  and  topaz 
are  said  to  be  associated. 

Humboldt  Count\' :    Classy  ci-ystals  of  albite  are  common  as  vein.s  in 

the  schist  of  Horse  Mountain. 

Inyo  County :  "White  argentiferous  orthoclase  occurred  at  the  White 

Lime  mine.  Deep  Spring  district.     Glassy  adularia  was  found  in  good 

crystals  at  Rialto  in  the  Funeral  Mountains.     Pink  ]ierthite  oi-curs  six 

mile.s  east  of  Tecopa. 

Kern  County :  "White  orthoclase  was  reported  from  the  Long  Tom 
mine.  Albite  in  schists  occurs  near  Randsburg  and  Johannesburg.  A 
massive  flesh-red  orthoclase  occurs  near  Rosamond. 

Los  Angeles  County :  White  veins  of  labradorite  occur  near  Lang.^ 
Labradorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  rocks  on  Mount  Gleason. 

Madera  County:   Massive  white  orllioclase  is  found  near  Hildreth. 

Marin  County :  Albite  veins  are  common  in  the  schists  of  the  county. 
Crystals  from  the  lawsonite  schist  at  Reed  Station  have  the  forms: 
(001),  (010),  (021),  (021),  (TOl),  (201),  (150),  (180),  (Til),  (111), 
(112),  (131),  (221),  (120),  (350),  (110)'.  (110),  (130),  (112),  (221), 
(241),  (312),  Schaller(io). 


154  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Mariposa  County :  Orthoclase  occurs  with  black  tourmaline  and 
molyl)(lenite  in  the  granites  of  the  Yosemite  Valley.  Labradorite  occurs 
in  tlie  rocks  of  Yosemite  Park. 

Modoc  County.  Pink  orthoclase  occurs  in  a  pegmatite  near  Susan- 
ville.  Pebbles  of  labradorite  from  this  county  were  found  containing 
small  opaque  inclusions  of  native  copper,  making  tliom  aventuriuc  lal)- 
radorite. 

Mono  County :  Ortlioclase  is  found  in  pegmatitic  veins  in  the  Blind 
Spring  district. 

Monterey  County :  Large  phenocrysts  of  orthoclase  occur  in  the 
porphyritic  rock  at  Pacific  Grove  and  Cypress  Point.  The  potash 
feldspar  is  quarried  four  miles  east  of  Chualar  for  pottery.  Massive 
cream-colored  orthoclase  from  Jem  Quarry,  four  miles  east  of  Chualar, 
occurs  on  contact  between  limestone  and  granite,  and  was  analysed  by 
E.  W.  Rice: 

.SiO:;  AL.Oj  Fe.,03        CaO        MgO  K,,0  Loss 

(55.60         2l'.34         0.40         1.00         tr.         11.85         0.48  =  101.23% 

Nevada  County :  Anorthoclase  and  microcline  are  constituents  of  the 
diorite  and  granodiorite,  and  labrodorite,  bytownite  and  anorthite  of  the 
diorite  and  gabbro  of  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren"^'.  Good 
cystals  of  albite  occur  at  Gra-s  Valley. 

Plumas  County :  Albite  is  a  constituent  of  the  syenite  of  Spanish 
Creek,  Murgoci^^^  Oligoclase  was  described  by  LaAvson^^^  as  a  con- 
stituent of  plumasite  from  Spanish  Peak  and  the  mineral  was  analysed 
by  J.  Newfield. 

SiO»  AI2O3  CaO  NaoO  HoO 

61.36         22.97  5.38  8.08  1.72         -   99.51  per  cent 

Labradorite,  andesite,  oligoclase  and  albite  occur  as  constituents  of 
the  noritic  rocks  at  En  gels. 

Riverside  County :  An  outcrop  of  orthoclase  and  quartz  occurs  in  the 
granite  hills,  four  miles  south  of  Lakeview.  Also  on  Warren  Ranch 
three  miles  east  of  Lakeview.  ^Massive  cpiartz  and  feldspar  occur  3^ 
miles  northeast  of  Murrietta.    Orthoclase  feldspar  occurs  near  Nuevo. 

San  Benito  County:  Albite  occurs  in  grayish  and  greenish,  minute 
twinned  crystals  in  the  rock  surrounding  the  veins  of  benitoite  and 
neptunite  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River.  Forms :  (001), 
(010),  (110),  (110),  (120),  (130),  (130),  (101),  (iTl),  (Ul),  (n2), 
(T31),  (221),  Louderback<2). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Veins  of  orthoclase  occur  in  the  mountains 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  Massive  red  orthoclase  occurs 
near  ^lanvel.  Giant  crystals  of  orthot'lase  are  abundant  in  granite-por- 
phyry dikes  H  miles  southwest  of  Twenty-nine  Palms,  some  of  them 


MINERALS   OK    CALIFORNIA.  155 

Carlsl):id  Twins.  Orthoelase  as  a  constituent  of  pegmatite  dikes  inter- 
sect iii":  granite  occurs  1^  miles  south  of  Oro  Grande.  Some  occurs  3^ 
miles  north  of  Hinkley  Station.  Orthoelase  and  albite  occur  as  pegma- 
tite veins  containing  col\iiii])itt',  cassiterite  and  l)hie  tourmaline,  in  tiic 
Chihuahua  Valley. 

San  Diego  County :  Albite  was  mentioned  as  a  constituent  of  some  of 
the  rocks  of  the  county  by  Kroustcholf*^^  and  analysed  by  him. 

SiO"      TiOo    AI2O3      FeoOa       CaO       MgO       KoO       Na^O        Ign 

65.17     tr.     21.14       0.74       1.20       0.04       1.70       0.20       0.80     =99.89  per  cent 

Large  veins  of  acid  pegmatite  consisting  of  albite,  orthoelase  and 
microcline  intersect  dark  gray  diorite  at  Pala,  Mesa  Grande,  Rincon  and 
Ramona,  as  well  as  northward  into  Riverside  County,  and  these  veins 
carry  large  crystals  of  gem  tourmaline  and  associated  minerals.  Large 
crystals  of  the  feldspars  occur  in  these  veins  showing  Carlsbad,  Baveno 
and  albite  twinning  structure.  Crystals  of  albite  at  the  Victor  mine, 
Rincon,  occur  tabular  to  (010)  with  forms  (010),  (001),  (110),  (ITO), 
(130),  (TOl),  (201),  (Til),  (nl),  Rogers<2). 

Anorthite  is  a  constituent  of  the  orbicular  gabbro  at  Dehesa  and  was 
analysed  by  Schaller,  Lawson^^) 

SiO-  AI2O3  CaO  NaiO 

44.39         36.55         18.55  0.83         rr  100.32  per  cent 

A  large  outcrop  of  feldspar  aiul  (|uai-l/  occurs  near  Marina  Dam, 
about  five  miles  north  of  Campo.  Outcrops  of  orthoelase  and  q'uartz 
occur  five  miles  west  of  Alpine.  Good  massive  orthoelase  near  Mesa 
Grande,  Campo  and  Lakeside. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Labradorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  teschen- 
ites  at  Point  Sal  and  Avas  analysed  by  Fairbanks'^\ 

SiO"  AUO3  CaO  Na..O  KnQ  ]gn 

52.72         30.46         11.01  3.70  0.42  1.44         =  99.75  per  cout 

Santa  Clara  County:  Oligoclase  is  a  constituent  of  the  glaucophane 
rocks  of  this  county,  Murgoci^^\ 

Shasta  County :  Veins  of  orthoelase  occur  on  Tom  Neal  Mountain. 
Good  crystals  of  andesine  occur  in  dikes  of  andesite  porphyry  in  Jones 
Valley,  fifteen  miles  northeast  of  Redding.  Good  crystals  of  orthoelase 
occur  in  dikes  of  soda  granite-porphyry  on  Salt  Creek  along  the  high- 
way ])etween  Baird  and  Antler. 

Tulare  County :  AVhite  crystals  of  orthoelase  occur  at  Three  Rivers. 
Outcrops  occur  at  Three  Rivers  and  Lemon  Cove.  Near  Exeter  it  occurs 
as  microcline.  ^Massive  perthite  occurs  near  Exeter,  Lindsay  and  at 
Lemon  Cove. 

Tuolumne  County :  Large  crystals  of  orthoelase  are  found  (ui  Sul- 
livan Creek.     Graphic  granite  is  common  at  Soulsbyville. 


156  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

PYROXENE    GROUP. 

170.     ENSTATITE. 
Silicate  of  magnesium,  MgSlOa. 

Ortliorhombio.  Generally  massive,  lamellar.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  greenish  or  brownish  gray  to  brown.  Pearly  to  vitreous  luster. 
H  =  5.5;  G  =  3.1  — 3.3. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=]M~j(J:    «;^1.(>j3;  y  =  i. {>'>(>. 

Practically  infusible  and  insoluble.  Its  constituents  can  be  determined 
only  in  the  wet  way  as  in  the  treatment  of  a  silicate. 

Enstatite  is  n  roek-fonning  niiueral  which  is  characteristic  of  gab- 
broitic  rocks  and  rocks  that  have  been  derived  from  gabbros,  like  much 
of  the  serpentinized  rocks  of  the  Coast  Range  and  of  the  Sierras.  It  is  a 
rather  common  mineral  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned. 

Bronzite  is  a  variety  in  Avhich  part  of  the  magnesia  is  replaced  by 
iron.     It  occurs  in  bronze-brown  reticulated  masses. 

Alameda  County :  Bronzite  occurs  in  some  of  the  rocks  of  the  Berke- 
ley Hills,  Hanks(6). 

Contra  Costa  County :  Massive  enstatite  is  found  in  the  Diablo  Range 
in  this  and  other  counties  to  the  south. 

Del  Norte  County:  Specimens  of  enstatite  have  come  from  this 
county. 

Fresno  County :    Has  been  observed  in  rock  near  Lindsay. 

Kern  County :  Bronzite  Avas  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  San 
Emidio  meteorite  and  was  analysed  by  Whitfield^^^ 

SiO"  FeO  MgO  CaO 

54.42         14.03         29.11  9.46         =100.02  per  cent 

Mariposa  County :  Massive  In-onzite  occurs  in  the  gabbroitic  rock  of 
the  old  Mariposa  estate. 

Nevada  County :  Enstatite  is  a  constituent  of  the  gabbros  of  Nevada 
City,  Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County  :  Enstatite  and  bronzite  are  constituents  of  the  noritic 
rock  at  Engels. 

San  Francisco  County :  Enstatite  or  bronzite  occurs  abundantly  in 
the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco,  Lawson^^^,  Palache^^)^  Eakle^^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Found  in  the  serpentine  at  San  Simeon. 

Sonoma  County :  Large  bladed  masses  of  bronzite  associated  with 
glaucophane  and  garnet  have  come  from  this  county. 

Stanislaus  County :  En.statite  witli  actinolite  have  come  from  near 
Patterson. 

Trinity  County:  Observed  in  the  rock  near  Trinity  Center.  Bronzite 
occurs  near  Hyampom. 

Tuolumne  County :  Light  green  enstatite  occurs  in  the  gabbro  between 
Jamestown  and  Montezuma  and  also  near  Jacksonville. 

Yuba  County :  Green  enstatite  occurs  near  Rackerby. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  157 

171.      HYPERSTHENE. 
Silicate  of  iron  and  magnesium  (Fe,Mg)Si03. 

Orthorliombic.  Generally  massive,  foliated.  Cleavage  perfect  brachy- 
pinacoidal.  Color  brownish  green  to  brown.  I'early  to  vitreous  luster. 
H  =  5  — 6;  0  =  3.4  —  3.5. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1-^39-;  f^^^.lO^;  ,.=  1.705. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Somi-  iron  can  be  dissolved  by  boiling  in  hydro- 
chloric   acid. 

The  dark  brown  liyperslliene  is  a  constituent  of  basic  eruptive  rocks, 
especially  gabbros  and  andesites. 

Plumas  County:  A  constituent  of  the  hypersthene  andesite  at  La 
Porte.  Turner*^'.  TTyixTsthcne  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  tlio  norite 
rock  at  Engels. 

San  Diego  County :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  orbicular  gabbro  at 
Dehesa,  Lawson^*^. 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dikes  cutting  the  serpen- 
tine of  San  Francisco,  Palache^^^. 

Siskiyou  County :  Mentioned  by  J.  D.  Dana^^^  as  a  constituent  of  the 
hypersthene  andesite  of  Mount  Shasta. 


172.     PYROXENE. 

Silicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium,  CaMg(Si03)o  with  or  without  mixtures  of 

Fe,Al,Na  and  K. 

Monoclinic.  Prismatic  crystals,  granular.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  generally  some  shade  of  green,  often  nearly  white,  brown,  black. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  — 6;  G =3.2  — 3.6. 

The  i\vroxenes  are  insoluble  in  hydi'ochloric  acid.  Diopside  fuses  to  a 
colorless  glass.    Angite  fuses  to  a  shiny  black  glass. 

The  pyroxenes  are  very  important  rock-forming  minerals,  the  alumina 
variety  augite  being  an  essential  constituent  of  most  of  the  basic  erup- 
tives  and  is  occasionally  found  in  syenites  and  granites.  The  light 
colored  non-aluminous  varieties  are  tnore  characteristic  of  metamorphic 
limestones  and  schists. 

Malacolitc.  Lime-magnesia  pyroxene,  CaMg(Si03)2.  A  white  py- 
roxene often  found  in  crystalline  limestone  near  contact  with  eruptives. 

Diopside.  Lime-magnesia  pyroxene,  CaMg(  8103)2  with  ferrous  iron. 
A  light  to  deep  grass-green  pyroxene,  characteristic  of  crystalline  lime- 
stones, metamorphosed  eruptives  and  some  schists. 

Refractive  indic«es :     oc  =1.664;   ^  =  1.671;   y  =  1.094. 

Diallage.  Lamellar  or  fibrous  pyroxene  near  diopside  in  composition. 
Characteristic  of  gabbros. 

Omphacite.  A  granular  non-aluminous  pyroxene.  Characteristic  of 
eclogites  in  association  with  garnet. 


158  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Aiigitc.  Iron-alumina  pyroxene.  Dark  green  to  black  and  com- 
monest of  all  the  pyroxenes.  An  essential  constituent  of  diorites, 
gabbros,  diabases,  basalts,  andesites,  pyroxenites  and  other  basic 
eruptives.  JNIentioned  in  all  petrographic  descriptions  of  basic  igneous 
rocks. 

Hcfraclive   indices:      oc  =1-608;    ^=1.704;    y  =  1.72.3. 

Violan.     A  variety  name  for  a  violet-colored  augite. 
Hedenbergite.     An  iron-rich  pyroxene. 

Refractive   indiceg :     oc  =1.732;    «  =  1.737;   ^  =  1.751. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Diopside  is  common  in  the  schists  with  albite 
near  San  Pablo  and  has  been  described  and  analysed  by  Blasdale^^^ 

SiOz  AI..O3        FeoOa        FeO  MgO  CaO 

Fiosh    51.91         3.55         1.30         2.65         16.15         22.85 

Altered 49.62         2.97         2.49         2.99         19.72         19.14 

HoO 

NaaO      at  100°     ab.  100°      TiOo        MnO 

Fresh 0.56         0.21         0.S6         0.10         0.33         =100.47% 

Altered 0.60  __  2.71  —  —  =100.24 

El  Dorado  County:  Diallage  is  a  constituent  of  gabbro  on  Mount 
Diablo.  Fine  dark  green  crystals  of  diopside  occur  near  JNIud  Spring.s. 
Occurs  in  good  crystals  at  the  Cosumnes  Copper  mine. 

Inyo  County:  Masses  of  malacolite  have  come  from  the  Panamint 
Mountains.  A  constituent  of  calc-hornfelses  at  Deep  Canyon  near 
Bishop,  with  diopside.  garnet  and  epidote. 

Lake  County:  Violan  occurs  in  Big  Canyon. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Large  light  green  crystals  of  diopside  are  found 
near  San  Pedro. 

Nevada  County:  Diallage  is  a  constituent  of  the  gabbro  at  Nevada 
City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^). 

Plumas  County:  Diallage  occurs  in  gabbro  near  Grizzly  Peak,  Tur- 
ner(i\ 

Riverside  County :  Crj-stals  of  pale  green  diopside  occur  in  the  lime- 
stone at  Crestmore,  and  were  described  by  Eakle'^"'.  Forms  observed 
were:  (001),  (010).  (100),  (110).  (Oil).  (021),  (111),  (221),  (112), 
(111),  (22_1),  (331),  (131),  (121),  (231),  (211),  (121),  (352),  (753), 
(836),  (14.3.10)  and  (10.12.7).  A  deep  green  pyroxene  resembling 
omphacite  occurs  associated  with  cinnamon-garnet  at  the  Crestmore 
Quarry.  Augite  is  a  constituent  of  the  quartz-monzonite  porphyry  of 
the  quarry.  A  white  pyroxene  occurs  in  the  dolomitic  limestone  of 
Ea^le  Mountains. 

San  Francisco  County :  Crystals  of  diallage  occur  in  the  serpentine  of 
San  Francisco,  Erman^^^  Lawson^^)^  Palache^^) 

San  Mateo  County :  Diallage  occurs  in  gabbro  near  Crystal  Springs. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  159 

Sauta  Barbara  County :  Augite  as  a  constituent  of  teschenite  at  Point 
Sal  was  analysed  by  Fairbanks^''^ 

SiOo        AI2O,     Fe-Oa       FeO      CaO       MgO    KaoOKjO  Igii 

4r,..-n     n.on     ^.^y^     4.7.".    L'l.as    i3.S9     1.23     1.22    =99.78%    g= 2.33s 

Santa  Clara  County:  Diallage  occurs  at  Los  Gatos  Creek.  Ompha- 
cite  is  a  constituent  of  eclogite  in  the  Calaveras  Valley,  Murgoci^^\ 

Shasta  County :  Iledenbergite  occurs  associated  with  ilvaite  at  Pot- 
ter's Creek,  Prescott^^\ 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  of  white  malacolite  have  come  from  this 
county. 

Tuolumne  County:  Diallage  occurs  in  tlie  gabbro  of  Kawhitlc  Ranch. 


173.     ACMITE— AEGYRITE. 
Silicate  of  sodium  and  Iron,  essentially  NaFeCSlOa);. 

Monoclinic.     Prismatic  crystals.     Color  brown  or  dark  green.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  G  — G.5;  G  =  3.50  — 3.55. 

Acmite:     Refractive  indices:     cc  =1-765;   «  =  1.S05;  y=r  1.820. 
Aegyrite :    Refractive  indices:     oc  =1-708;   i3  =  1.734:  y  =  1.758. 

.    Insoluhlo.  hut  fuses  quietly  to  a  globule  which  is  slightly  magnetic  and 
gives  a  yellow  sodium  flame. 

Acmite  and  aegyrite  are  rock-forming  minerals  more  prominent  in 
syenites.  Their  occurrence  in  California  has  not  been  mentioned  in 
petrographical  literature. 

San  Benito  County :  A  specimen  of  rock  containing  prisms  of  acmite 
has  come  from  some  locality  near  HoUister.  Aegyrite  occurs  in  stellate 
groups  in  the  albite  associated  with  benitoite  and  natrolite,  at  the 
benitoite  locality  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River,  Louder- 
back(2). 


174.     SPODUMENE. 
Silicate  of  lithium  and  aluminium,  LiAl(Si03)j. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  sometimes  very  large.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  grayish  white,  emerald-green,  lilac,  amethystine.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  6.5  — 7;  G  =  3.13  — 3.20. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l-OGO;  ^  =  1.6GG;  y  =  l.G70. 

Fuses  to  a  clear  glass  and  gives  a  red  lithium  flame,  best  seen  through 
blue  glass  or  through  a  Mer^vin  color  screen.     Insoluble. 

Spoduraene  is  found  in  large  crystals  and  cleavage  masses  in  peg- 
matitie  veins  where  lithia  is  present.  It  is  commonly  associated  with 
the  lithia  mica,  lepidolite,  and  with  lithia  tourmaline. 

Kunzite  is  a  beautiful  transparent  variety,  lilac  or  amethystine  in 
color.     Sometimes  called  California  iris. 

Hiddenite  is  an  emerald  green  spodumene. 


160  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  Coimty :  Some  kunzite  occurs  iu  the  San  Jacinto  Moun- 
tains, near  Coahuila,  Sehaller^^)^ 

San  Diego  County:  The  trlinsparent  lilac  variety  discovered  in 
1903  and  named  kunzite  by  Baskerville^^^  and  which  is  used  as  a  gem, 
occurs  in  the  pegmatite  veins  of  the  Pala  Chief  mine  at  Pala  with  the 
gem  tourmaline,  altliough  not  very  almndant  nor  in  large  pieces.  Most 
of  it  is  in  flat  cleavage  pieces  but  fair  crystals  have  been  found  with 
the  forms:  (010),  (100),  (110),  (130),  (350),  (32.0),  (121),  (T12), 
Schaller*-'.  The  mineral  has  been  further  described  by  Baskerville  and 
Kunz'''  and  analysed  by  Schaller*-'  and  by  Davis' ^\ 

SiO..      AI0O3    MnoOs  Li:0     NaoO    KoO    CaO  MgO  NiO  MnO  ZnO    Ign. 
Schaller  64.42     27.32     0.15     7.20     0.39     0.03     __      —     __     __     __     none  =   99.61 

Davis  __G4.05     27.30        __     6.88     0.30     0.06  0.80  none  0.06  0.11 0.44     0.15  =100.15 

A  few  crystals  of  hiddenite  and  some  masses  of  white  spodumene  have 
also  been  found  at  Pala,  Math  tlie  kunzite,  Schaller^-^ 

Kunzite  also  occurs  sparingly  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  in  tabular 
crystals,  some  of  them  twinned  as  seen  by  the  natural  etch-figures. 
Forms:  (100),  (110),  (010),  (320),  (130),  (021),  (111),  (Til), 
Rogers^^^ 

175.     WOLLASTONITE. 

Silicate  of  calcium,  CaSiOj. 

Monoclinic.     Generally   in   fibrous   masses.     Cleavage   perfect   ortho- 
pinacoidal.      Color     white,     grav,     rose.       Vitreous     luster.      H  — 4.5 — 5.0; 
G  =  2.8— 2.9. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1-616;    =^1.629:  y  =  l.f»:n. 

Fuses  easily  and  quietly  to  a  clear  glass.     Soluble   iu  hydrochloric  acid 
without  usually  gelatinizing. 

Wollastonite  is  formed  as  a  contact  metamorphic  mineral  especially 
near  the  contact  of  eruptives  with  limestone.  Usually  found  as  com- 
pact fibrous  masses  either  white  or  pink. 

Alameda  County :   Some  wollastonite  has  been  found  in  the  Berkeley 
Hills. 
Del  Norte   County :  White   divergent   masses  found  near   Crescent 

City.      . 

Lake  County :  White  drusy  wollastonite  has  come  from  Dry  Creek, 
near  ]Middletown.     Speeimens  have  come  from  near  Clenbrook. 

Napa  County :  Massive  white  occurs  in  Hunting  Creek  Canyon,  near 
Knoxville. 

Nevada  County:  White  and  pink  are  found  as  contact  minerals  at 
Grass  Valley. 

Riverside  County :  Fibrous,  columnar  and  fine  granular  wollastonite 
occurs  in  the  crvstalline  limestone  at  Crestmore  as  one  of  the  contact 


MINERALS   OF    CAL[FORNIA.  IGl 

metaniorphie   minerals.     An  analysis  of  the  fine  granular  by   Eakle 
gave: 

SiO^  FesO.i  CaO  H«0 

51.77  2.12  44.85  1.02       -   99.76  per  cent 

An  analysis  of  the  crystals  l)y  Eakle  gave: 

SiO..  CaO  MgO  Pe.O^  Ign 

5(1.42  4S;.2!>  O.i'A)  O..!!  0.07  =  9i).S0% 

Forms  observed  on  the  cry.stals  were:  (001),  (100),  (740),  (540), 
(340).  (140),  (101),  (104).  (T04),  (T08),  (102),  (TOl),  (Oil),  (744), 
(844).  (144).  (744).  (344).  (T44),  (122),  (T22).  (142),  (T42). 

San  Diego  County :  Large  masses  of  divergent  eolunniar  woUaston- 
ite,  ]Mire  white,  occui"  near  Boulevard  and  at  Cai'rizo  Gorge,  near 
Jaeuinha. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Divergent  fibrous  masses  having  a  pale  rose 
color  have  been  found  at  Santa  Ynez. 

Siskiyou  County:  Fine  divergent  .si)eeimens  occur  in  limestone  on 
Salmon  River,  three  miles  above  Sonnnes  Bar. 

Tehama  Count j- :  Found  at  Glenbrook  Lake. 

'I'rinity  County:  Wliite  fibrous  occur  near  llyampoin. 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  Ujiper  Tule  River. 

Tuolumne  County:  Found  on  North  Mokelumne  River  near  Bear 
Creek  and  analysed  by  Hillebrand,  Turner^^^ 

SiOi  TiOi        AI0O3        FeaOa         FeO  CaO  MgO         K:;0         NaoO 

50.G7         0.20         6.77         0.31         0.50         40.34         0.58         0.22         0.14 

H,.0 
at  110°     ab.  110°      CO2 
0.08         0.31         0.52     =100.24% 

176.     PECTOLITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  HNaCa2(Si03)o. 

Mouocliiiic.     Generally  fibrous  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  orthopinacoidal. 
Color  white.     Luster  silky  to  vitreous.     H=:5;  G  =  2.68  —  2.78. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.595:   «  =  1.00(j;  y  =  l.f>34. 

Kasily    fusil)le    to    a    clear   slass    and    easily    .«olul)le.    sometimes    yielding 
sclatinous  silica.     A  small  amount  of  water  is  obtained  in  a  closed  tube. 

White  fibrous  pectolite  occurs  as  veins  and  patches  in  altered  basic 
dikes  and  flows,  and  in  serpentinized  rocks. 

San  Francisco  County :  Fibrous  pectolite  occurs  as  veins  in  an  altered 
dike  which  intersected  the  serpentine  at  Fort  Point.  Described  and 
analysed  by  Eakle'^'.     Forms:  (001),  (100),  (540),  (140). 

SiOs        AloOjFe-Oa       CaO  NajO        HoO 

53.40  3.87  30.56         7.61         4.46         =  99.90  per  cent 

Tehama  County :  Large  mass  occurred  in  serpentine  on  Elder  Creek 
and  was  analysed  by  Eitel,  Preston*^ 

Si02  AUO3  FeaO.       CaO  NaaG         KoO 

56.84  1.27  33.4t         3  45        3.97         =  99.63  per  cent 

11—22132 


162  STATE    MIXING   BUREAU. 

177.     RHODONITE. 
Silicate  of  manganese,  MnSiO«. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  often  large.  Generally  massive  or  in  grains.  Cleav- 
age perfect  prismatic.  Color  rose- red.  Vitreous  luster.  H=:5.5' — 6.5; 
0  =  3.4  —  3.68. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.7-6;    i3=1.730;  y  =  l.ToT. 

Gives  a  violet  or  wine-colored  bead  with  borax.  Insoluble,  but  fusible  to 
a  l)lack  glas.s. 

Tlie  manganese  silicate  is  often  present  in  copper  and  silver  veins 
where  oxide  of  manganese  is  abundant  and  it  is  usually  associated  with 
pyrolusite  or  psilomelane.  It  is  generally  developed  as  a  contact  min- 
eral in  veins. 

Alameda  County:  Some  rhodonite  occurs  at  the  Corral  Hollow 
deposit, 

Butte  County :  Found  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Feather  River  with 
j'hodochrosite.  Occurs  with  p.silomelane  and  pyrolusite  one  mile  north 
of  forks  of  Butte. 

Fresno  County :  Pink  rhodonite  occurs  with  hlack  o.^ides  near  Dun- 
lap. 

Glenn  County :   Occurs  with  psilomelane  on  Elk  Creek. 

Humboldt  County : .  Observed  near  Orleans. 

]Madera  County:  Occurs  near  Coarse  Gold  with  rhodochrosite  and 
black  oxides  of  manganese. 

Placer  County:  Occurs  with  rhodochrosite  near  Forest  Hill. 

Plumas  County:  Considerable  manganese  occurs  in  the  Genessee, 
]MeadoM',  and  other  valleys  and  canyons  of  the  county,  and  some  good 
red  rhodonite  has  come  from  them.  Occurred  Avitli  copper  at  the 
Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Valley,  Hanks^'",  Turner'^'.  Good  gem  quality 
occurs  near  Taylorsville. 

Riverside  County :  Specimens  associated  with  pyrolusite  and  psilome- 
lane near  Elsinore. 

Siskiyou  County :  Fine  specimens  of  rhodonite  occur  at  Sawyer's  Bar. 
Rhodonite  partly  altered  to  the  black  manganese  oxides  occurs  near 
Gazelle  and  on  south  fork  of  Salmon  River.  Specimens  have  come  from 
Empire  Creek,  also  Dutch  Creek  near  Goltville.  ^lassive  and  of  good 
red  color  suitable  for  gem  purposes  occurs  on  Indian  Creek  near  Happy 
Camp. 

Tulare  County:  Some  good  gem  rhodonite  occurs  about  three  miles 
north  of  Lemon  Cove. 

Tuolumne  County:  Found  with  pyrolusite  on  Rose  Creek,  near 
Columbia.  Occurs  as  veins  altering  to  the  black  oxides  two  miles  north 
of  Sonora. 


MINERALS   OK    CALIFORNIA.  163 


AMPHIBOLE    GROUP. 

178.     ANTHOPHYLLITE. 

Silicate  of  raaguesium  and   irou,    (Mg,Fe)Si03. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly  lamellar  or  fibrous.  Cleavage  perfect  pris- 
matic. Color  brownisb  sray,  brownish  e;reon.  Vitreous  luster.  H--:=5.5  — 
6;  0  =  3.1  —  3.2. 

Refractive  indico.s:     (x=l.(^i3:   «  =  l.(i42:  y  =  l.(>."i7. 

Infusible,  but  blackens  on  heating.     Insoluble  in  acids. 

Anthopliyllite  is  a  inetamorphie  mineral  occurring  in  schists  and 
gneisses.  It  is  usually  found  in  fibrous  and  bladed  masses,  and  is  not 
uncommon,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned. 

Contra  Costa  County:  P""i))rous  masses  of  anthopliyllite  occur  in  the 
schists  near  San  Pablo  andihe  mineral  has  been  analysed  by  Blasdale^^\ 
The  analysis  shows  the  mineral  to  be  somewhat  serpentinized. 

HoQ 
SiC  AI0O3  FeaOs  FeO  MgO  CaO  Na;0        at  100°    ab.  100° 

33.66  1.36  0.34  4.80  3.S.70  0.48  0.98  0.24       19.79 

MnO 
tr.     =100.26  per  cent 

Riverside  County:  Occurs  associated  with  tremolite  and  ai^tinolite 
on  Kaoie  ^Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  in  the  Slate  Range,  Hanks^^^. 


179.     AMPHIBOLE. 

Silicate   of   calcium   and    magnesium,    CaMg;(SiO|)4   with    or   without    isomorphous 

mixtures  of  Fe.Al  and  Na. 

Monoclinic  crystals,  columnar,  fibrous,  granular.  Cleavage  perfect  pris- 
matic. Color  white,  gray,  green,  brown,  black.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  5  —  6  ; 
G  =  2.9  — 3.4. 

Insolubh'  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Tremolite  fuses  quietly  at  4  to  practi- 
cally a  colorless  glass.  Actinolite  fuses  to  a  greenish  or  brownish  glol^ule. 
Ilorublondi^  fuses  to  a  l)lack  mass  and  gives  a  slight  yellowish  flame. 

The  amphiboles  are  similar  to  the  pyroxenes,  and,  like  them,  are  very 
important  rock-forming  minerals.  They  occur  in  metamorphic  and 
igneous  rocks,  and  the  common  varieties  are  to  be  found  in  every 
county.  There  are  numerous  varieties  and  those  found  in  the  State 
will  be  briefly  mentioned. 

Tremolite.  Lime-magnesia  amphibole,  CaMg2(SiO.()4.  Common  as 
a  metamorphic  mineral  in  schists  and  crystalline  limestones  in  white 
or  gray  long  prismatic  and  fibrous  aggregates. 

Refractive   indices:      a:=1.60!»:    /j  =  l.B23:   y  =  l.t>3,i. 

Asbestos  is  a  soft  fibrous  form  of  amphibole  having  the  composition  of 
tremolite  or  actiuolite.  ]Much  of  the  asbestos  of  the  State  is,  however, 
serpentine-asbestos,  which  is  a  hydrous  form  of  magnesium  silicate. 


164  STATE    MIXING   BUREAU. 

Mountain  cork  and  Mountain  IcatJier  are  cork-like  and  leathery- 
masses  of  tremolite. 

Actinolite.  Lime-magnesia-iron  amphibole,  Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si40io.  Very- 
abundant  in  the  schists  of  the  Coast  Kanges  and  Sierras.  Generally 
found  in  reticulated  long  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  fibrous.  Color 
is  bright  grass  green  to  dark  green. 

Kefrac'Hve   indices:      ex  =1.'>11  :    Q—lA\'2~:    y=l.lioti. 

Smaragditc  is  an  emerald-green  foliated  variety  of  actinolite. 

Cum)ningtonitc  is  an  iron-magnesia  ampliiljole  similar  to  anthophyl- 
lite. 

Uralite  is  an  amphibole  derived  by  the  alteration  of  pyroxene.  The 
process  of  change  from  pyroxene  to  amphibole  is  called  "uralitization. " 

Asheferrite  is  a  variety  of  tremolite. 

Edcnite  is  a  light  green  aluminous  variety  of  amphibole. 

Hornblende.  A  lime-magnesia-iron-alumina  amphibole  similar  to 
augite  in  its  general  composition. 

Kefraftive   indices:      oc  =1-629;   ^=1.(J42:   y  =  1.0.j:i. 

Hornblende  is  the  commonest  of  tlie  amphiboles  and  is  found  in  large 
cleavage  ma'-ses  to  fibrous.  Common  color  is  black  to  very  dark  green, 
sometimes  brown.  Hornblende  is  characteristic  of  the  acid  and  inter- 
mediate eruptive  rocks  while  augite  is  characteristic  of  the  basic.  Horn- 
blende forms  large  areas  of  schists  or  amphibolites  and  is  also  a  con- 
stituent of  granite,  syenite,  diorite,  rhyolite  and  trachyte.  Less  common 
in  gabbro.  diabase  and  basalt. 

Soretite  is  an  amphibole  showing  some  optical  differences  from 
hornblende. 

Pargasite  is  an  amphibole  between  hornblende  and  glaucophane  in 
composition,  but  is  generallj'  classed  as  hornblende. 

Carinihine  is  an  amphibole  between  hornblende  and  glaucophane  in 
composition. 

Amador  County:  Sheets  of  mountain  leather  with  mountain  cork 
have  been  found  at  the  Little  Grass  Valley  mine.  Pine  Grove.  Some 
a-sbestos  occurs  near  Oleta. 

Butte  County :  Hornblende  is  the  most  abundant  constituent  of  a 
quartz-amphibole  diorite  on  ridge  between  this  and  Plumas  counties 
and  has  been  analysed  by  Valentine,  Turner^'*)'^^). 

SiOi'         TiO«        AI0O3        Cr^Oa        Fe^Os        FeO  MnO         CaO  MgO  Na^O 

oO.OS         0.7G         7.97         0.16         2.G9         (5.71         0.49         11.31  10.31  1.22 

K2O  HoO  P^Or, 

0.46         1.40         ir.         99.40  per  cent 

Tremolite  asbestos  occurs  in  limestone  on  Berry  Creek.  Reported 
from  near  Blinzig. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  165 

Calaveras  County:  ^Massive  hlai-k  hornl)lendo  in  large  crystals  occur 
in  the  country  rock  of  the  Shenandoah  mine,  ten  miles  northeast  of 
San  Andreas.     .Vctinolite  is  common  near  Val^'y  Springs. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Tremolite  and  actinolite  are  common  in  the 

schists  north  of  Berkeley  and  near  San  Pablo,  and  have  been  analysed 

by  Blasdale(i\ 

H2O 

SiOs      Al;;03    Fe^Os  FeO      MrO       CaO      Ka.O     K^O  at  100°  ab.  100 » 
Tremolite    56.68     1.79     1.70     2.23     19.35     15.80       __        __      0.10     2.25   =99.90% 

_      7.49     18.97     10..10     2.45       __        __      1.75   =99.86 
_      5.97     19.45     12.13     1.94     0.30       -_      2.58  =99.98 


,     .     ,.      r55.21     3.45 
Actinolite-j ^     ^  n- 


Del  Norte  County  :    Tremolite  is  found  near  Diamond  ('reek. 

El  Dorado  County :  Large  cleavage  masses  of  black  hornblende  occur 
with  orthoclase,  bornite,  molybdenite,  epidote  and  axinite  at  the  old 
Cosumnes  Copper  mine  near  Fairplay.  Bladed  crystals  of  green  actino- 
lite occur  in  the  schists  near  Latrobe.  Short  white  fibers  as  asbestos 
occur  neai'  Georgetown. 

F'resno  County:  Large  crystals  of  hornblende  in  massive  hornblende 
rock  occur  at  the  Cinnamon  Bear  mine  near  l*ine  Flat.  Asbestos  is 
reported  to  occur  thirty  miles  east  of  Sanger. 

ILnnboldt  County:  Massive  homl)lende  occurs  west  of  Three  Creeks 
near  Horse  Mountain.  Actinolite  schist  with  chlorite  occurs  at  Brice- 
land. 

Inyo  County :  JNIasses  of  mountain  cork  are  found  in  the  Swansea 
district  and  in  Craig's  Canyon  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Inyo  Mountains. 

Kern  County:  ^Mountain  leather  occurs  near  Keefte.  Actinolite  and 
tremolite  occur  in  schists  near  Kandsburg.  Large  columnar,  l)rittle 
tremolite  occurs  at  Toll  Gate  Canyon.  IMountain  cork  occur.s  at  the  Tom 
Reed  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Crystalline  masses  of  tremolite  occur  in  calcite 
in  Cpper  San  Gabriel  mining  district. 

Madera  County :  Asbestos  occurr;  at  the  Savannah  mine,  Gnib  Gulch, 
and  at  the  Baker  mine  near  Coarse  Gold.  Actinolite  schists  carrying 
pyrrhotite  and  chalcopyrite  occur  at  the  Heiskell  mine. 

Marin  County :  Actinolite  is  common  in  the  lawsonite  schist  of  Reed 
Station.  IMassive  blaclx:  hornblende  occurs  near  Reed  Station  in  close 
proximity  to  the  lawsonite. 

Mariposa  County :  Hornblende  is  a  constituent  of :  1,  the  gabbro 
of  Beaver  Creek,  near  Big  Trees ;  and,  2,  of  a  ciuartz-monzonite  on 
Tioga  road,  southeast  of  Mount  Hoffman,  Turner^'*)^'^^  The  first  has 
been  analysed  by  Valentine  and  the  second  by  Hillebrand. 


1. 

SiO- 
46.08 

TiO" 
0.77 

AloOn 
10.56 

A^sOs       Fe203 
2.81 

FeO 
8.30 

MnO 
0.15 

NiO         CaO 
12.64 

MgO 
14.40 

2. 

47.40 

1.21 

7.07 

0.04        4.88 

10.69 

0.51 

0.02        11.92 

13.06 

NaoO 
1.62 

KoO 
0.34 

Li.O 
none 

H;0 

at  100°    ab. 100° 
0.17         1.97 

P2O5 
0.18 

F 
none 

=   99.99% 

0.75 

0.49 

tr. 

1.86 

none 

0.06 

=  100.05  —  0^2  = 

1 100.03 

166  STATE    MINIXG    BUREAU. 

Some  asbestos  occurs  east  of  the  Mariposa  Grant.  Large  crystals  of 
lioniblende  as  rock  masses  occur  near  El  Portal. 

Mendocino  County :  Aetinolite  occurs  at  Calpella.  Large  masses  of 
good  aetinolite  prisms  occur  near  Potter  Valley. 

Mono  County :  Long  prisms  of  hornblende  occur  in  the  cavities  of 

lava  near  Bridgeport,  with  forms :  (001),  (010),  (100),  (110),  (201), 

(021),  (T31),  Sclialler(«). 
^lonterey  County:   Aetinolite  is  found  in  schists  near  Soledad. 

Napa  County :    Tremolite  occurs  in  Chiles  Valley. 

Nevada  County :  Hornlileude  occurs  in  large  crystals  in  the  granodio- 
rite  of  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^^  Uralite  is  common 
in  the  diorite  of  this  locality.  Large  cleavage  pi-isms  of  hornblende  in 
schist  occur  in  the  Bireliville  district. 

Placer  County :  Large  masses  of  asbestos  are  found  at  Wisconsin  Hill 
and  Arizona  Flat.  Long  white  fibers  of  asbestos  occur  one-quarter 
mile  east  of  Iowa  Hill.  Ijong  silky  fibers  of  light  green  to  white  asbes- 
tos are  found  south  of  Towle. 

Plumas  County :  Edenite  is  a  constituent  of  the  plumasite  of  Spanish 
Peak,  Lawson'-^'.  Aetinolite  and  hornblende  occur  at  Engels  as  rock 
constituents.  Good-fibered  asbestos  occurs  at  the  Fireproof  Asbestos 
mine  near  Sloat.     Green  asbestos  is  found  near  Spring  Garden. 

Riverside  County:  Aetinolite,  tremolite  and  anthopyllite  occur  in 
llie  schist  of  Eagle  Mountains.  A  good  deposit  of  asbestos  is  reported 
fifteen  miles  southeast  of  Palm  Springs.  Black  hornl)lende  is  a  con- 
stituent of  the  graiio-diorite  at  Crestmore.  Some  tremolite  has  also  been 
found. 

San  Benito  County :  Aetinolite  occurs  in  the  veins  and  wall-rock  in 
capillary  bunches  at  the  benitoite  locality,  Louderback^^^.  Good  speci- 
mens at  Tres  Pinos. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Cummingtonite  has  been  found  near  Dag- 
gett, with  calcite.  Asbeferrite  occurs  at  Halleck.  Coarse  fibered  tremo- 
lite occurs  in  the  Oro  Grande  district. 

San  Diego  County :  Large  crystals  of  black  hornblende  forming  rock 
masses  occur  four  miles  ea.st  of  Fallbrook.  Also  large  crystals  near 
Mexican  line. 

San  Francisco  County :  Aetinolite  occurs  in  the  schists  on  Angel 
Island. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Aetinolite,  sraaragdite,  soretite,  pargasite  and 
earanthine  occur  in  the  eclogites  of  Oak  Ridge  and  Calaveras  Valley, 
j\rargoci^i\  J.  P.  Smith*^'.  Specimens  twelve  miles  east  of  Gilroy. 
Fibrous  tremolite  is  found  near  Morgan  Hill. 

Shasta  County :  Long  fibrous  white  tremolite  or  asbestos  occurs  in  the 
Stock  Asbestos  mine  near  Sims. 


I 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  167 

Sierra  County  :  Lonp:  fibers  of  asbestos  occur  on  Goodyear  Bar  Creek. 

Siskiyou  County  :  Tremolite  asbestos  occurs  in  the  Blue  Ledge  mining 
district. 

Sonoma  County :  Large  crystals  of  actinolite  occur  in  foliated  talc, 
near  PetaUuua.  Mentioned  by  W.  P.  Blake<^\  Smaragdite  occurs  in 
the  glaucopliane-gneiss  near  Santa  Rosa,  JMurgoci^^'.  Actinolite  is  com- 
mon with  glaucophane  at  Camp  Meeker.  Coarse  actinolite  prisms  occur 
on  Ilasey  Ranch,  west  of  Cloverdale. 

Trinity  County :  Mas-sive  hornblende  occurs  near  Wild  wood  and  Otto 
Rest.    Large  crystals  are  found  near  Trinity  Center  and  Douglas  City. 

Tulare  County:  Asbestos  occurs  near  Globe  and  near  Porterville. 
Tremolite  and  horn])lende  occur  at  the  White  Chief  mine. 

Tuolumne  County:  White  librous  tremolite  occurs  in  the  marble 
near  Columbia;  asbestos  near  Chinese  Camp  and  Monte/uma;  mountain 
cork  at  Sawmill  Flat  and  on  Table  Mountain. 

Yuba  County :  Small  amounts  of  tremolite  asbestos  occur  near  Chal- 
lenge. 

180,     GLAUCOPHANE— Blue   Hornblende. 

Silicate  of  sodium,   aluminium,   iron   and   magnesium,   essentially   NaAl (8103)2 

(Fe,Mg)SiO,. 

Monoclinic.  Generally  fibrous  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  deep  blue  to  bluish  black.  Streak  grayish  blue.  Strongly  pleochroic. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6  — 6.5;  G  =  3.1. 

llefractivo  indices  :     «:  =  1 .021  ;  ^  =  1 .038  ;  y  =  1 .088. 
Fuses  quietly  and  yields  a  strong  yellow  flame  of  sodium.     Insolublf  in 
acid. 

Glaucophane  is  a  constituent  of  schists  and  gneisses  which  have  been 
formed  by  metamorphism  of  igneous  rocks  containing  a  high  percentage 
of  sodium.  Extensive  areas  of  glaucophane  rocks  exist  in  California 
along  the  Coast  Range  and  they  have  been  described  by  Becker^^^, 
Ransome(2),  Lawson^),  Palache^^),  J.  P.  Smith(i>,  Murgoci(i>,  Hanks^^), 
and  others. 

Crossite.  This  name  was  given  by  Palache^^^  to  a  mineral  which 
differed  from  glaucophane  in  its  optical  orientation  and  with  a  com- 
position between  it  and  riebeckite. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l-0-">7:   «=:  1.650;  y;=1.6(i3. 

Contra  Costa  County :  The  glaucophane  from  the  schists  near  San 
Pablo  was  analysed  by  Blasdale^^^ 

SiOo      AI2O3    FeoOs    FeO     MgO      CaO     Na^O     K«0     HoO     TiO"    MnO 
54.52      9.25     4.44     9.81     10.33     1.98     7.56    0.16     1.78     0.39     0.46      =100.68% 

52.39     11.29     3.74     9.13     11.37     3.03     6.14       tr.      2.57     0.14       tr.       =  99.80 


168  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Crossite  was  found  in  a  boulder  on  the  hillside  north  of  Berkeley  and 
was  described  by  Palaehe^^^  as  a  new  amphibole,  with  analysis  by 
W.  S.  T.  Smith.  ' 

SiOs      Al  .Os    FeaOs    FeO    MnO  MgO     CaO    NaoO     K2O       H-O 

55.02     4.75     10.91     0.46     tr.     9.30     2.38     7.02     0.27     iindet.      =99.70% 

Fresno  County :  Common  in  the  Coast  Range  from  Coalinga  to  Liv- 
er more  Pass. 

Humboldt  County :  Occurs  above  Orleans  on  Klamath  River  and  on 
east  side  of  Jaeoby  Creek  above  Bayside. 

Lake  County:  Classes  have  been  found  in  the  mountains  near  Upper 
Lake. 

Marin  County :    Common  in  the  schists  near  Reed  Station. 

Mendocino  County:  Common  near  Calpella.  With  hornblende,  bio- 
tite  and  quartz  at  Long  Vale. 

Monterey  County:   In  the  schist  near  Pleyto. 

Napa  County.    In  schi-st  near  Calistoga. 

San  Benito  County :  A  glaucophane  resembling  crossite  occurs  in  the 
natrolite  vein  carrying  the  benitoite  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San 
Benito  River,  and  was  analysed  by  Blasdale,  Louderback^^) 

H2O 

SiOo     AI2O3      FeO      MnO     MgO      CaO    NaoO     K.>0       at  100°    ab.  100° 
52.94     3.76     13.40     1.44     11.54     5.45     5.11     0.43         1.31         3.72     =99.10% 

San  Francisco  Coiuity :   In  the  schist  of  Angel  Island. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Murgoci^^^  mentions  glaucophane  as  a  con- 
stituent of  eclogite,  quartzite,  mica  schist  and  greenstone  in  the  Cala- 
veras Valley. 

Sonoma  "County:  Associated  with  actinolite,  garnet,  epidote  and 
quartz  in  schist  near  Healdsburg.  Also  at  Camp  ]Meeker  and  near 
Petaluma. 

Stanislaus  County:    In  schist  east  of  Red  Mountain. 

Trinitv  County:    Occurs  near  Havfork. 


181.     CROCIDOLITE. 
Silicate  of  sodium  and  iron,  essentially  NaFe(Si03);.FeSi03. 

Monocliuic.     Usually    fibrous.     Cleavage    perfect    prismatic.     Color   deep 
blue  or  green.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  4;  G  =  3.2  —  3.3.     Pleochroio. 
Refractive  index:    ^=1.70. 

Fuses  with  slight  intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  mass  and  colors  riie 
flame  yellow.     Insoluble  in   acid. 

A  rock-forming  mineral  similar  to  the  amphiboles  and  glaucophanes 
but  not  so  common. 

Cataphorifc  is  a  soda-iron  crocidolite  between  berkevikite  and  arfved- 
sonite  in  optical  characters. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  169 

Lake  County :  Fibrous  veins  of  blue  erocidolite  are  said  to  occur  in 
schist  near  Lakeport. 

Monterey  County:    Occurs  in  schist  near  I'leyto. 

Plumas  County :  Crocidolite  and  cataphorite  occur  in  the  syenite  of 
Spanish  Pe/ik,  Murgoci^^^. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Cataphorite  is  a  constituent  of  diorite  at  Oak 
Ridge,  Calaveras  Valley,  jMurgoci^^\  Crocidolite  occurs  as  bluish 
fibrous  seams  in  metaniorphic  rock  east  of  Mount  Hamilton,  and  an 
analysis  of  it  by  A.  K.  Schcllinger  is  given  by  Rogers' '^^ 

SiQ..  AloO:i         Fe.O;,  FoO  MgO         CaO     Na-O  (by  diff. )    HoO 

00.65         0.90         ]0.21         21.70         0.70         0.39         4.93  1.43 


NOT    GROUPED. 

182.     BERYL. 
Silicate   of   berjilium   and   alumiuivim,    Be^ALSioOis. 

Hexapoual.     Prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  very  large.     Color  green,  blue, 
rose,  yellow,     ^'itreous  luster.     H  =  7.5  —  8  ;  G  =  2.63  —  2.80. 

Ilcfnutivc  indices:    £=:  1.564;  (y  =  1.5fiS. 

Whitens   and    is  vei-y   difficult   to  fusi^.   yifldiuii   ;ni   cniuni'l.      Insolulil"   in 
acid. 

Beryl  is  found  as  crystals  varying  greatly  in  size  in  acid  pegmatite 
veins,  general]\'.  Most  of  the  l)eryl  known  lo  occur  in  the  State  is 
limited  to  the  series  of  feldspathic  pegmatite  veins  of  Riverside  and  San 
Diego  counties,  in  which  the  beautiful  gem  tourmalines  occur.  Trans- 
l^arent  a(iuaniarine,  golden,  deep  green  and  blue  crystals,  forming 
beautiful  gems  when  cut,  occur  in  thesic  pegmatites. 

El  Dorado  County:  Rich  green  emerald  beryl  has  been  found  near 
Georgetown.     The  cry.stals  are  most  too  small  to  cut  as  gems. 

Fresno  Coiintx- :  Beryl  is  said  to  be  associated  with  the  feldspar  tive 
miles  northeast  of  Trimmer. 

Riverside  County :  Fine  yellow  and  green  beryls  occur  at  Coahuila 
and  rose  crystals  near  Hemet. 

San  Bernai'dino  County:  Blue  and  green  ))ei\vl  is  found  in  northern 
]jart  of  county. 

San  Diego  County:  Yellow,  green  and  blue  crystals  occur  in  the 
Palomar  Mountains,  nine  miles  southeast  of  Pala :  Some  rose,  yellow 
and  green  occur  at  Pala  and  Mesa  Grande.  Green  crystals  from  Rincon 
have  the  forms :  (lOTO),  (0001),  (lOTl),  (1120),  (1121),  (2130),  (1122), 
(13J.14.1)  and  rose  crystals  the  forms :  (lOTO),  (ll2Tj,  (lOTl),  (0001), 
(2131),  Eakle(6).     Mentioned  by  Kunz''>,  Schaller^*),  and  Rogers<2). 

Pink  beryl  occurs  at  Katrina  mine.  Pala.  Golden  beryl  one  mile 
northwest  of  Jacumba.  Gem  beryl  at  Crystal  Gem  mine,  eight  miles 
northwest  of  Jacumba.     Fine,  large  crystals  from  Aguanga  ^Mountain, 


170  STATE    illNIXG    BUREAU. 

Golden  and  aquamarine  at  the  Esmeralda  mine.     Fine  crystals  at  the 
Surprise,  ABC,  Hercules  and  Lookout  mines,  Ramona. 

Tuolumne  County :  W.  P.  Blake^^^  reported  beryl  from  near  James- 
town. 

• 

183.     NEPHELITE— Eleolite. 

Silicate  of  aluniinium,  sodium  aud  potassium,   K.NauAl^SiaO,,. 

Hexagonal.      Generally   massive,   compact   as   a   rock  constituent.     Color 
greenish  gray  to  brown.     H  =  5.o — 6;  G  =  2.55 — 2.(15.     Luster  greasy. 
Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.538:  (^=1.542. 

Fuses  quietly  to  a  colorless  glass  and  colors  the  fiame  yellow  on  account 
of  the  large  amount  of  .sodium  present.     Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Nepheline  rocks  are  apparently  very  rare  in  California  since  they 
have  never  been  reported  in  petrographical  literature. 

Tulare  County :    Found  as  a  constituent  of  a  boulder  of  fine-^'ained 
gray  syenite  along  the  Stratlimore-Lindsay  Canal. 


184.     SODALITE. 

Silicate  of  sodium  aud  aluminum  with  chlorine,  3  XaAlSiOi.  XaCl. 

Isometric.  Usually  massive.  Brittle.  Color  blue  to  gray.  H  =  5.5 — 6; 
G  =  2.14— 2.30. 

Refractive  index:  «  =  1.483. 

Becomes  white  on  heating  and  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  colorless 
gla.ss.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding  gelatinous  silica.  Dissolved 
in  nitric  acid,  and  adding  silver  nitrate,  silver  chloride  is  precipitated. 

Los  Angeles  County :    The  optical  properties  of  the  so-called  lazurite 
from  San  Antonio  Creek  indicate  that  it  is  sodalite  and  not  lazurite. 


185.     NOSEAN— Noselite. 

Silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium  with  sodium  sulphate,  NaiCNaSOi.Al)  Al2(Si04)3. 

Isometric.     Granular.     Color  gray,  blue,  brown.     H  =  5.5;G  =  2.25  —  2.4. 

Refractive  index:    h  =  1.495. 

Easily  fusible  and  is  easily  soluble,  yielding  gelatinous  silica.  Barium 
chloride  added  to  a  hydrochloric  acid  solution  will  precipitate  barium  sul- 
phate.    Fuses  with  intense  yellow  flame. 

A  rare  rock-forming  mineral  characteristic  of  nepheline  rocks  which 
have  not  been  reported  in  the  State. 

San  Bernardino  County :  There  is  a  specimen  of  nosean  rock  from 
Calico  exhibited  in  the  museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  171 

186.     LAZURITE— Lapis-Lazuli. 
Silicate  of  sodium  aud   aluminium  with  sodium  sulphide,   Nai(NaS3.Al)  Al2(SiOj3. 

Isometric.  Massive.  Color  deep  azure-blue  or  violet-blue.  Vitreous 
luster.     11  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  2.38  — 2.45. 

Refractive  index:     )i=:1.50. 

(ielatinous  and  reacts  similar  to  uoselite.  A  faint  odor  of  hydrogen  siil- 
pliidc   may   be  detected  when   tre;iti>d   with   hydi-ochloric   acid. 

The  blue  oriiameiital  mineral  lapis-lazuli  is  rare,  and  is  only  definitely 
known  to  occur  in  one  locality.  A  blue  lazulite  and  a  blue  dumortierite 
have  been  erroneously  reported  as  lazurite. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Small  boiildei's  of  limestone  containing  lapis- 
lazuli  with  pyrite  occur  in  the  bed  of  San  Antonio  Creek,  near  Uplands. 
The  boulders  come  from  an  old  prospect  which  was  thought  to  be  a 
silver  deposit.  Tt  oei-urs  on  the  north  sloi)e  of  south  fork  of  Cascade 
Canyon,  H  miles  east  of  the  "Hogback"  in  San  Antonio  Canyon,  twelve 
miles  from  I'plaiid.  The  occurrence  has  been  described  as  lapis-lazuli 
by  Surr"'. 

IVIadera  County :  Specimens  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the 
Minaret  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County:  A  small  boulder  of  gray  limestone  con- 
taining lapis-lazuli,  pyrite,  diopside  and  an  unknown  mineral  was 
reported  as  coming  from  this  county  by  Rogers'^\  It  is  possibly  a 
stray  boulder  from  the  Los  Angeles  deposit. 


187.     GARNET. 
Silicate  of  Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Cr,Mn,  etc.,  forming  several  varieties. 

Isometric.  Rhombic  (hidccahedrons  and  trapezohedrons  very  common. 
Also  comi)act  to  granular  massive.  Color  generally  some  shade  of  red  ;  often 
yellow,  brown,  ^rei'ii,  lilack.  and  while.  Vitreous  luster.  11=^.5  —  7.5: 
(G- 3. 15  — 4.3. 

Most  garnets  ai"e  fusible  at  about  M  to  a  brownish  glass,  but  are  insoluble. 
The  iron  garnets,  almandite  aud  andradite,  become  magnetie  when  fused  an<l 
are  slightly  soluble,  yielding  a  small  amount  of  gelatinous  silica.  I'varovite 
is  infusible,  but  yields  a  chromium  bead  with  borax.  Spessartile  yields  a 
manganese  bead  with  borax.  The  bases  of  most  ganiets  <'an  best  be  deter- 
mined by  wet  methods,  that  is :  i)recipitation  of  each  from  solution  by 
reagents. 

Garnet  is  one  of  the  very  common  minerals  of  the  State  and  probably 
all  of  the  known  varieties  occur.  It  is  generally  a  product  of  meta- 
morphism  and  is  common  in  metamorphic  rocks  such  as  gneiss,  schist, 
quartzite  and  crystalline  limestone.  As  a  contact  mineral  formed  by 
the  intrusion  of  igneous  rock  into  limestone  and  other  rock  it  is  often 
found  in  fine  large  crystals.  'Common  constituent  of  beach  sands  and 
of  the  concentrates  of  mining  districts.  There  are  several  varieties 
based  on  composition. 


]72  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Grossularite,  essonite,  hyacinth,  cinna^non  stone.     Lime-alumina  gar- 
net, CaALSigOi...     Common  as  a  contact  mineral  in  crystalline  lime- 
stone.    Generally   a    light   shade   of   red   or   green,   sometimes   almost 
white,  and  when  clear  forms  a  valued  gem. 
Refractive  index:    /*  =  1.735 — 1.708. 
Pyropc.     Magnesia-alumina   garnet,   MgoALSi^Oio.     Occurs  usually 
in  serpentine  and  peridotite.     Deep  blood-red  color. 
Refractive  index:    «  =  1.705 — 1.742. 
Almandite.     Iron-alumina  garnet,  Fe.-jAloSigOio-     Common  garnet  of 
gneisses  and  schists.     Brownish  red  and  sometimes  of  gem  value. 
Refractive  index:    «  =  1.778 — 1.83(h 
Andradite.     Lime-iron    garnet,    CasFcoSiyOi^.     Common    garnet    of 
gneisses  and  schists.     Rarely  clear  enough  for  gems. 

Refractive  index:   /(  =  1.805— 1.89.5. 

Topmolite.  Lime-iron  garnet,  CasFe^Si-jOj,.  Occurs  usually  in 
crystalline  limestone  and  schist.     Yellow  garnet. 

Spessartite.  Manganese-alumina  garnet,  Mn^ALSiaOi.;.  Occurs  usu- 
ally in  pegmatite  veins.     Light  rose  shade. 

Refractive   index:    «  =  1.800—1 .811. 

Uvarovite.     Chrome  garnet,  Ca3Cr2Si30i2.     Generally  found  as  crys- 
tals coating  massive  chromite.     Color  emerald-green. 
Refractive  index  :    ?!  =  1.838. 

Trautwinite,  which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Goldsmith^^^, 
appears  to  be  a  mixture  of  uvarovite  and  chromite. 

Alpine  County :  The  old  Rogers  copper  claim  in  Hope  Valley  was 
located  in  garnet  rock.  W.  P.  Blake^^^  reported  fine  green  grossularite 
from  this  valley. 

Butte  County :  Red  and  brown  garnet  was  common  in  the  sands  of 
the  gold  washings  at  Cherokee,  Silliman^''). 

Calaveras  County:  Found  at  Bald  Point  on  Mokelumne  River;  in 
the  <>Tavels  of  San  Andreas.  Good  crystals  of  andradite  in  schist  at  the 
Shenandoah  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Crescent  City,  Gilbert 
Creek,  Smith  River. 

El  Dorado  County:  Large  crystals  of  grossularite  have  been  found  at 
the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine.  Good  crystals  nine  miles  southeast  of 
Placerville.  Massive  at  Pilot  Hill,  W.  P.  Blake^^^  Common  near 
Georgetown.  At  the  Lilyoma  mine.  Pilot  Hill,  crystals  occur  associated 
with  chalcopyrite,  galena,  calcite  and  quartz.  Grossularite  occurs  with 
calcite.  specular  hematite,  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  at  the  Rodgers  mine, 
in  eastern  part  of  county. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  173 

Fresno  County:  Occurs  at  Grub  Gulch  and  Fort  ]\filler.  The  lime- 
stone near  Trimmer  contains  much  garnet.  Brown  garnet  is  associated 
with  ureen  tourmaline  on  Spanish  Peak  in  a  ledge  of  white  fjuartz. 
Near  Dunlop  in  cry.stals.  Found  near  Spanish  Mountain.  In  ealcite  at 
San  Ramon  a  white'opaque  garnet  occurs  with  the  green  californite,  on 
south  side  of  Watt  Valley.  Associated  with  galena  and  chalcopyrite  at 
the  Fresno  Chief  mine. 

Huiiihokit  County:  Common  in  llie  sands  at  Gold  lUutf  and  Orleans. 
In  chlorite  schist  at  Big  Lagoon. 

Inyo  County :  Crystals  and  massive  garnet  are  found  in  the  Coso  and 
Inyo  mountains.  Fine  large  crystals  of  grossularite  occurred  associ- 
ated witli  white  massive  datolite  and  greenish  brown  vesuvianite  at  the 
San  Carlos  mine  and  the  mineral  was  analysed  by  J.  L.  Sraith^i\ 

SiOs  AloO.-!         Fe.Os        MnOo        CaO  MgO 

42.01         1T.7(;         5.0G         0.20         S.l.Ol         0.13         =100.17%         0  =  3.59 

Andradite  oecui's  witli  epidote  and  si-heelite  in  Deep  Canyon  eight 
miles  west  of  Bishop.  This  deposit  was  described  by  Knopf ^•".  Com- 
mon ill  limestone  at  contact  with  aplite  at  tlie  (jreen  Monster  mine. 
As  a  contact  metamorphie  mineral  in  limestone  in  ^Nla.jourka  Canyon. 

Kern  County:  Massive  near  Hot  Springs  between  Havilah  and  Kern- 
ville  and  on  sinnmit  between  Walker's  Basin  and  Ilavilah.  Sand  gar- 
net is  abundant  at  Soapstone  Mountain. 

Lassen  County :  Common  at  the  Diamond  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  In  sands  at  Mount  Meadows. 

iMadora  County.  Common  in  the  liildreth  district  and  at  Mt.  Ray- 
mond. Garnet  rock  carrying  galena  occurs  at  the  De  Sota  mine,  North 
P^ork  mining  district. 

Marin  County:  Andradite  crystals  are  common  in  the  schist  of  the 
Tiburon  Peninsular. 

Mariposa  County :  Massive  brown  almandite  occurs  on  Mount  Hoff- 
man. Good  crystals  are  found  at  the  junction  of  Moore  Creek  and 
Mokelumne  River. 

Mendocino  County  :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Fort  Bragg.  The  green 
uvarovite  coats  chromite  about  twelve  miles  north  of  Willets. 

Monterey  County :  Common  in  the  sands  of  the  Los  Burros  district. 
Uvarovite  has  been  found  coating  chromite  in  the  county.  Trautwinite, 
which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Goldsmith^^^,  from  this  county, 
appears  from  the  analysis  to  be  a  mixture  of  uvarovite  and  chromite. 

SiOa        CroOs        FeoO..,       AI0O3       CaO        MgO        Ign. 

21.78      38.39       13.29      0.81       18.58       7.88       0.11       =100.84%      G  =  3.505 

Pyrope  garnet  occurs  in  granitic  rock  on  Xaciemento  River. 
Nevada  County  :  In  the  concentrates  of  the  Rough  and  Ready  district. 
With   wollastonite  at  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren'"'.    Fine  green   crystals 


374  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

coat  the  chromite  at  tlie  Red  Ledge  mine,  two  miles  southwest  of  Wash- 
ington, associated  with  i-hodochrome  and  kiimmererite. 

Orange  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  near  Anaheim.  Pale 
apple-green  pebbles  of  grossularite  were  found  near  El  Toro  and 
analysed  by  Steiger,  Clarke "^^^ 

SiO:    T10>    AloO.i    FesOs    FeO       CaO       M&O     Alk    P-.O^    Ign. 

37.54     tr.     22.84     0.79     0.2G     36.6G     0.44     0.13     tr.     1.74  =100.407o     G  =  3.485 

Placer  County :  Essouite  is  found  at  Deer  Park,  and  on  the  American 
River  near  Towle.  Uvarovite  has  l)een  found  on  chromite  near  Auburn. 
Andraditc  with  epidote  antliopliyllite.  augite  and  chalcopyrite  occurs 
in  the  magnetite  deposit  at  Hotaling.  Fine  uvarovite  crystals  have 
been  found  on  chromite,  seven  miles  southeast  of  Newcastle  at  P^'armer. 
Swanton  mine,  with  rhodochrome  and  kammererite. 

Plumas  County :  In  sands  at  Nelson  Point  and  at  the  Good  Hope 
mine.  Oily  green  grossularite  occurs  at  the  Good  Hope  mine.  Found 
with  epidote  and  the  copper  sulphides  at  the  Duncan  mine,  Genessee 
district,  at  contact  of  limestone  and  granodiorite.  Occurs  near  Portola 
in  ((uartz  rock. 

Riverside  County :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  concentrates  at  Hol- 
comb.  Occurs  massive  at  the  Santa  Ana  tin  district.  Hyacinth  or 
essonite  is  found  at  Hemet.  Abundance  of  grossularite  and  some 
andradite  garnet  occurs  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore, 
associated  with  vesuvianite,  diopside  and  wilkeite.  An  analysis  of  the 
grossularite  by  J.  Buford  Wright  gave : 

SiO-2       AI..O3    FeoOs    FeO      CuO      CaO      MgO    NaoO    H-O 

35.52     21.11     3.95     0.60     0.70     3r>.0(!     0.78     0.20     1.23  =  100.15%     G  =  3.39 

Essonite  or  liyacinth  garnet  occurs  with  tourmaline  in  fine  cry.stals  at 
Coahuila.     Near  INIecca  in  considerable  ((uantity. 

San  Benito  County :  Fine  green  crystals  were  found  coating  chromite 
and  rhodochrome  at  New  Idria,  Brush^^\ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  epidote  and  calcite  in  the  iron 
oras  at  Dale.     Red  garnet  and  green  epidote  in  the  Cajon  Pass. 

San  Diego  County :  Fine  crystals  of  transparent  essonite  garnet  are 
found  in  the  tourmaline  districts  of  Mesa  Grande,  Pala  and  Rincon  and 
these  have  been  extensively  cut  into  gems  under  the  name  ''hyacinth." 
Essonite  also  occurs  about  ten  miles  east  of  Jacumbe  Hot  Springs  with 
vesuvianite  and  quartz.  Garnet  is  found  in  the  Julian  district  and  at 
Ballina.  Spessartite  was  reported  from  Mesa  Grande  but  it  may  have 
been  essonite.  Fine  granular  red  at  Rincon.  Rogers*-^  Essonite  or  hya- 
cinth in  good  cry.stals  from  the  Plercules,  Surprise.  Lookout  and 
Prophet  mines  at  Ramona.  Occurs  also  near  San  Vincente.  IMassive 
garnet  used  for  .sandpaper  occurs  at  the  ]\IcFall  mine,  7^  miles  south- 
east of  Ramona.    Some  e.-sonite  is  found  near  Bannei".    Witli  vesuvian- 


I 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  175 

ite  and  calcite  at  Boulevard.  Almandite  in  mica  schist  on  San  ]\Iar- 
garita  Ranch.    ]\Iassive  from  the  Dos  Cabezas  district. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Clara  County :  A  constituent  of  the  eclogites  of  Calaveras 
Valley.  ]\Iurgoci(^\  Analysed  from  the  omphacite-eclogite  of  Coyote 
Creek  by  W.  0.  Clarke,  J.  P.  Smith^). 

SiO.  Al-O;,  FeO  MgO  CaO 

38.69         19.10         26.81         5.07         10.64         =100.38% 

Shasta  County :  Uvarovite  has  been  found  on  chromite  on  Shotgun 
Creek.  Red  garnet  on  Round  IMountain.  Bands  of  garnet  mixed  with 
pyroxene  occur  on  ^IcCloud  River  on  contact  between  diabase  and 
carboniferous  limestone.  Yellow  garnet  occurs  with  epidote  near 
Castella. 

Siskiyou  County:  In  sands  at  Cecilville  and  on  Klamath  River.  Uvar- 
ovite coats  chromite  near  Callahan  at  the  iMartin  ]\IcKean  mine. 

Sonoma  County :  Large  masses  of  garnet  occur  near  Petaluma,  W.  P. 
Blake''".  Almandite  garnets  occur  abundantly  in  a  chlorite  schist  on 
the  Cox  ranch,  three  miles  west  of  Healdsburg.  (Jrossularite  is  said  to 
occur  near  Petaluma.  Garnets  in  schist  near  Gualala.  With  glauco- 
phane  and  aetinolite  in  schists  at  Camp  Meeker  and  near  Healdsburg. 
Almandite  garnets  occur  in  chlorite  schist  wast  of  Healdsburg. 

Trinity  County :  Emerald  green  crystals  of  uvarovite  occur  on 
chromite  near  Carrville.  Andradite  occurs  at  Peanut.  Found  in  lime- 
stone with  epidote  at  Red  Mountain.  Colorless  grossularite  occurs 
associated  with  epidote,  titanite  and  zircon  in  a  soda  granite-porphyry 
in  the  Iron  Mountain  district. 

Tulare  County:  "White  massive  grossularite  was  found  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  county,  which  was  analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz('^>. 


HoO 

SiO; 

TiOa 

AloOa 

Fe:;03 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

MnO 

at  100°     ab.  100° 

38.59 

22.24 

0.45 

0.36 

35.97 

0.64 
CO2 
0.39 

0.10 
F 
0.17 

0.31           O.SO 
=  100.02% 

I 


Essonite  in  good  crj^stals  occurs  at  Three  Rivers.  Topazolite  was 
found  at  the  Old  Soldier  mine.  Drum  Valley,  twelve  miles  northeast  of 
Visalia.  Aplome,  a  manganese  andradite.  was  found  near  Visalia. 
Occurs  with  tremolite  on  North  Tule  River.  With  (juartz  and  epidote 
on  Kaweah  River,  twenty-five  miles  northwest  of  Exeter. 

Tuolumne  County  :  With  epidote  at  Mutton  ledge ;  in  schist  on  Jarvis 
Ranch  and  at  Soulsbyville.     Occurs  with  quartz  east  of  Columbia. 

Ventura  County:  Abundant  in  sands  in  Piru  district.  Garnets  with 
the  f orm.s :   (110)   and   (211)  occur  in  the  Piru  Mountains. 


176  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

188.     MONTICELLITE. 
Silicate  of  calcium  and   magnesium,  CaMgSiOi. 

Orthorhombic.  Usually  massive  or  in  grains.  Color  yellowish  gray  or 
light  brown.     H  =  5  —  5.5  ;  G  =  3.03  —  3.25. 

Uefrac-tivf  indices:     ex  =:1.(;."1  :  Q--^.m'2■.  y  =  l.»;(>S. 

Almost  infusible,  but  soluble  with  gelatinizatiou.  Magnesium  can  be  pre- 
cipitated from  a  solution  after  all  silica  and  calcium  have  been  removed. 

A  rare  mineral  formed  by  contact  metamorphism  in  a  magnesian 

limestone. 

Riverside  County  :  One  of  the  many  minerals  occurring  in  the  crystal- 
line limestone  at  Crestmore.  It  was  found  massive  and  in  isolated 
grains  in  the  blue  calcite,  associated  with  xanthophyllitc.  Analysed  by 
Eaklo'i"'. 

SiO..  FeO  CaO  MgO 

37.26  3.35  34.20  24.74       =   99.61% 

189.     OLIVINE— Chrysolite— Peridot. 
Silicate  of  magnesia  and  iron   (Mg,Fe);Si04. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  in  grains.  Color  olive-green,  grayish  green. 
Vitreous  luster.     H=:6.5  — 7;  G  =  3.27  — 3.37. 

Uefractive  indices:    a:=l.<>62:    «=rl.t>SO;  y  =  I.r,l»!». 

Usually  infusible,  but  wliitcns  when  heated  and  may  become  magnetic  if 
nuicb  iron  is  present.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yicldin-j:  gelatinous 
silica. 

Olivine  is  a  rock-forming  mineral  which  is  practically  limited  to  very 
basic  eruptive  rocks  like  diabase,  basalt,  andesite.  gabbro  and  peridotite. 
Occurs  occasionally  in  clear  green  crystals  large  enough  to  cut  into  gems. 

Butte  County:  A  constituent  of  diabase  at  Mooreville  Ridge,  Tur- 
ner^i\     Also  in  the  concentrates  at  Oroville  and  Cherokee. 

Del  Norte  County :  In  the  sands  at  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek  and 
Smith  River. 

Humboldt  Count}' :  In  the  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  also  in  the 
sands  at  Orleans  Bar  and  Trinidad. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Small  amount  is  found  in  the  sand  at  Ocean 
Park. 

Mendocino  County :  Occurs  in  the  sand  at  Fort  Bragg. 

Modoc  County:  Olivine  is  a  constituent  of  the  basalt  near  Cedarville. 
Nevada   County :  In  the   gabbro-serpentine  series  at   Grass   Valley, 

Lindgren^^). 

Plumas  County :  A  constituent  of  plumasite  at  Spanish  Peak,  Law- 
son(3\ 

Riverside  County :    In  basalts  of  Eagle  ^lountain.s. 

San  Bernardino  Cotmty :  Large  bombs  of  granular  olivine  occur  in 
the  basaltic  rocks  of  the  Moronga  district.  Olivine  bombs  are  common 
in  the  lavas  alone  the  State  Highwav  near  Ambov. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  .  177 

San  Diego  Couuty :  A  constituent  of  the  gabbro  at  Dehesa,  Lawson^^^ 

San  Francisco  County :  In  the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco,  Law- 
son(2>,  Palache(2). 

San  Mateo  County :  In  the  beach  sands  of  the  county. 

Santa  Cruz  Count}' :  Small  amount  of  the  crystals  in  the  sands  at 
Aptos. 

Siskiyou  County :  At  the  forks  of  the  Salmon  in  sand. 

Trinity  County :  Common  constituent  of  the  basic  rocks  west  of 
Trinity  River,  Weaverville  Quadrangle. 

Yuba  Count}' :  Quite  a  prominent  constituent  of  the  concentrated 
sands  at  Marysville. 

190.     TEPHROITE. 

Silicate  of  mauganest',  MunSiOi. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually   massive.     Brittle.     Color  grayish-red  to  smoky- 
gray.     Luster  vitreous  to  greasy.     H  — 5.5 — 6;  G  =  4.1. 

Refractive   indices:     oc  =1  •">».;   ^  =  1.78G:   ,,  =  1.797. 
Fuses  to  a  black  mass.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with  gclatinization. 
Gives  manganese  and  usually  iron  reactions. 

This  is  one  of  tlu'  rai'cr  manganese  minerals  and  only  has  been 
reported  previously  in  this  country  from  tlic  zinc  district  of  New  Jer- 
sey, wliere  it  is  I'ather  abundant,  f'sually  of  contact  iiictamorphic 
origin. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Grajish  red  tephroite  in  small  residual  masses 
occurred  in  the  manganese  boulder  found  near  Alum  Rock  Park,  five 
miles  east  of  San  Jose,  Rogers''^ 


191.     IDDINGSITE. 
Silicate  of  iron,  magnesium,  calcium  and  sodium. 

Orthorhombic.     Lamellar    crystals.     Cleavage     perfect    macropinacoidal. 
Color  chestnut-brown  to  yellowish  green.     Bronze  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  2.84. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l-70:    ^3  =  1. 72;  y=:1.74. 
Gelatinizes  with  acid  and  becomes  magnetic  when  heated. 

Iddingsite  is  the  name  given  by  Lawson^^^  to  a  new  rock-forming 
mineral  similar  to  olivine,  found  in  basic  eruptive  rocks.  Since  its 
discovery  the  mineral  has  been  observed  in  many  other  localities  in 
the  rock  sections. 

Los  x\ngeles  County :  Occurs  in  basalt  in  the  Santa  ^lonica  [Moun- 
tains. 

Monterey  County :  The  mineral  was  first  observed  in  reddish  sections 
in  the  earmeloite  (augite-andesite)  at  Carraelo  Bay. 


12—22188 


178  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

192.     WILLEMITE. 

Silicate  of  zinc,  ZooSiOi. 

Hexagoual,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  usually  prismatic.  Also  massive  am', 
sranular.  (Mca\age  basal.  Color  li.uht  ^jrocTi.  appli'-sioon.  Ilcsli  v.h].  \\t- 
reous  luster.     11  =  5.5;  G  =  3.89  —  4.18. 

Refractive  indices:    £=1.723;  (^  =  1.G94. 

Fuses  to  a  white  enamel.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yioldins  gelatinous 
silica.  On  charcoal  a  coating,  yellowish  white,  hot,  and  white  when  cold,  is 
obtained,  which  turns  yellowish-green  when  heated  with  cobalt  nitrate. 

Vory  little  zinc  has  been  found  in  the  State  except  in  the  form  of  the 
sulphide  and  carbonate.  Willemite  is  sometimes  found  with  the  more 
common  calamine  as  a  dehydrated  product. 

Tnyo  County :  Found  with  calamine  and  hydrozincite  at  the  Ygnacio 
and  Cerro  Gordo  mines. 

193.     WERNERITE— Scapolite. 

Tetragonal.  Usually  massive  granular.  Color  white,  gray  or  pink. 
H  =  5  — 6;  G  =  2.66  — 2.73. 

Refractive  indices:     g  =  1..54.^:  (,j  =  1.5(;7. 

Fuses  easily  with  slight  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  gla.ss.  Slightly 
atlacki'd  liy  hydi'ochlorie  aci(.\  but  the  fused  Ix'ads  are  soluble  with  gela- 
linizalion.      .V  yellow   sodium   flame   is   usually   obtained. 

Scapolite  is  the  name  given  to  a  group  of  rock- forming  silicates  con- 
sisting of  isomorphous  mixtures  of  Ca4AlQSi|jOo-,  with  Na4Al.,SiyOo4Cl. 
Wernerite  is  the  most  common  member  of  the  group.  The  scapolites 
are  in  general  formed  by  contact  metamorphism. 

Nevada  County :  Scapolite  occurs  in  a  contact  schist  at  Nevada  City 
and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^^. 

Riverside  County :  Scapolite  occurs  in  association  with  greeji  pyrox- 
ene, quartz,  feldspar,  wollastonite  and  gros-sularite  garnet,  at  Crestmore. 
Occurs  in  .small  dikes  with  augite  on  P^agle  Mountains. 


194.     GEHLENITE. 

Silicate  of  calcium  and  ahiuiinum,  OaaALSi^Cj. 

'rctragonal.     (ji-j'stals  and  massive  granular.     Color  graj'  to  l)n>\\n.    ^'it- 
reous   luster.      11  =  5.5—6;   0  =  2.9—3.07. 
Refractive   indices:    £=1.GG1;   <,j=  1.660. 
Practically  infusible.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  fonning  a  thick  jelly. 

A  lime  silicate  formed  by  contact  metamorphism  of  limestone.  It 
is  not  known  to  occur  in  many  localities. 

Riverside  County:  Occurs  in  granular  masses  intimately  associated 
with  merwinite  and  spurrite  and  with  diopside  and  wollastonite  at  the 
Crestmore  limestone  quarry.  Its  occurrence  has  been  mentioned  by 
Foshag'^'. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  179 

195.     MERWINITE. 
Silicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium,  Ca3Mg(Si04):. 

MouocliuicV      Compact    granular    masses.      Colorless    to    pale    greenish, 
(ireasy   luster.     II  =  G;    G =3.150.      Polj  synthetic  twinning. 
Refractive  indices:    oc  =1.708;  ^=1.711:  ^  =  1.718. 

A  new  mineral  nainetl  and  desrribed  by  Larsen  and  Fosliag'^*.  A 
contact  metaniorphic  mineral  formed  in  limestone. 

Riverside  County:  Occurs  a.s  granular  masses  associated  with  gchlcn- 
ite,  spurrite,  wolla.stonite  and  an  unknown  mineral  in  the  limestone 
quarries  at  Crestmore.    Analysis  of  the  mineral  by  Foshag  gave : 


H„0 

H,0 

SiOo 

AloO:, 

Fe,03 

CaO 

MgO 

FeO 

at  110° 

Ign 

35.50 

O.Gf) 

None 

49.9G 

n.(>-j 

1.22 

0.12 

o.n4- 

=  100.020'^ 

The  mineral  alters  to  thanmasite. 


196.     VESUVIANITE— Idocrase. 
Basic   silicate   of   calcium   and   aluminium,    HiCai2(Al,Fe)oSiio043. 

Tetragonal.  Square  prisms,  granular,  massive.  Color  brown  to  green. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  0  —  6.5;  G  =  3.35  — 3.45. 

Refractive  indices:  £=1.721;  (^—1.71i'>. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  greenish  or  brownish  glass.  Insoluijle,  but  the  fused 
t)cads  are  soluble  with  gelatinization  when  powdei-ed.  The  various  bases  can 
only  lie  determinefl  by  ijrecipitation  from  solution. 

Vesuvianite  is  a  characteri.stic  mineral  formed  in  limestone  near  the 
contact  with  intrusive  rocks.  It  is  often  associated  with  grossularite 
garnet. 

Californitc.  A  very  compact  massive  green  vesuvianite,  resembling 
jade,  named  by  Kunz^'*^     Occurs  as  streaks  and  nodules  in  serpentine. 

Butte  County :  Good  green  californite  occurs  on  the  west  side  of  the 
North  Fork  of  Feather  River,  near  Big  Bar.  It  occurs  as  streaks  and 
nodules  in  serpentine.  Rogers^^^  mentions  some  water-worn  pebbles 
from  the  Feather  River. 

El  Dorado  County :  Brown  crystals  o*f  vesuvianite  occurred  at  the 
Siegel  Lode,  W.  P.  Blake<^'>. 

Fresno  County:  Californite  occurs  on  east  side  of  Watts  Valley, 
about  thirty-two  miles  east  of  Fresno.  Californite  is  reported  from 
Burro  Valley. 

Inyo  County :  Brownish  green  crystals  were  associated  with  garnet 
and  massive  white  datolite  at  the  San  Carlos  mine.  Analysed  by  J.  L. 
Smith<i>. 

AI2O2        FesOs        MnO         CaO  MeO        K,0  Isn. 

=  99.23% 


SiOe 

AlsOa 

FesOs 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

KaO 

Ign. 

36.56 

17.04 

5.93 

0.18 

35.94 

1.07 

0.51 

2.00 

180  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

One  of  the  minerals  of  contact  nietamorphic  origin  in  the  garnet- 
scheelite  depasit  at  Deep  Canj^on  ;  occurs  with  es.sonite  in  the  Co.so  min- 
ing district. 

Kern  County  :  Small  yellow  crystals  occur  in  white  crystalline  lime- 
stone in  Jawbone  Canyon. 

Modoc  County:    Reported  from  the  Willow   Ranch  with  calcite. 

Riverside  County :  Green  and  brown  vesuvianite  masses  and  crystals 
are  common  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore,  and  were  de- 
scribed by  Eakle<^°'.  Forms  observed  on  the  crystals  were:  (001), 
(010),  (110).  (Oil),  (111),  (221),  (331),  (121).  '(m),  (132),  (154), 
and  (285). 

Analysed  by  J.  liuford  Wright:  G=3.36. 

SiOo  AUO3       FeoOs    FeO    MnO     CuO      CaO      MgO    Na^O     H^O 

36.88        17.61       3.11     0.46     1.50     1.06     33.27    4.73     0.34     0.61-99.57% 

San  Diego  County:  Brown  vesuvianite  occurs  with  essonite  garnet 
about  ten  niile-s  east  of  Jacumba  Hot  Springs,  Kunz''\  Occurs  near 
Boulevard  associated  with  garnet. 

Siskiyou  County :  The  apple-green  variety,  calif ornite,  outcrops  for 
about  200  feet  along  the  south  fork  of  Indian  Creek,  twelve  miles  from 
Happy  Camp,  and  the  mineral  was  analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz^^\ 


SiO.. 
35.8(1 

TiOo 
0.10 

AloO, 
18.35 

FeoO:, 
1.67 

FeO 
0.39 

MnO 
0.05 

P2O5 
0.02 

CaO 
33.51 
COo 

MgO 
5.43 
F 

HoO 
at  100°  ab.  100" 
0.29        4.18 

=99.85% 

This  is  the  original  locality  of  the  variety.  Found  also  near  Hawkins- 
ville  and  in  small  crystals  on  east  shore  of  Miller  Lake. 

Tulare  County :  Californite  is  found  in  the  chrysoprase  locality  east 
of  Porterville.  This  variety  occurs  also  with  white  grossularite  garnet 
in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county,  about  thirty-five  miles  east  of 
Selma.     Analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz^^^ 

HoO 
SiOs  AI2O3        FesOs        FeO  CaO  MgO  at  100°        ab.  100°        CO- 

36.55         18.89         0.74         0.74         35.97         2.33  0.58  3.42  O.Oi 

F 
0.13         =100.26% 

197.     ZIRCON. 
Silicate  of  zirconium,  ZrSiO^. 
Tetragonal.     Small    prisms.     Colorless,    pink,    gi'ayi.sh    bi'own.     Vitreous 
lu.ster.     11  =  7.5;  0  =  4.68  —  4.7. 

Kefractive  indices:    £=1.9G8;  ,^  =  1.923. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Tlie  zirconium  reaction  is  obtained  by  dipping  a 
striii  of  turmiMMC  pnpor  in  a  liydroohlorio  add  .solution,  whicli  turns  it  an 
oranao-rorl. 

Zircon  is  an  almost  constant  accessory  mineral  in  the  acid  eruptive 
I'ocks,  especially  granites  and  syenites.     The  concentrates  from  the  gold 


MINEKALS    OK    CALIFORNIA.  181 

washings  and  the  black  sands  generally  carry  some  zircon  crystals,  but 
there  is  no  locality  in  the  State  known  for  "zircon  sands." 

Alameda  County :  Mentioned  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  soda- 
rliyolite  of  North  Berkeley,  Palache^^^ 

Butte  County :  First  mentioned  in  the  State  by  Silliman<'^>  as  a  con- 
stituent of  the  gold-washings  at  Cherokee.  Has  been  observed  in  the 
sands  at  Oroville.  Stirling  City,  Little  Rock  Creek  and  Hriisli  Creek. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  sands  at  Douglas  Flat  and  Wallace. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek  and  Smith  River. 
■El  Dorado  County:  Sands  of  the  Brownsville  district,  near  Placer- 
ville  and  at  Grizzly  Flat. 

Fresno  County :  In  the  sands  at  Picayune  Flat. 

Humboldt  County:  The  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  Upper  Gold 
Bluff  contain  a  little  zircon.     Also  found  at  Orleans  and  Trinidad. 

]\Iarin  County:  In  quartzite  near  Reed  Station,  Murgoci^^\ 

Mendocino  County:  Observed  at  Fort  Bragg,  in  Anderson  Valley, 
and  on  the  Navarro  River. 

Nevada  County:  A  constituent  of  the  granodiorite  of  Nevada  City, 
Lindgren^^^  Also  in  the  concentrates  at  Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley 
and  Rough  and  Ready. 

Placer  County :  Observed  at  Butcher  Ranch  and  Gold  Run. 

Plumas  County:  In  the  Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Valley,  Turner^^. 
In  the  sands  at  Spanish  Ranch  and  Rock  Island  Hill.  A  constituent 
of  the  norites  at  Engels. 

Riverside  County  :  Small  amounts  in  the  sands  at  Holcombe.  Minute 
clove-brown  crystals  .showing  the  forms:  (100).  (110),  (111),  (331), 
are  scattered  through  some  of  the  white  pegmatite  dikes  at  Crestmore. 
A  con.stituent  of  the  igneous  rocks  of  Eagle  Mountain. 

Sacramento  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Michigan  Bar. 

San  Diego  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dumortierite  schist  at  De- 
hesa,  Schaller(^>. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  The  beach  sands  at  Port  Harford  and 
Pismo  contain  some  zircon. 

San  Mateo  County :  The  beach  sands  of  the  county  show  a  little  of 
the  mineral. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  In  the  sands  at  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  At  Aptos. 

Shasta  County :  In  the  sands  from  French  Gulch  and  Redding. 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  sands  of  Jackson  Creek,  Scott  River,  Salmon 
River  and  at  Sawyer's  Bar.  Colorless  and  pale  pink  crystals  from  near 
Fort  Jones  have  the  forms:  (100),  (110),  (101),  (111),  (311),  (511), 
Eakle(i>. 

Trinity  County:  At  Trinity  Center,  Burnt  Ranch,  Junction  City, 
Minersville  and  in  the  sands  of  the  streams. 

Yuba  County :  In  the  sands  of  Camptonville. 


182  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

198.     TOPAZ. 

Silicate  of  aluminium  and  fluorine,  AKCFj) AlSi04. 

Orthorhombic.     Prismatic    crystals.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Colorless, 
aquamarine,  j'ellow,  blue.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  8;  G  =  3.4  —  3.65. 

Refractive  indices  :    cc  =  l.«10  ;  j^- 1.620 :   y  =  1 .627. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.     Tlie  powdered  mineral  ground  with  a  few  beads 

"  of  i)hosi)horous  salt  and  heated  in  a  bulb  tube,  will  yield  hydrofluoric  acid 

which  etches  the  glass  and  foiTus  a  white  ring  or  coatikg  of  silicon  fluoride. 

The  powdered  mineral  moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely  heated, 

becomes  sky-blue. 

Topaz  occurs  in  veins  in  metamorphic  and  eruptive  rock  where  fluorine 
has  accompanied  the  formation  of  the  vein.  It  is  usually  associated  with 
tourmaline  and  other  minerals  whose  formation  has  heen  due  to  the 
action  of  gases  on  the  constituents  of  the  rock. 

Butte  County :  Mentioned  by  Silliman^'^^  as  a  constituent  of  the  sands 
at  Cherokee.     Probably  mistaken  for  zircon. 

Fresno  County:  At  the  feldspar  deposit,  tive  miles  northea.st  of 
Trinuner  it  is  said  to  occur,  associated  with  beryl. 

San  Diego  County:  Fine  large  crystals  of  colorless  and  aquamarine 
topaz  occurred  at  the  Little  Three  and  Sunrise  mines,  a  few  miles  from 
Kamona.  Some  of  them  resemble  the  topaz  from  the  Urals.  Fine 
ciystals,  light  green  in  color,  occur  in  the  Aguanga  jMountains.  Good 
l*)lui.sli  topaz  resembling  the  Ural  topaz  has  been  found  at  the  Moun- 
tain Lilv  mine,  near  Oak  Grove. 


199.     ANDALUSITE— Made— Chiastolite. 
Silicate  of  aluminium,  ALSiO^. 
Orthorhombic.     Prisms.     Color    gray,    pink,     rose-red.     Vitreous    luster. 
H  =  7.5;  G  =  3.16  — 3.20. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.632:  yj^  1.638;  y  =  1.643. 
Infusible   and   insoluble.     The  powdered    mineral   moistened   with   cobalt 
nitrate  mid  heated,  yields  the  alumina  bine  color. 

Occurs  as  a  constituent  of  gneisses  and  schists,  and  is  usually  associ- 
ated with  cyanite,  sillimanite  and  staurolite. 

Chiastolite  is  a  variety  found  in  carbonaceous  schists,  in  knott}'  and 
long  prismatic  individuals  having  black  inclusions  of  carbon  arranged 
axially,  and  thus  forming  black  crosses  seen  in  the  transverse  sections. 

Fresno  County :  Chiastolite  occurs  near  Chowchilla  Crossing  on  the 
old  Fort  Miller  Koad. 

Kern  County:  Chiastolite  schists  occur  on  Walker's  Creek  southeast 
of  Bakersfield. 

Mariposa  County :  Chiastolite  schists  are  abundant  along  the  Chow- 
chilla River  and  were  first  reported  by  W.  P.  Blake*^^\  This  variety 
was  mentioned  by  Turner*^!^  from  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  mine,  near  Barehda, 
from  the  Daulton  ranch  near  Indian  Gulch  and  from  Yaqui  Gulch  near 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  183 

Mariposa.  Small  crj'.stals  occur  in  slate  on  ]\Iuller  Ranch,  near  Hor- 
nitos.     The  chiastolite  variety  is  found  on  IMoore's  Flat. 

Mono  County  :  Occurs  as  a  large  coarsely  graiuilar  mass  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  tlu'  county  on  the  northern  part  of  White  ]\Iountains.  Deep 
l)lue  lazulite  and  specular  hematite  are  associated,  Knopf'"''. 

Nevada  County:  Andalusite  is  a  constituent  of  quartzite  at  Grass 
Valley,  Lindgren^^^ 

Riverside  County:  Large  crystals  of  pink  andalusite  are  found  near 
Coahuila,  Kunz^^).  Schaller(4>. 


200.     SILLIMANITE— Fibrolite. 
Silicate  of  aluminium,  Al.SiOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Long  slender  prisms  and  fibers.  Cleavage  p;erfect  brachy- 
pinacoidal.  Color  grayish  and  light  brown.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  6  —  7; 
G  =  3.23. 

KofractivL-  indices:     oc  =1-638;  Q  =  l.&i2\  y  =  1.653. 

Reactions  are  identical  to  those  for  andalusite  and  tlic  iwo  minerals  ar;- 
generally  differentiated  by  dissimilar  structure. 

A  constituent  of  metamorphie  gneiss  and  schist,  and  usually  with 
cyanite,  andalusite  and  staurolite. 

Inyo  County :  Random  fibers  of  sillimanite  in  schist  are  found  at  the 
scheelite  deposit  in  Deep  Canyon,  west  of  Bishop.    IMassive,  near  Laws. 

Mariposa  County:  Occurs  in  the  schists  near  Mariposa,  Turner^'*^ 
Fairbanks^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  in  schist  fifteen  miles  southeast  of 
Daggett,  at  Ord  Mountain. 

San  Diego  County:  A  constituent  of  the  dninortierite  gneiss  at 
Dehesa,  Schaller<5>. 

201.     CYANITE— Disthene. 
Silicate  of  aluminium,  AljSiOj. 
Triclinic.     Long  slender  or  blade-like  crystals.     Cleavage  perfect  macro- 
pinacoidal.     Color    sky-blue,     green,     white.     Vitreous     to     pearly     luster. 
H=:5  — 7;  G  =  3.56  — 3.67. 

Refractive   indices:      oc  =1-712;   ^3  =  1.720;   y  =  ].728. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Like  andalusite  in  its  behavior  before  the  blow- 
pipe. Can  be  distinguished  from  andalusite  and  sillimanite  by  phy.sical 
properties. 

A  common  metamorphie  mineral  found  in  schists  and  gneisses  with 
andalusite,  sillimanite  and  dumortierite. 

Imperial  County :  Large  blue  boulders  of  dumortierite  rock  found  in 
the  Cargo  Muchacho  district  near  Ogilby  contain  small  crystals  of 
cyanite. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  in  the  schists  near  Los  Angeles. 

Tuolumne  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  on  Yankee  Kill. 


184  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

202.  SPURRITE. 

Carbonato-silicate  of  calcium.  2  CajSiOj.CaCO,. 

Monocliiiic.  (irauular  masses.  One  good  cleavage.  Pale  gray  to  slightly 
bluish.     H=:o. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=l.<>4t>;  ^=J.G72;  y  =  1.676. 

Infusible.  Gives  calciuin  flame.  Soluble  with  some  effervescence  and 
separation  of  silica. 

A  minoral  formed  by  coutac-t  metaiuorphism  in  limestone,  but  very 
rare. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  intimately  associated  with  merwinite  and 
gehlenite  in  the  limestone  at  Crestmore,  Foshag*-'. 

203.  DATOLITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  boron  and  calcium,  HCaBSiOj. 

Mouoclinic.  Small  crystals  and  massive.  Colorless  to  white,  often  with 
greenish  tinge.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  2.9  —  3.0. 

Refractive  indices;:     oc=l.'>2">;  ^  =  1.053:  ^  =  1.669. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  clear  i^lass  and  colors  tlame  groen.  Easily  soluhlo  in 
hydrochloric  acid  r.ud  .solution  boiled  down  to  almost  dryness  .A-ields  gela- 
tinous silica.     Gives  a  little  water  in  closed  tube. 

Datolite  forms  veins  of  glassy  crystals  or  white  massive  material  in 
dikes  and  along  the  contact  of  igneous  intrusions  of  diabase  and  diorite. 

Inyo  County :  White  massive  datolite  was  associated  with  vesuvianite 
and  garnet  at  the  San  Carlos  mine  and  was  analysed  by  J.  L.  Smith^^\ 

SiO;  BoOa  CaO  HjO 

38.02  21.62  33.87  5.61  =99.12%  G= 2.988 

Riverside  County :  Ma>isive  white  glassy  datolite,  with  slight  green- 
ish tinge,  occurs  with  the  pegmatite  at  Crestmore. 

San  Francisco  Count}' :  Glassy  crystals  and  white  veins  of  datolite 
occur  in  an  old  altered  diabase  dike  in  the  serpentine  at  Fort  Point. 
Analysed  by  Schaller.  Forms:  (001),  (100),  (110),  (120),  (Oil), 
(012),  (102),  (104),  (T02),  (111),  Til),  (T12),  (T13),  (114),  (116), 
(312),  (121),  (231),  (1.1.18),  Eakle(i>. 

SiOo  AI0O3  BsOs  CaO  H2O 

36.71  0.17  22.11  33.83  6.52  =99.34% 

204.  ZOISITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  HCajAlsSiaOia. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  crystals ;  sometimes  massive.  Cleavage  perfect 
brachypinacoidal.  Color  grayish  white  to  greenish  gray.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  6  — 6.5;  G  =  3.25  — 3.37. 

Refractive   indices:      oc  =1.700;   ^3=1.702;   y  =  1.706. 

Insoluble,  but  fuses  rather  easily  with  some  intumescence  to  a  light-col- 
ored slaggy  mass,  which,  if  pulverized  and  boiled  in  hydrochloric  acid,  will 
yield  gelatinous  silica.  A  small  amount  of  moisturp  can  be  obtained  in  a 
ciosed  tube  by  intense  heating. 


MINERALS^    OF    CAMTORNIA.  185 

Zoisite  belongs  to  the  metamorphic  class  of  minerals  and  is  often 
developed  by  the  niotamorphisin  of  gabbros  and  diorites.  It  is  not  an 
uncommon  mineral  in  the  State,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned. 

Sfiitssuriti  is  a  mixture  of  zoisite,  caleite  and  plagioclasc  feldspar 
formed  in  gabbros  and  plutonie  rocks  by  alteration  and  pressure,  and 
the  process  of  change  is  called  "saussuritization." 

Clinozoisite.  Name  given  to  a  rock-forming  silicate  near  zoisite  in 
composition  but  monoclinic  in  crystallization. 

Refractive  indices:     oc.  =  1.714;  ^i=1.7ir»;  y=:  1.719. 

Lake  ('(lunty:  Zoisite  is  mentioned  by  Becker'^'  as  common  in  the 
metamorphic  rocks  at  Suli)lmr  Hank  and  in  the  Coast  Range.  Ana- 
lysed from  Sulphur  Bank. 

SiOz  TiO"  Al-Os        Fe.O:,         FeO         NiO         MnO  CaO  MgO       NasO 

39.80  tr.  22.72         4.85         1.49  __         0.26         17..55  3.89         4.09 

39.19         1.17         22.70        6.49         1.78  tr.         U.09         22.02  1.64        3.38 

K2O         H2O       P2O3 

0.12         5.25         —         =100.02% 

0.58         1.12         tr.  =100.22 

Plumas  County :  Found  iji  the  Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Valley,  Tur- 
ner(^>. 

Riverside  County:  Saussurite  is  eonnnon  in  the  igneous  rocks  of 
Eagle  Mountains. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Mentioned  by  Murgoci<^^>  in  the  eclogite  of 
Oak  Ridge.  Clinozoisite  also  occurs  as  a  constituent  of  the  eclogites 
of  the  Calaveras  Valley. 

Shasta  County :  Saussurite  was  analysed  by  Clarke^^)  from  a  gabbro 
found  thirty-seven  miles  north  of  Pit  River  Ferry. 

SlOo  AI0O3  FeO  CaO  MgO         NaoO         HoO 

42.79         29.43         3.65         18.13         1.40         2..51         2.42  =100.33% 

Sonoma  County:  Found  in  quartzite  at  Pine  Flat,  Murgoci^^). 
Occurs  also  near  llealdsburg. 


205.     EPIDOTE. 
Basic   silicate    of   calcium,    aluminium    and    iron.    HCa2(Al,Fe)3Si30,3. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals,  massive,  earthy.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
pistachio-green,  dark  green,  dark  brown,  yellow.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  6 
—  7;  G  =  3.25  — 3.5. 

Refractive  indices:     o:=l.''21>;    R=l.lo4r,  ,,  =  1.768. 
Similar  to  zoisito  in  its  reactioDs.  but  fuses  to  a  black  slag. 

Epidote  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State,  especially  as  an 
alteration  mineral  -in  crystalline  rocks.  It  is  often  found  in  aggregates 
of  large  crystals  and  columnar  masses  in  veins  with  quartz  and  feldspar. 

Alpine  County ;   Occurs  in  the  hills  near  Loop. 


186  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Butte  County :  Mentioned  by  Silliman^'')  as  a  constituent  of  the  gold 
washings  at  Cherokee. 

Calaveras  County :  Large  crystals  found  at  Bald  Point  on  the  Moke- 
lumne  River,  at  Mokelumne  Hill,  and  at  Copperopolis.  Found  with 
quartz,  seven  miles  north  of  Angels. 

Colusa  County :  Green  epidote  is  associated  with  hematite  in  a 
deposit  four  miles  south  of  Lodoga.  Yellow  oeher  outcrops  on  Stony 
Creek,  4.^  miles  west  of  Stonvford. 

Contra  Costa  County:  In  the  rocks  on  Mount  Diablo  and  in  the 
Diablo  Range. 

El  Dorado  County :  Fine  large  crystals  occurred  in  a  coarse  vein 
with  orthoclase,  bornite  and  molybdenite  which  were  coated  with  axinite, 
at  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine.  ]\Iinute  prisms  in  quartz  at  Placer- 
ville. 

Fresno  County:  Common  at  Grub  Gulch.  As  contact  mineral  with 
(luartz  and  garnet  near  Trimmer;  found  near  Sanger. 

Humboldt  Country :  Large  prisms  with  calcite  in  schists  on  west  side 
of  Horse  Mountain.    Conmion  as  a  rock-forming  mineral  near  Orleans. 

Inyo  County :  Columnar  specimens  have  come  from  near  Inde- 
pendence. 

Kern  County  :  Associated  with  scheelite  at  the  Cadillac  claims,  Green- 
horn mining  district. 

Lassen  County :   Occurs  with  native  copper  at  the  Lummis  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Found  with  bitumen  and  orthoclase  at  White 
Point  and  with  labradorite  near  San  Pedro.  Disseminated  through 
crystalline  limestone  in  Pacoima  Canyon,  3|  miles  from  San  Fernando. 

Madera  County :  Common  on  the  Minaret  IMountains.  Associated 
with  (juartz,  hematite  and  magnetite  in  the  Hildreth  mining  district. 
Specimens  have  come  from  Coarse  Gold. 

Marin  County:  Occurs  with  lawsonite  at  Reed  Station,  Ransome^^^. 

Mariposa  County:  Massive  at  Hornitos.  Also  near  Coulter^iille  and 
at  Yosemite  Cliff.     On  the  south  side  of  Mount  Hoffman. 

Mono  County:  Massive  at  Epidote  Peak  at  head  of  East  Fork  of 
Green  Creek.     Occurs  in  rock  near  Mono  Lake. 

Nevada  County :  Common  near  Glen  Alpine  with  violet  axinite.  At 
Meadow  Lake.  Lindgren '*"■'",  nnd  also  at  Grass  Valley.  With  quartz 
and  calcite  at  the  Oustamoh  mine. 

Placer  County:  Near  Newcastle.    ' 

Plumas  County  :  With  garnet  and  quartz  on  Mount  Herbert.  Occurs 
with  garnet  at  contact  of  limestone  and  granodiorite  at  the  Cosmopoli- 
tan and  Duncan  mines,  Genessee  district.  Occurs  at'  Engels  with  born- 
ite and  chalcop3^rite. 

Riverside  County :  Deep  green  epidote  occurs  in  the  calcite  and  long 
prismatic  crystals,  altered  brown,  occur  in  the  pegmatite  at  Crestmore. 


MINERALS    OK    CALIFORNIA.  187 

Associated  with  specular  hematite  in  the  Monte  Negro  mining  district. 
Occurs  ten  miles  from  Beaumont.    In  gneiss  on  Eagle  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Common  in  the  Monte  Negro "  district, 
Storms^^\  Coarsely  crystalline  with  calcite  at  contact  of  granodiorite 
and  limestone  in  the  Morongo  district.  Occurs  with  specular  hematite 
seventeen  miles  northwest  of  Needles.  Associated  with  garnet,  mag- 
netite and  hematite  in  the  iron  ore  deposit  near  Dale. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  as  a  secondary  mineral  with  black  tour- 
maline at  Rincon.  Rogers^^^  Clear,  transparent  crystals  of  gem  qual- 
ity occur  at  the  ^IcFall  mine,  7^  miles  southeast  of  Ramona.  Occurs 
near  Campo. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County  :  Occurs  with  quartz,  pyrite  and  calcite  near 
La  Panza. 

Santa  Clara  County:  In  the  eclogite  of  Calaveras  Valley,  Murgoci^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Epidotc  from  this  county  was  analysed  by  Schaller. 

SiO«  ALOs         Fe-Os        FeO  MnO        MgrO        CaO  NaoO         K2O 

38.22         25.12         8.75         1.25        0.19         tr.         22.77         0.11        0.06 

HoO 
at  105°     ab.  105°       TiOs 
0.52  :?.04  0.33=100.36% 

Siskiyou  County:  Associated  with  dark  brown  garnet  and  quartz 
on  South  Fork  of  Coffee  Creek.    Occurs  in  a  schist  near  Seiad. 

Sonoma  County :   In  glaucophane  schist  near  Healdsburg. 

Trinity  County :  Green  epidote  associated  with  colorless  garnet,  titan- 
ite  and  zircon,  occurs  in  a  soda  granite-porphyry  in  the  Iron  Mountain 
district,  Weaverville  Quadrangle.  With  calcite  at  Douglas  City.  As  a 
contact  mineral  in  limestone  with  garnet  at  Red  ^lountain. 

Tulare  County:  Common  in  the  Mineral  King  district,  Goodyear^^). 
Large  divergent  columns  at  Eber  Flat  and  at  Three  Rivers.  Also  com- 
mon in  Eraser  Valley.  Occurs  with  quartz  and  garnet  on  Crowley 
Mountain  near  Dunn  Valley.  Specimens  have  come  from  near  Lindsay, 
Large  masses  of  divergent  prismatic  crj'stals  occur  at  Eber  Flat. 

Tuolumne  County:  Near  Sonora. 

Yuba  County :  At  Smartsville. 

206.     ALLAN  ITE—Orthite. 
Basic  silicate  of  calcium,  iron,  aluminium  and  cerium. 

Monoclinic.     Flat  tabular  crystals  and  imbedded  grains.     Color  brownish 
black.     Pitchy  luster.     H=i5.5  — 6;  G  =  3.5  — 4.2. 

Refractive  index:    ^  =  1.74. 

Soluble   in   hydrochloric   acid,   yielding  gelatinous  silica.     Fuses  easily 
with    intumescence    to    a    dark    s\a^.      The    rare    earth    bases    can    only    be 
determined  chemically. 

A  constituent  of  some  crj'stalline  rocks,  but  some  of  its  reported 
occurrences  in  the  State  are  doubtful. 


188  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  County :  Has  been  observed  as  a  constituent  of  the  gneiss 
of  Eagle  Mountains. 

Santa-  Barbara  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  rock  near  Santa 
Barbara. 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  of  pegmatite  rock  containing  massive 
allanite  occur  near  Exeter  on  the  Gasenberger  Ranch  associated  with 
rose  quartz. 

207.     PIEDMONTITE. 
Basic  silicate  of  calcium,  aluminium,  mangauese  and  iron,  HCa2(Al,Mn,Fe)3Si30ui. 

Monoclinic.     Prismatic  crystals.     Color  reddish  brown  and  reddish  black. 
Reddish  streak.     Altreous  luster.     H  =  6.5;  G  =  3.4. 

Refractive  index:  /^  — 1.S3. 

Insoluble    in    acid.      Fus^s   easily    with    intumeseence    to    a    black    slass. 
Gives   a  violet  bead   of  manganese  with  borax. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  specimen  of  the  manganese  epidote  has 
come  from  this  county. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  in  tlie  thin  section  of  a  dark  red  c^uartz- 
porphyry  boulder  from  the  gravels  at  Pacific  Beach,  Rogers^^^. 


208.     AXINITE. 

Borosillcate  of  alumnium  and  calcium  with  iron  and  manganese, 

H(Ca,Mn,Fe)3BAL(SiO,)4. 
Triclinic.     Thin  wedge-shaped  crystals.     Sometimes  granular  massive. 
Color  clove-brown,  yellow.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  G.5 — 7;  G  =  3.27. 
Refractive  indices:     oc  =1-678;   «=;1.GS5;  y  =  1.688. 

Insoluble.  Fuses  with  swelling  and  intumescence  and  may  show  slight 
gi'eenish  flame.  Powder  mixed  with  potassium  bisulphate  and  fluorite  and 
held  on  platinum  wire  in  the  Bunsen  flnme.  will  give  a  momentai^-  green 
Hame  of  boron. 

Crystals  of  axinite  are  sometimes  developed  in  the  veins  and  along 
the  contact  of  intrusive  rocks  but  the  mineral  is  rather  rare  in  its 
occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County:  Small  clove-brown  crystals  t)ccurred  deposited 
on  epidote  at  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fairplay.  They  have 
been  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^^^  Forms:  (ITO),  (010), 
(120),  (130),  (160),  (1.29.0),  (160),  (270),  (7.11.0),  (110),  (540), 
(430),  (210),  (310),  (510),  (100),  (3T0),  (950). 

=  100.00% 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  the  Funeral  Mountains  and  in  the  Owl 
Mountains,  Death  Valley.  Perfectly  formed  small  white  crystals  with 
smithsonite  occur  at  the  Ubehebe  mine.  Crystals  found  in  the  Argus 
Range. 


SiOo 

AlaOa 

FeO 

CaO 

MnO 

MgO 

B2O3 

HjO 

42.79 

16.38 

4.22 

19.21 

8.76 

0.09 

6.70 

1.85 

SiOj 

A1:0:, 

FeeOs 

FeO 

CaO 

MnO 

MgO 

BoO:, 

H^O 

42.61 

17.43 

0.38 

7.53 

10.74 

4.10 

0.44 

6.04 

1.56 

MINERALS   01'    CALIFORNIA.  189 

Nevada  County :  Thin  bladed  masses  of  violet-colored  axinite  occur 
in  veins  near  Glen  Alpine. 

Riverside  County :  A  large  axinite  crystal  from  the  city  quarry  at 
Riverside,  measured  0  by  12  by  1^  centimeters.  The  forms  are:  (ITI), 
(111),  (ITO),  (201),  (001),  (110),  and  (OTO).  The  axinite  of  this 
quarry  is  violet  brown,  Rogers'-'-'.  Violet  axinite  occurs  associated  with 
cinnamon  garnet  in  the  pegmatite  at  Crestmorc.  Crystals  of  violet  col- 
ored iixinitc  arc  found  in  the  Box  Springs  ^Mountains. 

San  Diego  County:  Smoky-pink  cr.vstals  occur  in  an  altered  granite 
in  Moosa  Canyon,  about  eighteen  miles  south  of  Pala  near  Bonsall, 
associated  with  quartz,  epidote  and  laumontite,  and  have  been  described 
by  Schaller(ii).  Forms:  (ITO),  (130),  (110),  (100),  (331),  (iTl), 
(112),  (021),  (T32),  (201),  (111),  (131),  (132). 

3,       HoO 

=  99.83% 


209.     PREHNITE. 
Acid   silicate   of  calcium   and   alumiuum.   HjCaoALSisOj;. 

Orthorhombie.     Tabular   crystals,    .i;rauu]ar,    drusy    masses.     Color   light 
.ijiven  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     II  =  6  —  6.5;  0  =  2.8  —  2.95. 

llefractive  indices:     oc  =1-016;  ^=1.626;  y  =  1.649. 

Sliffhtly  soluble.     Fuses  with  intumescence  to  an  enamel.     Gives  water  in 
clos_»d  tube.     The  fused  mass   will   sdatinize  with   hydrochloric  acid. 

Green  drusy  coatings  and  veins  of  prehnite  are  sometimes  present  in 
altered  diabase  and  lavas,  but  the  mineral  is  not  common  in  the  State. 

Loiritc  is  a  mineral  similar  to  prehnite  in  composition,  but  differs 
from  it  in  optical  characters. 

Plumas  County :  Occurs  as  a  hydrothermal  product  at  the  Engels 
mine. 

Riverside  County :  Green  drusy  and  light  brown  prehnite  occur  in 
cavities  of  white  feldspar  in  the  pegmatite  veins  of  the  limestone  at 
Crestmorc.  Forms  of  brown  crystals  are:  (001),  (110),  (100),  and 
(061).     Analysis  of  the  brown  variety: 

SiO..  ALO,  CaO  ll..t> 

44.10  24.20  25.20  5.86  =9J).36% 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Prehnite  occurred  in  the  analcite-diabase  of 
Cuyamas  Valley,  Fairbanks^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Lotrite  was  observed  by  Murgoci^^)  as  probably 
present  in  the  greenstone  of  Calaveras  Valley. 


190  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

210.     CHONDRODITE. 
Fluosilicate  of  magucsium,  [Mg  (F,OH)  ]»  MgJSiOJ,. 
Monoclinic.     Usually  in  grains.     Color  yellow  to  brown.     Vitreous  luster. 
n  =  6— 1;..5;  Tt =3.1—3.2. 

Refractivo  indices:     a:=1.*H)7:  ^  =  l.<n9;  y  =  l.(>39. 
Infusible.      Soluble    with    Kolatinization.      Fused    with    iwtassium    bisul- 
phate  in  a  closed  tube,  gives  off  lluorine,  which  will  etch  the  glass.     Mag- 
nesia is   precipitated  from  auunouiu  solution  by  sotlium  phosphate. 

A  fairly  common  mineral  foruuHi  in  the  metamorphism  of  a  dolomitic 
limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Some  of  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore 
shows  evidence  of  the  former  presence  of  granular  chondroite.  Re- 
ported to  occur  in  the  limestone  at  Colton.  Observed  in  the  City 
Quarry  at  Riverside,  and  mentioned  by  Rogers.  Occurs  in  the  lime- 
stone of  the  Jensen  property  about  three  miles  west  of  Crestmore. 

211.     ILVAITE. 
Silicate  of  iron  and  calcium,  CaFe2(FeOS)  (SiOi).. 
Orthorhombic.     I.ong    prisms    vertically    striated.     Color    grayish    black. 
Submetallic  luster.     H  =  5.5  —  6  ;  G  =  4.0. 

Refractive  index  :    ^  =  1.91. 

Becomes  magnetic  after  heating.     Easily  fusible.     Soluble  iu  hydrochloric 
acid  and  yields  much  gelatinous   residue. 

Ilvaite  is  a  rare  mineral  and  is  only  knowii  from  two  localities  in  the 
State.     Formed  by  contact  metamorphism  in  crystalline  limestone. 

Shasta  County:  Thin  bands  and  long  prisms  of  ilvaite  occur  on  both 
sides  of  a  narrow  dike  cutting  througli  limestone  on  Potter  Creek,  near 
Baird.  The  crystals  occur  on  quartz  and  hedenbergite  and  have  been 
described  by  Prescott(i>.  Forms:  (110),  (120),  (010),  (111),  (101), 
(890).     Analysed  by  H.  R.  Moss. 

SiOo        Fe-Os      AI2O3    CroOs        FeO        MnO        CaO         MgO       H2O 
28.09       20.80       0.32       0.13       29.93       3.24       15.89       0.18       1.62       =100.20% 

Sonoma  County :  A  boulder  of  quartzite  colored  black  with  ilvaite 
was  found  near  Petaluma. 


212.     CALAMINE. 

Basic  silicate  of  zinc,  H.Zn^SiOs. 

Orthorhombic.  Hemimorphic  crystals,  drusy  masses,  earthy.  Cleavage 
perfect  prismatic.  Color  white;  sometimes  bluish  or  brown.  H=:4.5  —  5; 
G  =  3.4  — 3.5. 

Refractive   indices:      a:=l.<514;    g-LGl' ;   y  —  1.6S(i. 

Soluble  with  gelatinization.  Difficultly  fusible.  Mixed  with  sodium  car- 
bonate and  reductid  on  charcoal,  gives  yellow  coating  of  zinc.  Some  water 
iu  a  closed  tube. 

Calamine  is  found  in  the  oxidized  portion  of  veins  carrying  zinc,  but 
its  occurrence  in  California  is  quite  limited. 


MINERAL.S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  191 

Inyo  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  with  willcmite  and 
smithsouite  at  the  St.  Yguaeio,  Cerro  Gordo  and  Indiana  mines,  and  in 
Surprise  Canyon. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  simthsonite  at  the  Cuticura 
mine,  near  Daggett. 

213.     LAWSONITE. 
Basic  silicate  of  calcium  aud  aluiuiuium,  HiCaALSijOio. 

Orthorhoinbic.  Prismatic  aud  tabular  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal 
aud  brachypinacoidal.  Color  pale  blue  to  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  8; 
G  =  3.09. 

Refractive  indices:     cx^l.OO.j;   «=l.(j74;  y— l.tj^4. 

Swells  aud  fuses  to  a  frothj'  mass.  Vei^j'  slightly  ncted  ou  by  iiydro- 
chloric  acid.     Yields  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Lawsonite  was  discovered  in  California  as  a  new  constituent  of  cer- 
tain schists,  and  since  its  discovery  has  been  found  to  be  quite  wide- 
spread in  its  occurrence  in  the  rocks  of  the  Coast  Range.  It  is  limited 
to  the  metamorphic  rocks. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Found  as  a  constituent  of  a  chlorite  boulder 
on  side  of  hill  north  of  Berkeley  and  analysed  by  Eakle*^\ 

SiOo         AUOsFeoO,-;  CaO  HoO 

38.43  33.39  16.85  9.83  =98.50% 

Marin  County :  Discovered  as  a  new  mineral  in  the  schists  of  the 
Tiburon  Peninsular,  near  Reed  Station,  and  w^as  described  and  named 
by  Ransome(2).  Forms:  (Oil),  (110),  (041),  (001).  Additional 
forms  by  HiUebrand  and  Schallerd),  (221),  (331). 

Analyses:  1.  Ransome  and  Palache;  2.  HiUebrand  and  Schaller. 

FeO         MnO 
0.10  tr. 


SiOo 

TiOc 

AloOs          Fe.O:, 

)38.10 



28.88         0.85 

"J37.32 



35.14 

38.45 

0.38 

31.35        0.86 

CaO 
18.26 

MgO          KsO 
0.23 

NazO 
0.65 

17.83 



__ 

17.52 

0.17        0.23 

0.06 

Ign. 
11.42 

=   99.39% 

11.21 

=  101.50 

11.21 

=  100.33 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Masses  of  green  chlorite  with  platy  crystals 
of  lawsonite  occur  about  four  miles  east  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Mentioned  by  Murgoci^^^  and  by  J.  P.  Smith^i) 
as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  gneisses,  schists  and  quartzites  of  Oak 
Ridge,  Redwood  and  Calaveras  Valley. 


192  STATE »  MINING   BUREAU. 

214.     TOURMALINE. 
Borosilicate  of  aluminium  with  various  bases. 

Hexagonal,  ihombohedral.  Long  prismatic  crystals,  often  divergent  radi- 
ating groups.  Color  black,  green,  rose-red,  brown,  blue,  smoky.  Vitreous 
luster.     H=r7  — 7.5;  G=:2.9S  — 3.2. 

Refractive  indices:  £=1.041;  (,,  =  1.<>S7. 

Generally  fusible  to  a  blebby  mass.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Fused  on  plat- 
inum wire  with  a  mixture  of  potassium  bisulphate  and  fluorite,  will  give  a 
momentary  groen  flame. 

The  greeu  flame  distinguishes  the  black  tounnaline  from  black  hornblende 
when  the  physical  characters  are  similar,  and  the  brown  tounnaline  is  like- 
wise distinguished  from  l>rawn  gnrai't. 

Black  tourmaline  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State  and  large 
areas  of  tourmaline-granites  exist  in  the  Sierras.  Brown  tourmaline 
has  also  been  found,  but  in  limited  quantity.  The  richly  colored  red 
and  green  tourmalines  of  San  Diego  County  are  the  tinest  in  the  world, 
and  have  become  almost  universally  known  and  used  as  gems.  Tourma- 
line always  occurs  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  bunched  into  radiating 
groups  and  usually  much  fractured.  The  common  black  tourmaline  is 
characteristic  of  granites  and  quartz  veins  in  granites.  Brown  tourma- 
line is  found  in  crystalline  limestone  near  the  contact  with  intrusive 
igneous  rock.  The  transparent  green  and  red  and  other  shades  occur 
in  pegmatite  veins  which  carry  lithia  and  they  are  classed  as  lithia- 
tourmaliues.  The  red  tourmaline  is  often  called  ruhellite,  the  blue, 
indicolite  and  the  colorless,  achroife. 

Alpine  County:  Black  tourmaline  is  common  in  Hope  Valley. 

Calaveras  County :   Black  occurs  in  quartz  at  Sheep  Kanch. 

El  Dorado  County :  Black  tourmaline  occurs  with  orthoclase  at 
Buck's  Bar.  Small,  black  crystals  occur  in  orthoclase  quartz  rock, 
twenty  miles  east  of  Placerville. 

Fresno  County :  Black  is  connnon  in  Fine  Gold  Gulch,  at  the  Enter- 
prise mine,  and  at  Eber  Flat.  Black  crystals  associated  with  horn- 
blende and  quartz  occur  in  Watts  Valley.  Black  occurs  in  the  Syca- 
more district.  Red  and  green  tourmaline  occurs  in  quartz  on  the  White 
Divide,  south  of  ]Mt.  Godard.  Green  occurs  on  Spanish  Peak  asso- 
ciated with  brown  garnet,  Bradley'^*. 

Inyo  County :  Black  occurs  in  the  Lee  district.  Black  crystals  occur 
in  a  metamorphosed  sandstone  at  Deep  Canyon,  west  of  Bishop.  Needles 
and  reticulated  masses  of  black,  slender  prisms  are  found  in  the  Slate 
Range. 

Kern  County :  Black  is  found  in  the  rocks  of  the  Tehachapi  Moun- 
tains.    Black  tourmaline  occurs  in  a  calcite  vein  cutting  schist,  associ- 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  193 

cited  with  schcclitL'  a  few  miles  west  of  Randsburg.  A  large  vein  of 
quartz  and  feldspar  containing  black  tourmaline  occurs  near  Woody. 

Lassen  County :  Specimens  of  black  tourmaline  have  come  from  near 
Susanville. 

^ladera  County :  Black  tourmaline  occurs  in  the  rocks  near  Ray- 
mond. 

Mariposa  County :  Black  is  very  common  in  the  granites  of  the 
Yosemite  Valley. 

Modoc  County :  Black  crystals  occur  in  quartz  near  Cedarville. 

^Fono  County:  Radiating  masses  of  black  tourmaline  occur  near  a 
contaet  mass  of  magnetite,  which  carries  greenockite.  near  Topaz. 

Nevada  County :  Black  occurs  at  Emerald  Bay.  Lake  Tahoe  and  near 
Crystal  Peak.  A  chiik  brown  variety  found  two  miles  northwest  of 
(Jolfax  was  analvsed  ])v  Melville^^\ 

SiOo  AUOn  FeoQ..  CaO  MgO  KjO  Na«0  BoO.t  Ign. 

:'.G.40  33.64  3.13  1.51  10.01  0.12  2.49  C.52  3.53 

F  O— F 

0.74         =  98.07  —  0.31  =  97.76% 

Orange  County :  Black  is  found  at  the  Santa  Ana  tin  mine,  Santa 
Ana  Mountains. 

Placer  County :  Black  at  Soda  Springs.  Black  tourmaline  in  quartz 
is  found  near  l^liir  (Canyon.  Specimens  of  black  with  quartz  occur  at 
the  Excelsior  mine,  near  Cisco.  Occurs  in  granitic  rock  as  black  tour- 
maline with  white  feldspar  and  glassy  quartz,  near  Rocklin. 

Plumas  County :  Black  tourmaline  occurs  at  Red  Clover  Creek.  Black 
tourmaline  in  quartz  occurs  on  Grizzly  Range,  and  near  Taylorsville. 
Occurs  in  the  pegmatites  at  Engels.  Black  crystals  occur  seven  miles 
from  Portola. 

Riverside  County :  Some  tine  gem  tourmaline  occurs  near  Coahuila 
and  in  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains.  Black  tourmaline  in  quartz  occurs 
in  the  Santa  Maria  ^Mountains,  two  miles  north  of  Blythe.  Black  tour- 
maline occni's  occasionally  in  the  pegmatite  veins  at  Crestmore.  Black 
radiating  prisms  occur  with  axinite  on  Box  Spring  Mountain.  Occurs 
in  a  pegmatite  vein  in  the  Pinacate  district. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Black  at  Halleck. 

San  Diego  County :  A  series  of  pegmatite  veins  consisting  mainly  of 
white  albite  Avith  quartz  and  lepidolite  mica,  cut  through  the  diorite 
hills  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county  from  the  vicinity  of  Mesa 
Grande  northward  through  Pala  and  into  Riverside  County,  and  these 
veins  have  been  prolific  in  their  yield  of  beautiful  transparent  tourma- 
lines in  many  shades  of  rose-red  and  green.  The  first  mention  of  the 
occurrence  of  rubellite  and  lepidolite  in  southern  California  was  by 
W.  P.  Blake ^^^^  who  gave  the  locality  as  the  San  Bernardino  Range. 

13—22132 


194 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


Later  Orcntt^^)  described  the  occurrence  at  Pala.  The  first  material 
obtained  was  tlie  lavender  and  lilac  lepidolitc  containing  radiating 
clusters  of  bright  red  rubellitu  prisms,  which  form  beautiful  museum 
specimens  and  can  be  seen  in  most  mineral  collections.  The  gem 
varieties  were  found  later  and  since  1893  a  number  of  mines  have  been 
located  and  many  large  beautiful  crystals  obtained.  At  present  the 
best  tourmalines  come  from  Mesa  Grande.  Sterrett^^^  gives  the  crystal- 
lography of  tourmaline  from  Damoron  ranch,  four  miles  northwest  of 
Mesa  Grande.  Forms:  (0221),  (1230),  (1450),  (2131),  (1232),  (OOOT), 
(OlTT),  (1012),  (1120),  (lOTO),  (OITO),  (lOTl),  and  (0001).  Tour- 
malines of  many  shades,  black,  pink,  blue,  violet,  green  and  colorless, 
occur  at  Kincon  in  tlie  Victor  and  other  claims  and  some  of  the  crystals 
have  the  forms:  (1120),  (lOlO),  (OlTO),  (1232),  (lOTl),  (OOOT),  (OlTT), 
Rogers^"^^  Analj^ses  of  the  tourmaline  of  the  county  have  been  made 
by  Schaller^'^^  1.  Pink  from  JMesa  Grande;  2.  Pale  green  from  Mesa 
Grande;  3.  Pink  from  Pala;  4.  Altered  pink  from  Pala;  5.  Black  from 
Lost  Valley ;  6.  Black  from  Ramona. 


SiO, 

37.  .57 

36.72 

36.98 

37.05 

35.96 

35.21 

ALOa- 

42.18 

41.27 

43.69 

44.25 

33.28 

36.07 

TiO, 

tr. 

0.06 

0.36 

0.23 

Fed 

0.19 

1.13 

__ 

__ 

11.04 

11.11 

MnO 

0.24 

1.48 

tr. 

tr. 

0.13 

0.98 

MgO 

none 

none 

tr. 

0.10 

3.48 

0.19 

CaO 

1.20 

0.87 

0.25 

0.22 

0.42 

0.25 

LioO 

1.92 

1.76 

1.28 

1.27 

none 

tr. 

Na„0 

2.05 

2.23 

2.02 

1.06 

2.16 

1.92 

K„6 

none 

none 

2.29 

1.95 

none 

none 

B,03 

10.65 

10.60 

7.66 

2.46 

10.61 

10.48 

H„0 

3.39 

3.33 

4.67 

lO.Sl 

3.31 

3.51 

F 

0.29 

0.31 

— 

— 

none 

— 

99.77 


99.76 


98.84 


99.17 


100.75 


99.95% 


The  bluish  green  tourmaline  from  the  Mountciin  Lily  mine  near  Oak 
(irovc  has  Ix'cii  enllod  ''eineralite."  Fine  ])lu('  and  pink  occurs  at  the 
Peter  Cabat  mine,  nbout  six  miles  north  of  AVarner's  Hot  Springs.  A 
deposit  of  green  tourmaline  occurs  south  of  Banner.  Good  blue  and 
green  occur  on  east  side  of  Chihuahua  Valley.  Black  tourmaline  occurs 
with  cassiterite  on  Aguanga  Mountain. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Black  tourmaline  occurs  in  the  rocks  of 
the  Santa  Margarita  Hills. 

Si-skiyou  County :  Black  crystals  in  quartz  occur  near  Etna  Mills. 
Black,  slender  crystals  in  quartz  associated  with  specular  hematite  occur 
at  Westwood. 

Trinity  County :  Small  rosettes  of  black  tourmaline  occur  at  the 
IMountain  ^Monarch  Prospect,  Weaverville  Quadrangle. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  195 

Tulare  County :  Black  in  Frazer  Valle}',  Drum  Valley,  and  at 
Mineral  Kinf;.  Jilack  crystals  with  feldspar  imd  imiscftvitc  occur  near 
^lilo.     }i]ack  occurs  in  fjuai'tz  near  Dinuba. 

Tuolunnie  County :  Jilack  near  Crimea  House,  near  ISonora  and  near 
Soulsby.  Occurs  with  quartz  as  black  prisms  about  eight  miles  south 
of  Sonora. 

215.     DUMORTIERITE. 
Basic  silicate   of   aliiminiuni   with    boron.     IIAlsRSiaOjo. 

Ortliorlioinbic.     Small    i)risms,    jrrauular.     Color    sraalt-hlno,    dark    hUio, 
violet-red.     Vitreous  luster.     IIi^T;  G  =  3.22  — 3.43. 

Uefractive   indices:    a:=l.t>78:   fj=l.{iSii;   y  =  l.G81>. 

Insoluble  and  infusil)le.    Fused  on  platinum  wire  with  a  mixture  of  potas- 
sium bisuliihate  and  Huorite  will  give  a  momentary  green  Hame. 

Dumortierite  is  a  metamorphie  mineral  found  in  certain  gneisses  and 
schists;  very  rare  in  its  occurrence. 

Imperial  County :  Dark  blue  boulders  of  dumortierite  occur  on  the 
plains  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Ogilby. 

Riverside  County :  -Afassive  dark  blue  dumortierite  occurs  one  mile 
north  of  Big  Four  mines,  Pinacate  district. 

San  Diego  County :  A  violet-red  variety  of  dumortierite  occurs  near 
Dehesa  and  was  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller*^^^  and  also  analysed 
byFord(i>.  Forms:  (010),  (100),  (110),  (120),  (320),  (210),  (102), 
(203). 

SiO.      AI2O3     TioOs    Fe^Os    B2O3    H^G 
Schaller 28.68     63.31     1.45    0.23     5.37     1.52     =100.56% 

Ford 30.58     61.83       __      0.36     5.93     2.14     =100.84 

Tuolumne  County :  Boulders  of  dark,  blue  dumortierite  have  been 
found  in  the  countv. 


396 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES  AND  TITANO-SILICATES. 


Micas. 

Muscovite 

Mariposite 

Paragonite 

Lepidolite 

Phlosopito 

Biotite 

Lepidomelane 

Roscoelite 
Brittle  Micas. 

Margavito 

Xauthophyllito 

Chloritoid 

Ottrelitc 
C'hloritcs. 

Clinochlore 
Kotchubeite 

Penninite 

Kiimmererite 

Prochlorite 

Corundoph.vllitc 

Griffithite 

Chalcodite 

Jefiferisite 


Zeolites. 
Heulandite 
Phillipsite 
LaumontitP 
Stilbite 
Chabazite 
Analcite 
Natrolite 
Mesolite 
Tbomsonitc 

Xot  (Ironped. 
Gyrolite 
.Jurupaite 
Apophyllite 
Xonotlite 

Eakleite 
Okenite 
Inesite 
Ganophjilito 
Crestmoreite 
Riversideito 
Plazolite 
Serpentine 
Chiysotile 


De\Yeylite 

Garnierite 

Talc 

Sepiolite 

Celadonite 

Pyrophyllito 

Kaolinite 

Halloysite 

Montmorillonite 

Allophane 

Rectorite 

Cimolite 

Thaumasito 

Chrysocolla 

Cbloropal 

Nontronite 
Bementite 
Xeotocite 
Pilolite 
Searlesite 
Tit  a  no-silicates. 
Titanite 
Benitoite 
Neptunite 


MICAS, 

The  mica  family  consists  of  a  number  of  silicates,  having  various 
and  complex  compositions,  which  occur  characteristically  in  thin  elastic 
scales  and  plates.  The  common  micas,  muscovite  and  biotite,  are  very 
important  rock-forming  minerals  of  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks, 
and  are  to  be  found  all  over  the  State.  There  are  several  rare  micas 
and  alteration  products  of  micas  Avhich  have  not  been  observed  in  Cali- 
fornia and  will  therefore  not  be  mentioned. 


216.     MUSCOVITE— Potash    Mica. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  potassium  and  aluminium,  essentially   (H,K)AlSi04. 

Monocliuic.  Hexagonal-shaped  plates,  plumose  aggregates,  scales.  Cleav- 
age perfect  basal.  Colorless,  gray,  brown,  pale  green.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  2.76  — 3. 

Refractive  indices:    cx=l-'Cl:   ^r^l.-TOO;  ^  =  1.594. 

Insoluble  in  acids  and  veiy  difficult  to  fuse.  A  little  of  the  powder  taken 
on  a  platinum  wire  and  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  will  give  the  violet 
flame  of  potassium  when  held  in  the  colorless  Bnnsen  fiame.  A  small 
amount  of  moisture  is  obtained  by  intense  beatini;  in  a  close^l  tube. 

Muscovite  is  a  common  constituent  of  granites,  syenites,  gneisses  and 
schists.     It  is  generally  called  mica  or  isinglass  and  is  of  economic 


MINERALS   OF    CALTFORNL\.  197 

value  when  in  large  transparent  sheets.  Extensive  areas  of  mica- 
schists  occur  in  the  State  in  which  muscovite  is  the  principal  constituent 
and  gives  the  rock  its  schistose  structure. 

Sericite  is  a  soft  greasy-feeling  muscovite  forming  mostly  sericitic 
schists. 

Furhsitr  \s  a  chronu'-muscovite  of  an  emerald-i>i-een  color. 

Pinite  and  Agahnaiolite  are  names  given  to  compact  muscovite  or 
altered  muscovite,  usually  of  gray  or  white  color. 

Alexandrolitc  is  a  name  given  to  a  pale  green  micaceous  mineral  be- 
longing to  the  chrome  micas. 

El  Dorado  County :  According  to  Hanks^^>  some  material  resembling 
agalmatolite  occurred  in  a  vein  at  Greenwood. 

Inyo  County :  Muscovite  is  found  in  the  Saratoga  district. 

Lassen  County:  Muscovite  was  early  reported  from  Susanville. 

Nevada  County :  Sericite  and  biotite  are  mentioned  by  Lindgren^^^  as 
COTistituents  of  the  rocks  of  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City. 

Orange  County :  Fuchsite  has  been  found  at  Arch  Beach. 

Plumas  County :  Sericite  occurs  as  a  hydro-thermal  mica  at  Engels. 

Riverside  County :  JVIuscovite  and  lepidolite  occur  with  the  gem  tour- 
maline at  Coahuila. 

San  Diego  County :  Muscovite  is  a  common  mineral  in  the  pegmatite 
veins  which  carry  the  gem  tourmaline  and  kunzite  of  this  county. 
Crystals  occur  at  the  Mack  mine,  Rincon,with  the  forms:  (001),  (010), 
(221),  Rogers (2\ 

Pink  muscovite  from  Mesa  Grande  has  been  analysed  by  Schaller^'^^ 

PiO..  TiO"         Al.Or.  Fe-O:,       MnO        MgO         CaO  LisO  NoeO  KoO 

45.63  tr."         37.42  tr.  0.06        none        none  0.20  1.43  9.95 

4.43        0.77         =99.89  —  0.32  =  99.57% 

Tulare  County :  A  green  micaceous  and  earthj^  mineral  containing 
chromium  and  believed  to  be  alexandrolitc  occurs  near  Exeter.  No 
analysis  of  the  mineral  has  been  made. 

Ventura  County :  Good  sheets  of  muscovite  have  come  from  the 
Mount  Almo  mica  mine. 

217.     MARIPOSITE. 
Monoclinic.     Micaceous,  scales,  foliated  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  basal. 

Color  apple-green,   white.     Vitreous  luster.     H=2.5  —  3;    G  =  2.78  —  2.81. 

Itcfractive  indices:     oc  =1.00;  ^  =  1.63;  y  =  1.63. 

Similar  to  musc-ovite  in  its  reactions.     An  emerald  green  borax  bead  is 
sometimes  obtained. 

Mariposite  is  essentially  a  muscovite  with  its  characteristic  green 
color  due  to  the  presence  of  chromic  oxide.  It  is  distinctly  charac- 
teristic of  the  gold  belt  of  the  Sierras  and  was  described  as  a  new 
mineral  by  Silliman^^\ 


198  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurs  iu  schist  on  Carson  Hill  at  the  Reserve 
mine  and  at  the  Golden  Gate  mine. 

El  Dorado  Count}' :  Green  flakes  of  mariposite  occui*  in  quartz  at  the 
Pyramid  mine,  four  miles  north  of  Shingle  Springs. 

Kern  County :  Some  green  micaceous  mariposite  occurs  at  Rands- 
bur  k. 

^Mariposa  County:  The  green  mica,  mariposite,  is  common  in  the 
^lother  Lode  schists  of  this  county  and  of  Tuolumne  and  Calaveras 
counties,  and  it  was  first  descril)ed  by  Silliman^'^'  as  a  new  mineral. 
The  mineral  from  the  Josephine  mine  was  analysed  by  Hillebrand, 
Turner'*'. 

SiOe         TiOs         AI2O3        Cr^Oa       FeoO.,  FeO  CaO         MgO 

Green 55.35         0.18         25.62         0.18         0.63         0.92         0.07         3.25 

White 56.79  25.29  none  1.59  0.07         3.29 

K2O    (Li,Na)oO    H2O 
9.29        0.12        4.52         =100.13% 

8.92         0.17         4.72         =100.84 

Nevada  County :  Good  specimens  of  green  mariposite  occur  with 
quartz  and  calcite  in  veins  at  the  Red  Ledge  mine,  Washington.  Occurs 
at  the  Idaho  mine.  Grass  Valley. 

Placer  County :   Found  at  the  Marguerite  mine. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  also  near  Oak  Grove  and  on  west  side  -of 
^It.  San  Jacinto. 

Sierra  County:  Mariposite- is  found  at  the  Rainbow  mine.  Occurs 
at  the  Alhambra  mine.  Poker  Flat,  and  at  the  El  Dorado  mine,  Forest 
mining  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Mariposite  is  common  at  the  Rawhide  Ranch 
mine  near  Tutth^owii.  Also  at  the  App  mine,  (^nicga  mint^  and  other 
mines  in  the  vicinitv  of  Jamestown. 


218.     PARAGON  ITE— Soda    Mica. 
Silicate   of  sodium   and   aluminium,   HoNaAliSijOu. 

Massive,  compact,  scaly.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color  gray,  yellowish 
gray,  pale  green.     Pearly  luster.     H=r2.5  — 3;   0  =  2.78  —  2.90. 

Refractive  indo.x  :    ^  =  1.(>0. 

Like  ninscovitc  in  it.<5  reactions.  l)ut  gives  the  yellow  sodium  flame. 

The  rocks  of  the  Coast  Ranges  are  notably  rich  in  soda  and  this  mica 
has  been  observed  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  schists. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Paragonite  is  mentioned  as  a  constituent  of 
eclogite  at  Coyote  Creek,  near  San  IMartin  and  of  greenstone  on  San 
Francisquito  Creek.  J.  P.  Smith'^). 


MINER.M.S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  199 

219.     LEPIDOLITE— Lithia   Mica. 
Silicato  of  litliinin.  potassium,  fluorine  and  alumiuiuni    (KLi) A1(0I-I,F)    Al(Si03)3. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  in  scaly  masses;  sometimes  in  broad  plates. 
Clcavase  ixnlocl  basal.  Color  lilac,  lavender,  violet-blue.. pink  to  colorless. 
Vitreous  to  pearly  luster.     II=:2.r)  — 4;  G  =  2.S  — 2.0. 

Ilefractiv<'  indici-s:     ex  =  1  ■•"•l^>0 ;  ^=1.r.!>S;  y^l.liO."). 

Easily  fusible  to  a  wliito  iilohulc.  and  shows  the  red  flaiui'  of  lithiuni. 
Insoluble  in  acids.  A  small  amount  of  water  is  obtained  in  a  closed  tube 
by    intense    ignition,    which    reacts    acid. 

Lepidolite  occurs  in  scaly  masses  of  a  lavender,  violet  and  pink  color. 
It  is  the  characteristic  mica  of  pegmatitic  veins  which  carry  red  and 
green  tourmaline. 

Cookeite  is  a  hydrous  lithia  mica,  white  to  yellowish  green  in  color. 

Inyo  Coiuily:  Pink  lepidolite  willi  muscovite  occurs  in  the  vein 
matter  of  Half  Dollar  mine. 

San  Bernai'diiio  County:  Cookeite  has  been  reported  fi'ciu  Oro 
Grande. 

San  Diego  County :  Lepidolite  mica  ranging  in  color  from  gray 
through  lavender  and  rose  to  deep  violet  is  the  connnon  mica  asso- 
ciated with  the  gem  tourmaline  of  the  county.  Good  crystals  were 
found  four  miles  east  of  Ramoiia  having  the  forms:  (001),  (010), 
(100).  (023).  (112),  (Til),  (132).  (130),  (223),  (221)?,  (112)?, 
Sehaller"'".  Coarse  and  fine  scaly  lepidolite  is  common  at  the  Victor 
mine,  Riiicon,  and  crystals  have  the  forms  (001),  (100),  (010),  (131), 
Rogers'-'.  The  lepidolite  of  Pala  and  of  Mesa  Grande  has  been  analysed 
by  Sehaller^"'.     1.  Red  purple  from   Pala,   Tourmaline   Queen   mine; 


■:> 

Uhlc 

|)Uii)le  from  Pala 

;  3.    Pi 

ill' 

pie;   - 

1.  White;  5. 

Lepic 

lolite  b( 

>rder 

;ill 

llllisc 

()\ite  IVuiii 

.\resa  G 

rande. 

1. 

SiO.. 
.■il.12 

A1..0.-.. 
22.20 

FgoO,-, 
0.80 

FeO       Ml 
1. 

l-.O:. 

34 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

LisO 
5.12 

NaaO 

2.28 

o_ 

SO.Of) 

23.07 

0.82 

1. 

20 

__ 

__ 

4.63 

2.39 

.3. 

riO.:n 

28.71 

0.11 

tr. 

__ 

0.50 

none 

tr. 

2.39 

1.59 

4. 

51.2.J 

2.5.(;2 

0.12        1 

lonc 

• 

0.05 

none 

tr. 

4.31 

1.91 

5. 

50.8.^) 

20.78 

0.60 

-- 

-- 

0.07 

tr. 

0.10 

4.27 

1.41 

KoO 
30.00 

HoO 
2.05 

P2O, 
0.04 

F 
6.38 

:  102.43 - 

0=F 
-2.69= 

99.74% 

10.60 

1.91 

0.04 

6.11 

" 

:  102.80 - 

-2.57  = 

100.23 

10.37 

3.15 

5.02 

:102.18- 

-2.11  = 

100.07 

10.65 

1.00 

7.0G 

:  102.60 - 

-2.97  = 

99.63 

10.30 

1.74 

6.71 

:102.S3- 

-2.82  = 

100.01 

Cookeite  from  Pala  has  also  been  analysed  by  Schaller^'^^ 

HoO 
SiOo  A1..0n  MnO        MgO  CaO         I^i-O        Na^.O        K^O        at  105°     ab.  105° 

35.53         44.23  tr.  tr.  tr.  2.73         2.11         0.31       0.61         13.57 

F  0=F 

1.46         =100.55  —  0.61=99.95% 

Colorless  and  dee])  pink  cookeite  is  foiaid  in  pockets  at  the  Victor 
mine,  Rincon,  coating  (piartz,  lepidolite,  orthoclase,  albite  and  kunzite, 
and  as  pseudomor])hs  after  knnzite,  Rogers^^\ 


200  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

220.     PHLOGOPITE— Magnesia   Mica. 

Siliciite  of   uiaKiit'sia   aud   alumiua,   HoKMgjAl^SiOi  I3. 

-Moiioclinic.  Usuallj-  six-sided  plates.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Tough 
and  elastic.  Color  yellowish  brown;  sometime  greenish  aud  even  colorless. 
11=2.5—3;  0  =  2.78=2.85. 

Refractive  iudices  :     oc  =1.502;  ^=J.UU4J;  y  =  1.(300. 

Fuses  on  thin  edges.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid.  Gives  a  little  water 
in    closed    tube. 

A  mica  similar  to  biotito,  but  contaiuing  little  or  no  iron. 

Inyo   County :  Phlogopite  occurs  with   scheelite  in   calc-liornfels   at 
Deep  Canyon  west  of  Bishop. 


221.      BIOTITE — Magnesia-iron    Mica. 

Silicate  of  magnesia,  iron  and  aluminium    (H,K);(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe)2Si40ic- 

Monoclinic.  Broad  plates,  foliated,  scaly,  micaceous.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal.  Color  black,  dark  brown,  green.  Vitreous  to  pearly  lustei'. 
H=2.5  — 3;  0  =  2.7  —  3.1. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1.541;    «  =  1..574;   y  =  1.574. 

Decomposable  by  boiling  in  sulphuric  acid.  Veiy  difficult  to  fuse.  Iron- 
rich  varieties  become  magnetic  on  heating. 

The  dark  brown  and  black  biotite  mica  is  the  commonest  of  all  the 
micas.  It  is  generally  a  prominent  constituent  of  nearly  all  eruptive 
rocks  and  also  of  gneisses  and  schists.  It  is  present  as  a  rock-forming 
mineral  in  every  county. 

Lcpidomelane  is  very  black  iron  mica  usually  classed  as  biotite. 

Alpine  County :  A  black  l)iotite  from  a  quartz-monzonite  rock  at 
Blood  Station  was  analysed  by  Valentine,  Turner^'^^ 

SiO:;         TiOs         AI2O3        FeoOs        FeO         MnO       CaO         SrO       BaO        MgO        LizO 
35.62        2.61        15.24        4.69        13.67        0.74        0.95        tr.        0.26        12.70        tr. 

H,.0 
Na;0        KoO         at  105°  ab.  105°     P2O3  F 

0.50        7.72  0.94     '  4.-36       none       none        =100.00% 

Amador  County :  Biotite  from  a  pyroxene  gneiss  on  the  north  fork 
of  the  Mokelumne  River  was  analy.sed  by  Valentine,  Turner^'^^ 

SiOo  TIO"      AI2O3      FeoOs       FeO       MnO        CaO       SrO       BaO      MgO    LioO      Na/>0 

36.62       3.03       14.37       4.04       17.09       0.40       1.48       tr.       0.33       9.68       tr.       0.45 


HoO 

K,0 

at  105°  ab.l05° 

P:05 

F 

0=F 

8.20 

0.90       3.26 

none 

0.10 

=  99.95- 

-0.04 

=99.91% 

Mariposa  County:  1.  Black  biotite  from  biotite-granite  of  El  Capi- 
tan,  Yosemite  ^'alley.  was  analysed  by  Valentine;  and,  2.  Brown  biotite 


^riNERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


201 


from  quartz-monzonite  on  Tioga  road,  soutlieast  of  Mount  Hoffman,  was 
analysed  hy  Hillebrand,  Turner^"). 

Si(%       TiO.       \1"0,      X-Oi      Cr-Oj    Fe^O;,      FeO       MnO       NiO      CoO     CaO      SrO 
1     35  64      1.12      1S"62        1-         —       H.M      14.60      0.79        —        —       0.90      __ 
2.    35.75      3.16      14.70      0.05        tr.       4.05      14.08      0.45  0.02  0.17        V 

H-.0 

BaO       MgO     IJ.O    NaoO      K...O     at  100 »  ab.  100°  P.O.  F                          0  =  F 

tr.         9  72      Ir.      0.3S      9.22       0.4S       2.54  0.2U  0.26  =  100.01—0.11=99.90% 

0.12      12^37      _-      Q.32      9.19       1.03       3.04  0.03  0.17-   99.90  —  0.07  =  99.83% 

Kivcr.sidc  County;  HiotiU'  is  a  eon-stituiMil  of  the  i-i'anodiorite  at 
Crestmort'.  Fouml  a.s.soeiated  witli  earhonate  roeks  of  Eagle  ^[ountain. 
Long  and  .slender  rods  and  plates  of  black  biotite  occur  in  a  granitic 
rock  in  the  city  quarry  at  Riverside. 

San  Diego  County :  Plates,  fairly  large,  of  black  biotite  occur  near 
Jacumba. 

222.     ROSCOELITE— Vanadium    Mica. 

Hvdn.us    silicati'    of    vanadium,    aluminum    and    potassium.    II,K  i  .Mi;.1m' t     (.Vl.\'i< 

(^iOo),,. 
Minute   scales   often   in   stellate   groups.     Cleavage   perfect   basal.     Color 
clove-brown,    greenish    brown    or    brownish    green.     Pearly    luster.     Soft. 
G  =  2.92  — 2.94. 

Refractive  iiiduvs  :     oc  =1-610;  ^  =  1.685:  y  =  1.704. 

Insoluble,  hut   fusildc     T.ike  biotite  in  its  reactions,  l)m   in  addition  gives 
a  green   head  of  vanadium   with   phosphorous  salt. 

Vanadium  is  a  rare  constituent  of  some  igneous  rocks,  and  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  small  amounts  in  biotite.  Roscoelite  is  unique  in 
having  a  large  percentage  of  vanadium  in  place  of  iron  and  thus  form- 
ing a  vanadium-mica.  It  is  a  very  rare  mica,  and  few  specimens  of  it 
are  now  in  existence,  since  most  of  the  material  was  destroyed  for  the 
gold  whieh  was  thickly  interlamiuated  with  the  micaceous  plates. 

El  Dorado  County :  Layers  from  a  tenth  to  a  half  inch  in  thickness 
of  a  dark  green  micaceous  mineral,  thickly  interlamiuated  with  gold, 
were  found  at  the  Stuckslager  or  Sam  Sim's  mine  on  Granite  Creek, 
near  Coloma,  whieh  proved  to  be  a  new  mineral  and  was  named  by 
James  Blake^->,  in  1874.  The  new  mica  was  later  described  and 
analysed  by  Genth<6>,  Roscoe(^>,  and  Hillebrand,  Turner  and  Clarke^^^. 


SiO:; 

TiOi 

V2O3 

V,05 

VoOii 

AUG.,        Fe^Os      MnoOa 

FeO 

Genth    _.   '> 

f 

47.82 

21.36 

12.60 

3.30 

47.69 

22.02 

14.10 

1.67 

Roscoe 

41.25 

28.60 

14.14         1.13         1.15 

Hillebrand. 

45.17 

0.78 

24.01 

11.54 

1.60 

MgO 

CaO 

NaoO 

K2C) 

IA2O 

H2O 

2.43 

tr. 

0.33 

8.03 

tr. 

5.13 

=  100.00% 

2.00 

tr. 

0.19 

7.59 

tr. 

4.96 

=  100.22         G  =  2.938 

2.01 

0.61 

0.82 

8.56 

3.35 

=  101.62 

1.64 

0.06 

10.37 

tr. 

4.69 

=  99.86 

Several  hundred  pounds  of  the  mineral  were  also  found  in  Big  Red 
Ravine,  near  the  old  Sutter  :\Iill.  where  gold  was  first  discovered,  but 
tha  masses  were  destroyed  for  their  gold  values,  Hanks^^). 


202  STATE    MINING   BUKEAU. 

BRITTLE  MICAS. 

Tht;  brittle  micas  include  several  micaceous  minerals  whose  plates  or 
scales  are  non-elastic  and  easily  break  when  bent.  Otherwise  they 
resemble  the  common  micas.  They  are  characteristic  of  the  crystalline 
gneisses  and  schists.  All  of  them  probably  occur  in  the  State,  but  only 
margarite,  xanthophyllite.  chloritoid,  and  ottrelite  have  been  observed. 


223.     MARGARITE. 
Hydrous  silicate   of  calcium  and   aluminium,   HoCaoAljSizOjj. 

Monoclinic.  Scaly,  micaceous.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  grayish, 
pink.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  3.5  — 4.5  ;  G  =  2.99 —  3.08.  ^    ^ 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.032  ;  yJz=l.G43  ;  y  =  1.64.5. 

Insoluble,  but  is  somewhat  fusible.  Similar  to  the  micas,  but  its  flakes 
are  not  elastic  and  thus  differ  from  true  micas. 

Margarite  is  prominent  in  the  glaucophane  rocks  and  has  been  ob- 
served in  several  localities. 

Calaveras  County :  Soft  silver-white  pearly  masses  of  flaky  material 
occur  in  the  Gold  Cliff  mine  at  Angels  and  in  some  of  the  other  mines  of 
the  Mother  Lode  which  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  margarite,  and 
are  probably  this  mineral. 

Marin  County:  Mentioned  by  Ransome^^^  as  an  associate  of  the  law- 
sonite  at  Reed  Station.     Much  of  this,  however,  is  muscovite,  Eakle^^^ 

San  Mateo  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  of  Belmont,  Mur- 
goci^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County :  Occurs  in  the  eclogite  of  Oak  Ridge,  J.  P. 
Smith(i). 

Sonoma  County :  A  constituent  of  the  glaucophane  gneiss  of  Melitta, 
near  Santa  Rosa,  Murgoci^^^ 

224.     XANTHOPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  calcium  and  magnesium,   Hs(Mg,Ca)34AljoSi505;. 

Monoclinic.  Tabular  crystals  pai'allel  to  the  base.  Perfect  basal  cleav- 
age.    Coior  leek-green,  bottle-green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4.G;  G  =  3.09. 

Refractive  indices  :     oc  =  l.WO  ;  ^=1.600  :  y - 1.661. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Gives  water  when  intensely  heated  in  a  closed 
tube.     Plates  are  not  flexible. 

A  very  rare  green  platy  mineral  belonging  to  the  brittle  micas, 
resembling  green  muscovite. 

Riverside  County :  Abundant  platy  crystals  of  xanthophyllite  oc- 
curred in  the  blue  calcite  of  the  cement  quarry  at  Crestmore,  intimately 
associated  with  monticellite.     An  analysis  by  Eakle  gave : 

H„o 

5.07  =  100.62%        (J  =  :!.iKsi 

4.49  =  100.31% 


SiO, 

AIP3 

Fe,0, 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

16.cS4 

44. OS 

2.85 

14.14 

16.24 

16.74, 

42.70 

2.85 

0.41 

13.0S) 

20.03 

iJlNI:JJ.VL.i>   OF    CALIFORNIA.  203 

225      CHLORITOID. 

Hydrous   silicate   uL"   iron,   magnesium   and   aluminium,    lL(Fe,Mg)  Al..SiO,. 

Monoclinic.  Foliated  massive,  scales.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
dark  gray,  grayish  black,  grass  green.  Pearly  to  vitreous  luster.  H  =  G.5; 
G-3.52  — 3.r)7. 

K('fr;icli\('  indi'X  :     i^      I. "•"'>. 

Insoluldc  and  infusibii".  I'liitcs  wh'  ilcxililr.  Imt  not  (dastic  (Jives  nuich 
\\;itiT  in   a  closed   I  nbe. 

Calaveras  County :  Dark  green  chloritoid  has  been  found  in  some  of 

the  scliisis  (if  tills  eonntv. 


226.     OTTRELITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of   iron,    manganese   and   aluminiuui.    rio(Fe,Mn) ALSijOn. 

Monoclinic.     Ilexagonal-shniied    scales.     Cleavage     perfect    basal.     Color 
blackish  gray,  black.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6  —  7;  G  =  3.3. 
Insoluble  ami  infusible.     Yields  wnter  in  a  closed  tube. 

Ottrelite  sehists  appear  to  be  rare  in  the  State. 

Siskiyou  County :  A  specimen  of  ottrelite  schist  has  come  from  the 
vicinity  of  Yreka. 

CHLORITES. 

Uniler  the  name  chlorite  are  included  several  species  having  a  mica- 
ceous structure  Avith  the  flakes  flexible  but  not  elastic.  The  chlorites 
are  prominent  in  many  schists,  forming  chlorite-schists.  They  are  also 
formed  as  secondary  alteration  products  of  hornblende  and  pyroxene 
rocks,  and  as  such  are  very  common  throughout  the  State.  They  are 
characteristically  dai'k  hn^k-greeii  or  brown  in  color.  As  a  general 
thing  tlui  various  kinds  of  chlorite  have  not  been  differentiated. 


227.     CLINOCHLORE. 
Hydrous   silicate   of   magnesium    and   aluminium,    IIsMg-jAloSijOis- 

Monoclinic.     Scaly,  earthy,  compact.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color 

deep    grass-green,    olive-green,    rose- red.     Pearly    luster.     H  =  2 — -2.5; 

0=2.65  —  2.78. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =  ^  ••">'^'> :  y8=1.5S<>;  y  =  l..".!M;. 

lnsohil)le  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  iiractically  infusilile.  r)ecomposed  by 
boiling  sulphuric  ac-iii.  (Jives  water  in  closed  tube  when  intensely  heated. 
I'lates  are  fle.xilile,  but  without  elnsijijiy,  thus  dilVering  I'roin  true  micas. 

Cliuochlore  occurs  as  an  alteration  i)roduct  of  magnesian-iron  minerals 
and  is  common  in  schists. 

Kotschuhcitc  is  a  rose-red  variety  of  clinochlore  containing  chro- 
mium and  is  associated  Avith  chromite  in  serpentine  rocks. 

Calaveras  County  :  Some  pink  chrome  chlorite  has  been  found  near 
Angels. 


204  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Nevada  County:  Fine  chrome  chlorite,  pink  and  green,  occurs  on 
chromite  at  the  Red  Ledge  mine.  Washington  district. 

Placer  County :  Rose-red  kotschubeite  aLso  occurs  on  chromite  in  the 
serpentine  of  Green  Valley,  above  Dutch  Flat,  Lindgren*^'.  It  has  been 
analysed  by  ]\Ielville^^\ 


H;0 

SiOo 

AI2O3 

CroOs 

FeO 

NiO 

CaO 

MgO 

at  105°       ab.  105° 

31.74 

6.74 

11.39 

1.23 

0.49 

0.18 

35.18 

0.37         12.68 

Riverside    County :     Clinochlore   occurs   in   pale   green   flakes   with 
vesuvianite  in  the  limestone  at  Crestmore. 

Siskivou  Countv  :  A  chrome  chlorite  occurs  near  Dunsmuir. 


228.     PENNINITE— Rhodochrome. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium  and  aluminium,  Hs(Mg,Fe)5Al2Si.,Ois. 

Monoclinic.  Plates,  scales,  scaly  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
emerald-green,  grass-green,  violet,  rose-red.  Pearly  luster.  H  =  2  —  2.5; 
G  3=2.6  — 2.85. 

Refractive   indices:    £  =  1.579:   ^j  =  1.570. 

Same  reactions  as  given  by  clinochlore. 

Penninite  is  similar  to  clinochlore  Avith  more  iron  in  its  composition. 
Kdmmcrerite  is  a  peach-blossom  red  variety  associated  with  chromite. 

Alameda  County:  Reddish  violet  kammererite  occurs  with  chromite 
on  Cedar  Mountain  at  the  Mendenhall  mine,  Rogers^^^ 

Del  Norte  Count}' :  Kammererite  has  been  observed  coating  chromite 
from  this  county. 

Placer  County:  Kammererite  occurs  on  chromite  in  Green  Valley 
above  Dutch  Flat.  Kammererite  coats  the  chromite  about  seven  miles 
south  of  Newcastle. 

San  Benito  Count}' :  Red  kammererite  occurs  on  chromite  associated 
with  uvarovite  at  New  Idria,  Brush^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Kammererite  coats  chromite  in  Little  Castle  Creek 
mine,  near  Dunsmuir. 

229.     PROCHLORITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  iron  and  aluminium. 

Monoclinic.  Scaly,  foliated,  granular,  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  green,  blackish  green,  brown.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  l — 2  :  G  =  2.7S — 2.9(5. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.606;  ^=1.600;  ^  =  1.610. 

Like  cliniK'Iilori'  in  its  reactions.  Tron-rich  varieties  Iiec<ime  magnetic 
ufler    heating. 

Prochlorite  is  a  common  chlorite  of  rocks  usually  dark  green  but  some- 
times brown.     Forms  large  flaky  masses  in  schists. 

Butte  County :  Prochlorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  schists  at  Forbes- 
town,  specimens  coming  from  the  Gold  Bank  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  205 

Contra  Costa  County:  l*rochlorite  was  deseril)ed  and  analysed  from 

the  schists  near  San  Pablo  by  Blasdale^^^ 

H3.0 

SiO-        Al-Oa      Fe-Os       FeO  MgO         CaO      Na^O    at  100°  ab.  100° 

27.38       26.15       0.78       12.70       18.92         __        1.15       1.51       11.44       =100.037o 

Kiverside  County :    Green  chlorite  occurs  as  an  alteration  of  augite, 
hornblende  and  epidote  at  Crestmore. 


230.     CORUNDOPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium  and  aluminium. 

Mouoclinic.     Plates,    lamellar    massive.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color 
olive-green,  leek-green.     Pearly  luster.     H=:2.5;  0  =  2.9. 

Kefractive  indices:    a:=l-^>05:   ^=1.007;  ,^=:l.r)73. 
IJke  cliuochloro  in  reactions. 

This  is  a  rarer  form  of  chlorite,  but  probably  exists  in  more  localities 
than  are  now  known. 

Riverside  County :  Corundophyllite  has  been  found  at  Roggentramp. 


231.     GRIFFITHITE. 

ITydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  aluminum,  iron  and  calcium, 
H,  ( Mg,Fe,Ca ),    ( Al,Fe  ^ ,  Si-O^,  .JILO. 

Monoclinic?  Basal  plates  and  shreds.  Cleavage  basal.  Sectile.  Color 
dark  green.     H  =  l;  G  =  2.309. 

Refractive  indices:    cx^l.GOo;  fj-l.Wl;  y  =  l.G7o. 

Fu.'^os  with  intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  slag.  Soluble  in  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  gelatinization. 

A  new  member  of  the  chlorite  group  of  silicates  and  was  described 
by  Larsen  and  Steiger^^'. 

Los    Angeles    County:     Occurred    tilling    amygdaloidal    cavities    in 
ba.salt  at  Cahuanga  Pass,  Griffith  Park,  Los  Angeles. 

Analysis  by  Steiger: 

SiO:    AUO3    Fe„0,  FeO     MgO      CaO    Na..O     K.O      — H,0    +H.O     TiQ, 
39.r,4     !>.a-.     7.:{2     7.s:;     l.-..S(>     S.m     O.fl     None     V2.il      4.9r>      None   =   100.49% 


232.     CHALCODITE— Stilpnomelane. 
Hydrous   silicate   of   iron,   magnesium   and    aluminium. 

Minute    scales.     Color    black,    yellowish    and    greenish    bronze.     Brassy 
to  submetallic  luster.     Flexible.     H  =  3  — 4;  G  =  2.9G. 

Ik-fractivo  index:    ^,  =  1.09. 

Fuses  with  difficulty  and  becomes  magnetic.     Decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid,  but  without  forming  a  .ielly.     Gives  much  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Chalcodite  is  a  rare  brown  chlorite,  occurring  in  minute  scales,  often 
■with  a  bronze  luster. 


206  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  as  bronze  brown  Hakes  on  analcite  and  natro- 
litc  ill  tlic  aniygdiilcs  of  an  andesite  on  the  Furnace  Creek  wash,  two 
miles  west  of  Ryan. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Brown  crystals  of  chaleodite  have  come  from 
this  county. 

233.     JEFFERISITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  iron  and  aluminium. 

T.road  plates,  small  scales.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  C%>lor  dark  yeliowlsii 
l.rown.     Pearly  luster.     11  =  1.5;  G  =  2.30. 

Uefraetivo  indices:  £=l.r»4;  ^,,:=zlJ>V>(i. 

Kntlier  ditticult  to  fuse,  but  exfoliates  when  heati-d.  Soluble  in  li\(lr<i- 
cidoric  acid,  but    without  gelatinizalion.     (iives  water  in   a   iloscd  lube. 

Jefferisite  is  a  hydrated  mica  occurring  in  dark  yellowish  brown 
scales  and  plates. 

Lassen  County :  Large  brown  plates  of  jefferisite  occur  at  Susanville 
according  to  Hanks^'*\ 

Mendocino  County :  Small  flakes  have  been  observed  in  this  county. 

Tulare  County:  Hanks*^^  mentions  jefferisite  from  this  county. 

ZEOLITES. 

234.  HEULANDITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  H4CaAL(Si03)„.3H.,0. 

Monoclinic.  Platy  crystals.  Color  white,  brick-red.  Perfect  clinopina- 
coidal  cleavage.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.18  — 2.2. 

Refractive   indices:      oc  =  1  •-l!>''^  :    ^=1.499:   y-l.rm. 

Intumesces  or  boils  when  fused.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Imt  does 
not  yield  a  jelly  on  evaporation,     (iives  water  in  a  closed  l\d)e. 

A  zeolite  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  and  seams  of  basic 
volcanic  rock,  usually  witli  stilbilc.  cliabazite  and  other  zeolites.  It  is 
probably  present  in  llic  l)asalti('  areas  of  tlic  State,  but  has  not  been 
reported. 

Plumas  County:  Occurs  as  a  hydrothormal  mineral  in  the  drnses  of 
tiie  pegmatites  at  Engels.  Gralon  and  ^McLauglilin" '. 

San  Diego  County:  Occurs  sparingly  as  pale  brown  crystals  with  stil- 
bite  at  Rincon.     Forms:  (010),  (001),  (201),  (201),  (110),  Rogers^^). 

235.  PHILLIPSITE. 

llydi\>us  silicate   of   ahuninium.    calcium   and   iwtassium, 
(Ko,Cal.\LSi,(),,.4n„(). 

Monoclinic.     Usually  in  grouijs  of  twinned  crjstals.     Color  white  to  red. 
Translucent  to  opaque.     n=:4 — 4.5:  0  =  2.2. 
Refi-active  index:    ^=1.57. 
Fuses  easily  to  a  white  enanud.     Gelatinizes  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

A  rarer  member  of  the  zeolites. 

Phimas  County :  One  of  the  zeolites  at  the  Engels  mine. 


I 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  207 

236.     LAUMONTITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,   HiCaAl2Si40n.2HjO. 

Monoclinic.  Radiatiuy:  or  divergent  columnar.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal  and  clinopiuacoidal.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4; 
G  =  2.25  — 2.36. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =l.">l-"> ;  ^3  =  1.524;  y  =  1.52o. 
Fuses  easil.v  to  a  glass  and  shows  the  roddi.^h  flame  of  calcium ;  soluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid  and  yields  gelatinous  silica,     (iives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

A  zeolite  occurring  in  cavities  of  basic  volcanic  rock,  usually  with 
other  zeolites. 

Plumas  County  :  Occurs  as  a  hydrothermal  zeolite  at  the  Engels  mine. 
Riverside  County  :   Soft  fibrous  masses  of  .snow-white  color  coat  some 
of  the  green  prehnite  at  the  Crestmore  quarry.    Analysis  gave : 

SiO..  ALO3  CaO  MgO  FLO 

53.49  22.01  lO.SC)  tr.  13.39  =  99.69% 

San  Bernardino  County :  Fibrous  white  laumontite  has  been  found 
near  the  Grant  mine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Cucamonga  Canyon. 

San  Diego  County:  Small  amounts  are  associated  with  the  axinite 
crystals  of  Moosa  Canyon  near  Bonsall,  Schaller^^^  The  mineral  also 
occurs  at  Rincon  in  minute  radiate  crystals  with  the  forms  (110),  and 
(201),  and  as  a  pseudomorph  after  stilbite,  Rogers^^^ 


237.     STILBITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium,  calcium  and  aluminum,  H4(Na2,Ca)  ALSieOis.4H20. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  in  sheaf-like  aggregates,  lamellar.  Cleavage  per- 
fect clinopinacoidal.  Color  white,  yellowish  brown.  Vitreous  to  pearly 
luster.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.09  — 2.20. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=1.4i;M:;  ^=1.498:  y  =  1.5(J0. 

Fuses  with  exfoliation.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  but  does  not  yield  a 
ji'lly   when   evaporated   to  dryness.     Gives  water  in  a  closed   tube. 

A  common  zeolite  occurring  usually  as  sheaf-like  aggregates  in  cavi- 
ties and  seams  of  volcanic  rock.  It  is  more  common  in  the  State  than 
what  has  been  reported. 

Fresno  County:  Found  in  lava  in  the  North  Fork  mining  district. 

Modoc  County :  Specimens  of  lava  with  amygdules  filled  with  stilbite 
and  natrolite  have  come  from  this  county. 

Plumas  County :  White  and  brown  stilbite  occurs  with  chabazite  and 
natrolite  in  the  cavities  of  basic  rock  at  Engels. 

San  Diego  County:  Occurs  as  sheaf-like  aggregates  of  small  brown 
crystals  at  the  Victor  mine  near  Rincon,  Rogers^^^ 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Found  in  the  San  Pablo  Mountains  of  Santa 
Rosa  Island. 

Tulare  County :  Occurs  in  volcanic  rock  at  Mount  Kaweah. 


208  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

238.     CHABAZITE. 
Hydrous  silifato  of  c-alciuin.  sodium   and  aluniiniuiu    (Ca,Nao) ALSi^Ojj.GHjO. 

Hexagonal,  rliombohedral.  Crystals  nearly  cubic.  Color  white,  flesh- 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4  — 5;  G  =  2.08  —  2.10. 

Refractive  indices:    g=  1.482;  (,j  =  1.480. 

Fuses  with  light  swelling.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid,  but  witli- 
out  gelatinization.     (Jives  nuich  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

A  zeolite  occurring  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  of  basic  volcanic 
rock,  usually  in  rhombohedrons  nearly  cubic  in  shape. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  in  colorless  crystals  with  epidote  and  pyrite 
at  the  Star  placer  mine,  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Found  as  rhombohedrons  in  olivine  basalt  at  the 
Dodson  mine,  Mooreville  Ridge,  Turner'^''.  Present  as  one  of  tlu'  hydro- 
x.eolites  at  tlie  Enuels  mine,  (iraton  and  Meliaiiiihlin'^ '. 


239.     ANALCITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium  and   aluminium,   NaAlSijOo.H^O. 

Isometric.     Crystals    usually    trapezohedrons.     Sometimes   quite    large. 
("olorless   to   white,      ^'itn•()lls  luster,      ll^.j — ."».."i ;   (j!=2.22 — 2.2'.t. 

Refractive  index  :    «  =  1.487. 

Fuses  to  a  clear  glass  and  shows  bright  yellow  Hanie  of  sodium.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid,  but  docs  not  gelatinize.  (Jives  a  small  amount  of 
water  in  a  closed  tube. 

A  zeolite  occurring  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  volcanic  rocks  and 
often  in  large  trapezohedral  crystals.  It  is  also  found  as  an  original 
constituent  in  some  dial)ases  and  basalts. 

Alameda  County:  Occurs  as  one  of  the  secondary  minerals  in  the 
cavities  of  andesitic  rock  on  the  Berkeley  Hills. 

Inyo  County:  An  amygdaloidal  mass  of  andesite  occurs  on  the  Fur- 
nace Creek  wash,  about  two  mih's  west  of  Ryan  with  its  amygdules  lined 
with  clear,  eolorless  ti'apezohedroiis  of  aii.'ilcitc.  needles  and  wliitc 
bunches  of  natrolite  and  l>roii/.(>-bi-o\vn  Hakes  of  chalcodite,  Foshag. 

Plumas  County:  Occni's  as  ;i  liydi-otlieniial  minei'al  in  the  druses  of 
the  pegmatites  at  JOiigels,  (ir;iton  and  Ahdjaughlin" '. 

Santa  liarbara  County:  A  constituent  of  the  tesclienite  of  Point  Sal 
and  was  analysed  by  Fairbanks^^)('*\ 

SiO"     AloO.,    CaO    Na-O    KoO     Ign. 
54.40    23.04    0.21    13.33    0.10    8.46    =99.63  G  =  2.26 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  209 

240.     NATROLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  Na2Al;Si3O]0.2H2O. 

Orthorhombic.  Lonff  needles,  columnar,  fibrous.  Cleavage  perfect  pris- 
matic.    Colorless  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  —  5.5;   G  =  2.2  —  2.25. 

U.'fractivo  indicts:     a:=l.-l'^0;  fi=1AS2:  y  =  1.4!ty. 

Fuses  quietly  to  a  clear  glass  and  gives  yellow  flame  of  sodium.  Soluble 
in  hydrochloric  acid  and  yields  much  jelly  on  cvaiwration.  (Jives  water  in 
a   closed  tube. 

A  zeolite  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  of  igneous  rock 
and  sometimes  as  veins  in  sneh  rock.  It  usually  occurs  fibrous  or 
acicular,  associated  with  stilbite  and  other  zeolites. 

Alameda  Comity :  Needles  of  natrolite  occur  with  analcite  in  the 
amygdules  of  the  andesitic  rock  on  the  Berkeley  Hills. 

Inyo  County:  Occurs  m  slender  colorless  needles  and  white  fibrous 
bunches  in  the  amygdules  of  an  andesite  on  the  Furnace  Creek  wash, 
two  miles  west  of  Ryan.  Associated  with  analcite  and  chalcodite, 
Foshag. 

Modoc  County :  Slender  needles  occur  with  stilbite  in  the  lava  of  this 
county. 

Plumas  County:  Occurs  as  a  hydrothermal  zeolite  in  tlic  druses  of 
the  pegmatite  at  Engels. 

San  Benito  County:  A  large  vein  of  white  natrolite  occurs  near 
the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Diablo  Range  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Coalinga,  in  which 
crystals  of  benitoite  and  neptunite  are  included.  The  natrolite  is  mostly 
granular  although  some  crystals  with  the  forms  (110)  and  (111)  occur. 
The  occurrence  has  been  described  by  Louderback^^^^-^  with  analysis  by 
Blasdale. 

SiOj  AlnOs  NaaO  HoQ 

47.69  27.14  15.74  9.5G  =100.13% 

Sierra  County:  Found  on  Herkin's  ranch  north  of  Sierra. 
Sonoma  County:  In  the  rocks  of  the  Sonoma  Mountains  not  far  from 
Petaluma. 

241.     MESOLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  m  NaoALSi30,o2H;0  n  CaALSijOjo-SHoO. 

Triclinic.  Prismatic  crystals.  Generally  silkj'  fibrous  crusts"  Cleavage 
perfect  prismatic.  Colorless  to  white.  Vitreous  to  silky  luster.  H  =  5; 
G  =  2.2  — 2.4. 

Refractive  indices:     «:=  1.505:   «  =  1.505;  y=il.50G. 

Fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  vesicular  glass.     Soluble  with  gela- 
tinization.     (4ives  much  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

A  zeolite  occurring  generally  as  silky  fibrous  crusts  as  a  secondary 
mineral  in  cavities  of  basaltic  rock. 

14—22132 


210  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Lassen  County :  Observed  in  the  lava  of  Lassen  Butte. 

Shasta  County :  Found  near  Redding. 

Ventura  County:  Observed  in  the  basalt  of  tlie  Pinos  Mountains. 

242.     THOMSONITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  sodium  and  calcium. 
( Xa,,Ca )  Al,Si,0s-2^H,0. 

Ortliorhombic.     Usually  radiate  fibrous  in  si)henc'al  forms.     T'lcavaire  pfr- 
fict  basal.      Snow-wliite  to  browu.     11  =  5 — 5.."i ;   (}  =  'J.;3^ — 2.4. 
Kefractive  indices:    a:=l.-t->":  ^  =  1.503;  y=:1.52;j. 
Fuses  very  easily  to  a  whiti-  I'uamel.     Gelatinizes  with  liydrocliloric  acid. 

Found  in  cavities  of  vesicular  lava  with  other  zeolites. 

Pliunas  County:   One  of  the  zeolites  occurring:  at  the  Engels  mine. 

NOT    GROUPED. 

243.  GYROLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium,  HjCaoSisOa.H^O. 

Fibrous  and  lamellar  concretions.  Tolorloss  and  white.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  3  — 4;  G  =  2.39. 

Refractive  index:    ^^=;l.r»45. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  blebb.v  irlass  and  uivos  the  yellowish  red  flame  of  cal- 
cium.    Soluble  with  some  gelatiuizaliou.     (iives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  crevices  of  rocks  by  the  alteration 
of  lime  silicates. 

San  Francisco  County :  Occurs  lining  fissures  in  the  rock  at  Fort 
Point  and  was  analysed  by  Schaller*^^ 

SiOo  AloOs  CaO  NaeO  Ign. 

53.47  0.22  32.00  1.25  13.21  =100.15% 

Santa  Clara  County :  Fibrous  gyrolite  occurred  in  the  crevices  of 
the  cinnabar  mine  at  New  Almaden,  associated  Avith  apophyllite  and 
bituminous  matter,  Avhich  Mas  analysed  by  Clarke *^-^ 

SiOe        AloOaFe-Os  CaO        K-O        Na-O         F  Ign  F — O 

52.54  0.71  29.97       1.5G       0.27       0.(55     14.60=100.30  —  0.27=100.03% 

244.  JURUPAITE. 

Hydi-ous  silicate  of  csilcium   and   masnesium.   H2(Ca.Mg)„Si207. 
Mouoflinic.     Fibi"ous.  radiating.     Snow-white  coloi'.     PI  =  1 — 4:  (1  =  2.75. 
Kofracrtve  indices:     a:  =1.5(18;  .y  =  1.57<J. 
Fuses  easily  to  a  clear  white  glass.     Easily  solut)li'  without  gelatinization. 

A  new  mineral  formed  by  hydrotherinal  metaraorphism  of  limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  with  bluish  calcite  and  grossularite  gar- 
net at  the  Crestmore  limestone  quarry  and  was  named,  analysed  and 
ilescribed  as  a  new  mineral  by  Eakle^^'-'.    Analysis: 

.SiO..  CaO  MgO  H..O 

48.87  3S.66  4.19  7.89  =  99.61% 


I 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  211 

245.     APOPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  II;KCai(Si03)8.4AH„0. 

Tetragonal.  Square  prisms,  pyramids,  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Colorless,  white,  pale  violet,  greenish,  yellowish.  Pearly  luster  on  base. 
H  =  4.5  — 5;  Gr=2.3  — 2.4. 

Kofraetive  indices:     £=l.o37;  (^=].uo.j. 

Soluble  in  liydnK-liloric  add.  hut  without  ^rolatinij'.ation.  Fuses  with 
swelling  to  while  enamel  and  shows  the  violet  linme  of  potassium,  (iives 
mnch  water  in  a  closed  tul>". 

A  secondary  mineral  found  in  cavities  of  volcanic  rock. 

Plumas  County:  C'ry.stals  occur  in  cavities  of  l)asalt  at  tiie  Buckeye 
mine,  near  Onion  Valley. 

Riverside  County :  Cavities  in  the  massive  vvolhustouite  at  Crest- 
more  are  lined  with  small  crystals  of  colorless  and  white  apophyllite. 
The  forms  identified  are:    (100),  (111),  and  (001). 

San  Francisco  County :  A  few  crystals  were  found  at  Fort  Point  with 
the  forms  (111)  and  (100),  but  most  of  them  were  largely  changed  into 
quartz  pseudomorphs,  Schaller^^^ 

Santa  Clara  Cotmty :  Found  at  Ncav  Almaden  in  large  crystals 
associated  with  gyrolite  and  bituminous  matter,  Clarke^-\ 


246.     XONOTLITE— Eakleite. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium,  OCaSiOo.H.O. 

Monoclinic.  Compact  fibrou.s.  Color  snow-white  or  pink.  Vitreous  to 
silky  luster.     H  =  4— 1>;  G  =  2.705. 

Refractive   indices:      «:  =i-->'^'^ :    ^^  =  1.583;   y  =  l..">0.3. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  glassy  globule.  Easily  soiluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with 
the  separation  of  flaky  silica.     Yields  water  at  a  high  heat. 

A  white  mineral  resembling  pectolite  in  structure. 

Santa  Barl)ara  County  :  A  mineral  specimen  collected  years  ago  from 
somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Ynez  and  labeled  wollastonite,  was 
found  by  Larsen''"  to  ditlfVr  (>j)tically  from  tliat  mineral,  and,  on  the 
sui)position  that  it  was  a  new  mineral,  lie  proposed  the  name  of  eakleite 
for  it.  It  apparently  agrees  with  xonolite  in  composition.  Analyses 
of  the  mineral  by  Eakle  gave: 

Mg-O    NajCKjO     H^O 

tr.         None         3.25  =  100.17% 
tr.         None         3.11  =    99.51% 


SiO„ 

Fe,03 

CaO 

50.45 

0.98 

4o.51 

49.90 

1.11 

45.39 

212  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

247.     OKENITE. 
Hyflrons  silicate  of  cakiuni.  ILCaSi^O,:.Ho(). 

Finely  fibrous  an;l  acicular.  Color  sno\v-\\liit<'.  Luster  pearly.  H  — 4.."» — .""> : 
G=2.2S. 

Refractive  iiulires :     oc=l."'l-;    «=1.-">14:  y  =  l.ol5. 

Soluble  with  slight  gelatinizatiou  in  a  hydrochloric  acid  solution.  Fuses 
to  a  glass  and  colors  flame  reddish.     Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Riverside  County :  The  wilkeite  in  the  limestone  at  Crestniore  is 
often  altered  to  a  white  tihrous  material,  which  was  similar  to 
okenite  in  its  optical  properties.  p]akle  and  Rofjers'^'.  Radiating 
botryoidal  coatings  of  okenite  occur  on  apophyllite,  evidently  as  an 
alteration  product,  at  Crestmore.  Forms  and  analysis  are  by  Foshag. 
Forms:    (UO),  (010),  (Oil).   Analysis: 

SiO.,  CaO  H..O 

.-►8.17  -JO.IO  W.ki  -  !»n.io% 

248.     INESITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  manganese  and  calcium.  IMMn.Ca)    SiO,;.ILO. 

Triclinic.  I'rismatic  crystals,  sometimes  fibrous  radiating  or  sphenilitic. 
Cleavage     perfect      brachy-pinacoidal.      T'olor     rosi>-red.      Vitreous     luster. 

H  =  6:  G=3.03. 

Refractive  indices:    oc=:1.609;  ^^l.BSC:  y-\XA\. 

Inesite  is  considered  quite  rare,  since  it  has  been  reported  only 
from  one  locality,  but  it  appears  to  be  a  common  associate  of  the  psilo- 
melane  in  several  of  the  mines  of  the  State. 

Alameda  County:  Rose-red  veins  of  the  mineral  intersect  the  rhodo- 
chrosite,  a.ssociated  with  bemenite,  at  the  Xewhall  or  Bailey  mine,  ten 
miles  southeast  of  Livermore,  on  the  Arroyo  Mocho. 

^Mendocino  County :  In  the  Rhodochrosite  Claim,  Mt.  Sanhedrin, 
situated  about  eight  miles  from  Hearst,  inesite  veins  are  associated  with 
bementite  ;iiid  iieotocite. 

San  Joaquin  County :  The  mineral  appears  to  be  common  at  the  old 
Ladd  mine,  associated  with  bementite. 

Stanislaus  County :  The  gray  rhodochrosite  of  the  Cunnuings  or  AVin- 
ship  properties  is  intersected  by  veinlets  of  rose-red  inesite  associated 
with  bementite.  The  forms  observed  on  the  inesite  cry.stals  are:  (llO), 
(100),  (010)  and  (OOlj,  Foshag  and  Eakle. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  21  li 

249.  GANOPHYLLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium  aud  manganese,  TMnO.AlnO^j.SSiOj.  <)II:(1. 

Monoclinic.  Tabular  crystals.  Color  yellowish  to  brown.  Vitreous  lus- 
ter.   I'erfeet  ba.sal  cleavage.     H  =  4 — 4.5;  G  =  2.S4. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l-T(»r>;  ^=1.720:  y=  1.7:50. 

Soluble  in  strong  acid.  Give.s  green  bead  of  manganese  with  sodium 
carlronate. 

A  \{-rv  vHVv  mineral  imt  known  to  occur  clscwlit'i't'  in  this  ci»iinir>-. 

Santa  Clara  County :  One  of  the  minerals  of  the  manganese  boulder 
found  near  Alum  Rock  Park,  five  miles  east  of  San  Jose.  Occurred  in 
seams  with  barite  as  brownish  yellow  tabular  crystals,  Rofjei^^"*. 

250.  CRESTMOREITE. 
Hydrous   silicate   ot"  calciniii.    H...( 'aSiO,. 

I'ihnius.  compact.     Snow-white.     Vitreous  to  dull  luster.     ll=."i:  (;=2.22. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=l-""3:  ^=1.007;  y=:  1.603. 

Fuses  quietly  and  easily  to  a  slishtly  vesicular  glass.  Easily  soluble  with 
seijaration  of  flocculent  silica.  Gives  reaction  for  sulphate,  phosphate  and 
carbonate. 

A  new  silicate  fornieti  l)y.liydrothermal  metamorphism  of  limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  as  a  new  mineral  at  the  Crestmore  lime- 
stone quarry,  formed  as  an  alteration  of  wilkeite  and  also  as  a  direct 
ervstallization ;    naiiietl    for    the    locality,    described    and    analysed   by 


Eakle'i"' 

.     Ana 

lysis  wave : 

SiO., 

CaO 

P.O.-. 

SO, 

CO.. 

Less 

:ji;.i2 

42.71 

2.;w 

2.42 

l.l'(» 

14.98 

:{s.3o 

41.20 

3.50 

1.25 



15.17 

34.42 

43.r>4 

3.50 

2.24 



16.24 

251.     RIVERSIDEITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium,  CajSi^Oo.HjO. 
Fibrous:     White,  silky   luster.     11  =  3;   G  =  2.&4. 
Refractive  indices  :     oc  =  1.51>5  ;  ^=1.003  :  y  =  ^ •♦'<>• 

Fuses  easily  to  a   white  glass.     Easily  soluble  with  sepai:iti<in  ol"   Hoccu- 
lent  silica. 

A  new  mineral  formed  l»y  li.\  drothermal  metamorphism  of  limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Found  at  tiie  Crestmore  limestone  quarry  in  asso- 
ciation Avith  vesuvianite.  Named  for  the  county,  analysed  and  described 
by  Eakle  <"*.    Analysis  gave: 

^,0-,  so,  H„o 

99.63% 


SiO, 

CaO 

P.O, 

SO, 

H„0 

41.20 

44.58 

3.S4 

1.S4 

8.11 

214  STATE    MTNIXG   BUREAU. 

252.     PLAZOLITE. 

A  hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium, 
3  CaO.  Al.Oj.  2  (SiOo.COo).  2H,0. 

Isometric.      Small    oftahe<h"ons.      Colorless,    vitreous    luster.      Brittle. 
11  =  0.-.;  G  =  3.12!). 

Refractive  index:   *(  =  1.710. 

Fusible,  and  (>asily  soluhlo  in  hydrochloric  acid,  with  sc|)ai-aii<in  of  silica 
without   u'^clatiiiization.     ( lives   wati'r  in  a  closed   tube. 

Only  a  few  spceimen.s  of  this  new  mineral  were  found.    It  was  named, 
analysed  nnd  described  by  Foshag^'**. 

Riverside  Count.y :    Occurred  as  minute  crystals  witli  vesuvianite  in 
rlie  limestone  quarrj^  at  Crestmore.   Analyses : 


1 

II 

III 

SiO., 

24.1  :•► 

23.8.- 

25M 

ALO: 

2::;.(><; 

22.77 

24.63 

CaO 

4<).22 

40. 13 

40.13 

MgO 

0.12 

tr. 

H.,0 

12.21 

9.39 

9.04 

CO., 

3.41 

1.13 

100.34  99.55  99.99 

253.     SERPENTINE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium.  HiMSiSi^O,,. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  massive,  compact  to  fibrous.  Color  leek-green, 
oil-green,  brown,  black.  Greasy  luster.  Feels  smooth,  sometimes  greasy. 
H  =  2.5  — 4;  0  =  2.5  —  2.65. 

Refracriv."  indices:     oc  =1.490;  ^3  =  1.502:  ^  =  1.511. 

Infusil)li'.  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  but  without  foiMuing  a  .ielly. 
(lives  water  in  a  c-losed  tube.  A  hea\y  jji-eciiiitate  of  magnesia  is  obtained 
by  sodium  phosphate. 

Serpentine  is  one  of  the  commonest  minerals  and  also  rocks  of  the 
State.  It  occurs  in  every  county,  and  probably  all  tlie  varieties  are 
present.  It  is  a  common  alteration  product  of  basic  igneous  rocks  rich 
in  magnesian  silicates,  and  it  has  all  been  formed  by  alteration  and 
inetamorphism  of  such  rocks.  Besides  the  ordinary  massive  serpentine, 
retinolite,  porcellophitc,  marmolife,  chrysotilc,  picrolite,  antigorite  and 
nieta.ritc  have  been  observed  in  petrographical  literature.  The  only 
\'ariety  of  conunercial  importance  is  the  fibrous  or  asbestiform  variety 
known  as  chrysotile,  or  asbestos,  which  occurs  as  narrow  veins  in  the 
mas.sive  material,  mostlx'  too  narrow  to  be  of  value  The  massive  serpen- 
tine ranges  in  color  from  light  green  to  greenish  black,  but  very  little 
of  it  can  be  utilized  as  an  ornamental  stone  on  account  of  its  foliated 
.111(1  slieared  structure.  Turner  and  jMelville*^'  give  several  analyses  of 
serpentine  rock  from  Mount  Diablo. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFOHNIA.  215 

Serpentine  is  al)undaiit  in  the  Coast  Range  from  San  Diego  to  Del 
Norte  County  and  also  on  the  west  flank  of  the  Sierras. 

Amador  County :  A  fine  mottled  serpentine  occurs  1^  miles  west  of 
Sugar  Loaf  ^Mountain.  Broad  sheets  and  long  fibers  of  chrysotile  occur 
in  serpentine  in  the  American  River  Canyon  near  Towle.  Chrysotile 
asbestos  occurs  in  small  veins  in  serpentine  2i  miles  east  of  lone.  De- 
posit of  chrysotile  has  l)een  quarried  two  miles  west  of  Plymouth.  Veins 
of  chrysotile  occur  in  a  dark  green  serpentine  at  the  Mace  mine,  2-^ 
miles  east  of  lone. 

Calaveras  Count\- :  \'eins  of  chrysotile  occur  in  the  serpentine  of  the 
ridge  northwest  of  the  Stanislaus  River,  about  six  miles  southeast  of 
Copperopolis,  forming  a  large  deposit. 

El  Dorado  County:  Veins  of  fibrous  chrysotile  are  found  at  Forest 
Hill.    Good  quality  of  fibrous  chrysotile  occurs  near  Georgetown. 

Fresno  County  :  Serpentine  containing  veinlets  of  chrysotile  occur 
near  Lanare. 

Inyo  County :  Long  fibers  of  asbestos  occur  at  Cerro  Gordo. 

Kern  County :  Chrysotile  veins  occur  in  serpentine  in  Jawbone  Can- 
yon. 

Lake  County :  Becker^^>  gives  analyses  by  Melville  of  the  serpentine 
at  Sulphur  Bank.     1 .  Black ;  2.  Light  green. 


SiOs 

AliOa 

Cr^Oa 

FeO 

MnO 

NiO 

CaO 

MgO 

HoO 

.     30.04 

1.30 

0.29 

7.76 

0.12 

0.33 



37.13 

13.81 

=  100.38% 

;.    4i.su 

0.G9 

0.24 

4.15 

0.20 

tr. 



38.63 

14.16 

=  99.93 

Fibrous  chrysotile  in  serpentine  occurs  eight  miles  southeast  of 
IjOWci-  Lake.  Some  occurs  near  Siegler  Springs  and  in  the  mountains 
near  Bai'tlett  Springs. 

Mariposa  County:  Small  veins  of  chrysotile  occur  in  the  serpentine 
near  Mariposa. 

Na])a  County :  Chrysotile  asbestos  in  short  fibers  occurs  in  Steel 
Canyon,  Berryessa  Road. 

Nevada  County:  Massive  serpentine  is  connnon  in  the  Grass  Valley 
and  Nevada  City  region.  Zones  of  short  fibrous  chrysotile  occur  in  the 
Washington  district  on  the  South  Yuba  River.  The  picrolite  variety  of 
.serpentine  occurs  in  ^Maryland  mine.  Grass  Valley. 

Placer  County :  Long  fibers  of  chrysotile  occur  at  Wisconsin  Hill, 
Iowa  Hill  and  Arizona  Flat.  Specimens  of  serpentine  carrying  a.sbes- 
tos  come  from  Cisco. 

Plumas  County :  Diller^^^  gives  an  analysis  by  Melville  of  serpentine 
from  Greenville. 

»,       Fe.,0»  FeO  OaO  Merf)  HoO 

=  100,07% 


SiOo 

AloOs 

Fe^-Oo 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

H2O 

39.14 

2.08 

4.27 

2.04 

tr. 

39.84 

12.70 

SiO.. 

AI2O3 

Cro03 

FeO     MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

H2O 

39.60 

1.94 

0.20 

8.45 



36.90 

12.91 

216  STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

Riverside  County :  Small  grains  of  serpentine  occur  in  the  white 
crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore.  Yellowish  green  nodular  masses 
occur  in  crystalline  limestone  on  Eagle  ^Mountains. 

San  Benito  County:  Becker^^^  gives  an  analysis  by  Melville  of  a  light 
green  marmolite  from  New  Idria. 

SiOo         Al.Os       FeO  NiO  CaO  MgO  HoO 

41.54         2.48         1.37         0.04  __  40.42         14':i8         =100.03% 

San  Francisco  County :  Newberry^^^  gives  an  analysis  of  the  serpen- 
tine of  San  Francisco. 

FeO     MnO         CaO  MerO  H,0 

=  100.00% 

Santa  Clara  County :  Small  veins  of  chrysotile  occur  in  the  serpen- 
tine near  New  Almaden.     Pierolite  occurs  near  ^lorgan  Hill. 

Shasta  County :  Large  tibrous  masses  of  chrysotile  asbestos  occur 
near  Sims  Station.  Massive  serpentine  containinu'  chrysotile  asbestos 
veinlets  is  found  about  three  miles  east  of  Castella  Station. 

Sierra  County :  Serpentine  a.sbestos  occurs  on  west  bank  of  Good- 
year Creek. 

Siskiyou  County :  .Massive  serpentine  occurs  on  ridge  on  Cottonwood 
^Mountains  at  the  head  of  Bogus  and  Dutch  Creeks. 

Sonoma  County :  Fibrous  veinlets  of  asbestos  occur  in  the  serpen- 
tine near  Petaluma  and  Sebastopol. 

Tulare  County:  A  chrysotile  variety-  giving  cat's-eye  effect  and  called 
"satelite"  comes  from  this  county.  Chrysotile  is  found  in  the  serpen- 
tine east  of  Lindsay. 

Tuolumne  County  :  The  serpentine  near  Chinese  and  Montezuma  con- 
tains small  veins  of  chrysotile. 

254.     DEWEYLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  maguesiiim.   4Mg0.3Si02.6H;0. 

Amor])hous.     Massive,     gum-like.     Color     whitish,     j'ellowish,      reddish. 
Greasy  luster.     H  =  2  — 3.5;  G  =  2  — 2.2. 
Like  serpentine  in  its  reactions. 

A  whitish  claj^-like  mass  with  greasy  luster.  Its  occurrence  in  the 
State  may  be  more  general  than  is  knoMTi. 

Santa  Clara  County' :  At  the  big  magnesite  mine  on  Red  Mountain, 
crusts  of  deweylite  have  been  found  and  described  by  Rogers^^^. 

Shasta  County :  Specimens  resembling  deweylite  have  come  from  this 
county. 

Siskiyou  County  :    Tins  been  reported  from  this  county. 


I 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  217 

255.     GARNIERITE. 

Hydrous  silii-atc  of  iiinKiifNimu  luul  nickel,   n..(Ni..Ms>-^i<  •.•"'I.<^- 

Amoriihoiis  :  Clay-like  masses  with  pod-shaiH'cl  concretions.  Color  apii''- 
Sreen.      Kjirtliy  luster.     Soft   aud   friahlo.     (.i='2.'A — 2.S. 

liefrattive  index:    /i  =  l..''»l>. 

Infusible,  but  soluble  in  bydrocliloric  acid  with  separation  of  .silica.  Gives 
with  b(trax  a  vi(det  tii-jid  while  hm  and  lnown  li;Md  when  cold.  CJives  water 
in    closed     tube. 

The  cliit'f  ore  of  nieki'l.  hut  (li'i>osit.s  of  it  are  not  known  to  oeeiir 
ill  this  country. 

Imperial  County  :  Rei)orte(l  to  oeeur  on  the  .sontli  slope  of  Coyote 
^lountains.  but  the  si/c  of  the  deposit  is  not  stated. 

256.     TALC — Steatite — Soapstone. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  H2Mf;3Si40,;. 

Mouoclinic.  Foliated  massive  to  granular  and  compact  massive.  Color 
gray,  white,  pale  green,  apple-grccn.  brown.  Greasy  luster  and  feel. 
H  =  l  — 1.5;  G  =  2.7  — 2.8. 

Refractive   indices:     oc  =l->^>5> :   ^  =  l..')8n:   ,^=3.o8r». 

Insoluble  and  infusible.     Gives  water  in  closed  tube  on  intense  ignition. 

Talc  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  metamorphic  areas  of  the  State, 
forming  talc  schists  and  talc  gouge  in  mines.  It  occurs  as  a  hydration 
product  in  the  alteration  of  magnesian  silicates,  and  is  often  associated 
with  serpentine  and  with  actinolite.  The  massive  soapstone  variety  is 
of  value  and  some  is  (juarried  in  the  State.  The  location  of  some  of 
the  deposits  is  given,  ])ut  most  of  Ihciii  nic  of  little  value. 

Alameda  County :  Light  green  talc  outcrops  iu  the  serpentine  about 
twenty  miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Amador  County  :  Talc  occurs  in  the  sciiists  near  Jackson.  Excellent 
foliated  talc  occurs  at  Plymouth.  Light  green  talc  occurs  on  the  Tonzi 
Ranch,  six  miles  northeast  of  lone. 

Butte  County :  Soapstone  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  Flea  Valley  and 
Clear  Creek.  Narrow  seams  of  talc  occur  in  the  Big  Bend  of  the  North 
Fork  of  the  Feather  River.  Cray  soapstone  near  Buck's  Ranch,  ilas- 
sive  soapstone  near  Poe  Station,  tiiirty  miles  east  of  Oroville.  Some 
talc  has  come  from  near  Swayne. 

Calaveras  County :  Talc  seams  are  found  two  miles  northeast  of 
Angels  aud  on  Quail  Hill.  Deposits  2^  miles  west  of  Murphys  and  1| 
miles  southwest  of  Vallicita  ha\'e  beeit  utilized  to  some  extent.  ^Massive 
soapstone  occurs  four  miles  east  of  Valley  Springs,  ^lassive  soapstone 
one  mile  southwest  of  Vallicita.  Large  deposit  .six  miles  east  of  Moke- 
lumiii'  Ilil]  on  the  Calaveras  l\ivrr.      Also  2-1  miles  west  of  Murpliy. 


H.O 

SiOo 

AI0O3 

FeoOs 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

at  100°     ab.  100° 

56.02 

9.02 

1.10 

5.14 

24.10 

0.60 

0.16         4.34 

218  STATE    MINING   BURKAU. 

Contra  Costa  County :  An  analysis  of  the  talc  from  the  schists  near 
San  Pablo  was  made  by  Blasdale^^^ 

Can        at  100°      ah.  100° 

=  100.48% 

El  Dorado  County:  In  the  Kelsey  district  and  at  Georgetown  some 
tale  occurs.  Good  talc  or  soapstone  occur.s  near  Shingle  Springs  and 
near  Latrobe. 

Fresno  County :  Talc  occurs  in  schist  in  Watts  Valley  and  in  Kings 
Kiver  Canyon. 

Glenn  County :  Talc  seams  occur  with  the  serpentine  on  the  eastern 
border  of  the  county.     Specimens  have  come  from  near  Willows.  * 

Inyo  County  :  Fine  greenish  and  white  talc  occurs  near  Keeler.  Pure 
white  talc  is  found  at  contact  of  limestone  and  diorite.  eight  miles 
southwest  of  Zabriskie.  White  and  gray  indurated  talc  occurs  in  the 
Darwin  district.  A  deposit  of  soft  silvery  talc  occurs  at  Acme  Siding. 
A  fine  bluish  white  tale  occurs  near  Keeler,  which  can  be  cut  into  blocks. 

Kern  County :  Steatite  occurs  on  Soapstone  ^Eountain.  Good  speci- 
mens of  talc  occur  near  Goler  and  Randsburg.  Foliated  masses  are 
foimd  near  Kernville. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Soapstone  is  found  with  serpentine  at  Empire 
Landing,  Santa  Catalina  Island.  Steatite  occurs  near  Acton  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Red  Rover  mine. 

Madera  County :  Tale  schist  from  which  large  blocks  of  soapstone 
can  be  obtained  occurs  on  the  north  side  of  San  Joaquin  River,  above 
Friant. 

Marin  County:  Some  talc  is  found  near  San  Rafael  and  Taylorville. 

Mariposa  County :  Small  amounts  of  talc  are  found  near  Princeton, 
and  in  thf  Lewis  District.    Gray  soapstone  occurs  near  Coulterville. 

Napa  County :  Seams  of  talc  with  serpentine  are  found  in  the  Chiles 
district.  ^Massive  green  talc  is  found  on  the  Fir  Hill  Ranch,  two  miles 
west  of  Chiles  P.  0. 

Nevada  County :  Specimens  occur  in  the  Grass  Valley  region. 

Placer  (,'Ounty:  Outcrops  of  tale  oct-ur  a  few  miles  north  of  Colfax. 
Small  amounts  of  talc  have  been  found  near  Clipper  Gap.  Soapstone 
occurs  at  Bobtail  mine.  Rock  Creek  district. 

Riverside  County :  A  white,  scaly  talc  occurs  about  three  miles  south- 
west of  "Winchester,  and  near  Perris. 

Sacramento  County:  Talc  occurs  with  chromite  on  Bear  Mountain, 
near  Mormon  Island. 

San  Benito  County :  Some  talc  is  found  between  San  Benito  and 
Clear  Creeks. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  talcose  clay  called  ' '  rock  soap ' '  is  found 
near  Waterman.    An  extensive  deposit  of  silvery  white  talc  occurs  along 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  219 

contact  of  limestone  and  tliorite  near  Riggs,  10  miles  north  of  Silver 
Lake  and  on  Sheep  Creek  about  twenty  miles  northwest  of  Silver  Lake. 

San  Diego  County:  A  rock  soap  is  found  near  National  City,  at 
Otay  and  in  Tia  Juana  Valley.  Steatite  specimens  come  from  about 
five  miles  from  p]scondido. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Kock  soap  occurs  on  the  Santa  Maria  River. 

Santa  Cruz  (V)unty :  Some  talc  occurs  near  Aptos. 

Shasta  County :  Talc  is  found  on  Boulder  Creek. 

Sierra  County:  Soapstone  suitable  for  slabs  has  been  ([uarried  near 
Pike  City. 

Siskiyou  County :  Talc  occurs  in  several  localities  associated  with  the 
serpentine  areas  of  the  county.  It  is  found  near  Etna,  near  Fort  Jones, 
near  the  head  of  Wolley  Creek,  near  Scott,  and  in  the  Cottonwood 
^lountain.  Small  quantity  occurs  in  serpentine  about  thirty  miles  west 
of  Etna.  Large  deposit  of  soapstone  south  of  Marble  ^Mountain  near 
head  of  Wolley  Creek.  l)ei)osit  in  Cottonwood  ^Mountains  on  divide 
between  Beaver  and  Bumble  Bee  Creeks.  Large  mass  of  soapstone 
occurs  a  few  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg  Bar. 

Sonoma  County :  A  soft  green  talc  is  associated  with  actinolite  at 
Petaluma.     A  French  chalk  variety  is  found  at  Pipe  Flat. 

Tehama  County:  Soapstone  mixed  with  limonite  has  come  from 
Paskenta. 

Trinity  County:  Light  gray  soapstone  occurs  on  Brown's  Mountain. 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  of  talc  are  found  near  Visalia.  Green- 
ish massive  soapstone  occurs  in  large  deposit  eight  miles  east  of  Lind- 
say.    Analysis : 

SiO,  A1..0.        Fc.O,         MnO         TaO  MjrO  Irii 

r.7.:u       .'i.iV       .-..rw)       0.20       1.7-2       2T.2f.       ."..12  =  n«».02% 

.Massive  talc  occurs  near  Portcrville. 

Tuolumne  County :  A  greenish  white  talc  is  found  about  nine  miles 
north  of  Sonora.  Talc  also  occurs  at  Shaw's  Flat  and  on  Yankee  Hill. 
A  deposit  of  talc  occurs  near  Shawmut. 

Yuba  County:  Soapstone  has  been  ({uarried  I'nr  local  use  below 
Weed's  Point  near  Camptonville  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Challenge,  and 
Oak  Vallev. 


220  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

257.     SEPIOLITE— Meerschaum. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  HiMgoSigOio- 

Compact.  Earthy  texture  and  smooth  feel.  Color  white.  Dull  luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  0  =  2.     When  dry  floats  on  water. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.")1!> :   R='i.~>-:  y=1.52S. 

Difficult  to  fuse.  Heated  in  closed  tube,  gives  off  water.  Moistoued  with 
cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely  heated.  as=sumes  a  pink  color.  Sohiltli'  in  hydro- 
chloric acid  without  fomiing  a  .jolly. 

Sepiolite  occurs  as  a  compact  earthy  white  mineral  with  a  smooth 
feel.  When  dry  it  floats  on  water.  It  is  a  valuable  mineral,  but  its 
occurrence  in  California  is  doubtful. 

Inyo  County:  Mentioned  by  Planks^^^  as  possibly  occurring  at  the 
Half  Dollar  mine. 

Kern  County :  Reported  to  have  been  found  in  this  county. 

Maripo.sa  County :  Found  in  excellent  (juality  on  a  copper  claim  just 
east  of  Mariposa. 

258.     CELADONITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium  and  potassium. 

Earthy  or  in  minute  scales.  Very  soft.  Color  deep  olive-green  or  apple- 
green.     Greasy  feel.  ■ 

Refractive   indices:      oc  =  1.02;"  ;   y^  =  l.(i3:   y  =  1.038. 
Infusilili'.    hut   somewhat    soIuIjIc    without   gelatinization. 

An  earthy  green  mineral  usually  found  in  minute  scales,  having  a 
greasy  feel  like  talc. 

San  Mateo  County :  A  specimen  has  come  from  near  San  Mateo. 


259.     PYROPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  HnALSiiOj;. 

Monoclinic.  Radiating  fibrous,  compact  granular,  lamellar.  Cleavage 
perfect  basal.  Color  white,  apple-green,  light  brown,  gray.  Pearly  luster. 
H  =  l  —  2;  G  =  2.8  —  2.9.     Soft  and  greasy  like  talc. 

Refractive   indices:'  oc=1.5r)2:   ^=:1..588:   y  =  1.(i<»o. 

Fuses  usually  with  exfoliation.  Insnhiblc  in  acids.  ^loislcnrd  with 
cobalt  nitrate  and  intensely  heated,  assumes  a  l)lue  color.  Gives  a  little 
water  in  closed  tube. 

Pyrophyllite  resembles  talc  so  closely  in  its  properties  that  it  is 
generally  classed  as  talc.  It  occurs  generally  in  schists  and  gneisses, 
often  associated  with  eyanite. 

Agalmatolite  is  an  indurated  talc  or  pyrophyllite  often  carved  into 
small  ornaments. 

Alameda  County :  A  radiating  fibrous  variety  occurs  near  Irvingtou. 
Butte  County :   Found  in  rock  on  Berry  Creek. 
Invo  Countv :   Occurs  near  Keeler. 


MINERALh^    OF    CALIFORNIA.  221 

Marin  County:  A  fibrous  radial inti:  pyropiiyllite  has  boon  found  on 
Mount  Tanialpais. 

Mariposa  County :  Gray  inassos  of  radiating,  fibrous  rosettos  occur  at 
Tres  Cerritos,  southwest  of  Indian  Gulch,  wliich  have  been  described 
by  Turnor^^\  An  analysis  of  the  pyrophyllite  from  this  locality  has 
been  made  by  H.  C.  McNeil. 

H::0 
SiO"  AloO.,        FeoOa         MgO       at  105"    ab.  105°       TiO,. 

(io.nc         28.25         O.IS         none         0.14         5.27  tr.  =99.80% 

Plumas  County:  Some  i)yropliyllito  occurs  at  the  Diadem  Lode, 
Meadow  Valley. 

San  Diego  County :  A  mottled  jjyrophyllite  occurs  near  San  Diego. 
A  compact  cream-colored  agalmatolite  with  dark  red  streaks  occurs  near 
Encinitas,  Rogers^^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Some  massive  pyrophyllite  has  come  from 
this  county. 

260.     KAOLINITE— Kaolin— Clay. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  Alo03.2SiO;.HoO. 

Monocliuic.  Occurs  occasionally  in  scales  and  plates  but  is  generally  mas- 
sive, earthy,  clay-like.  Color  white,  yellow,  red,  brown.  A'itreous  to  dull 
luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;  G=2.6.     Plastic. 

Refractive   indices:     cc  ='\.Zi(il;    i3  =  1.5G5;   y=1.507. 

Pure  clays  are  infusible  and  insoluble,  but  sonic  iiDt  iK^ing  i^ure  kaolinite, 
will  fuse  to  a  RJass  and  are  slijihtly  soluble.  Most  will  turn  a  blue  color 
when  heated  intensely  after  moistening  with  cobalt  nitrate.  Give  water 
in  a  closed  tube. 

Kaolinite  forms  the  base  of  clays.  It  is  derived  by  the  alteration  of 
rocks  containing  aluminium  silicates,  especially  the  feldspars,  and  most 
good  clays  come  from  the  alteration  of  the  potash  feldspar,  orthoclase. 
As  clay  it  is  usually  (piite  impure  with  iron,  sand,  and  other  impurities, 
thus  giving  rise  to  many  varieties  which  may  be  suitable  for  one 
purpose  and  not  for  another.  Clays  possess  more  or  less  plasticity,  the 
highly  plastic  kinds  being  used  for  pottery  and  chinaware  while  the 
sandy  and  less  plastic  kinds  may  make  bricks  and  terra-cotta  ware. 

There  are  extensive  deposits  of  clay  in  the  State,  some  of  which  are 
utilized.  Many  analyses  of  clay  are  also  available,  but  these  analyses 
and  the  many  occurrences  of  clay  in  the  State  are  beyond  the  scope  of 
this  book. 

Rock  soap  and  Mountain  soap  are  names  applied  to  impure  clay-like 
masses  having  a  soapy  feel.  They  belong  perhaps  under  the  species 
talc,  halloysite,  or  montmorillonite. 

Lithomarge  is  a  finely  compact  variety  which  might  be  classed  as  a 
halloj'site. 


222  STxVTE    MINING   BUKEAU, 

Fuller's  earth  is  a  sort  of  non-plastic  clay  suitable  for  decolorizing 
a)i(l  i)urifying  fat.s  and  oils.  Its  value  as  fuller's  earth  depends  upon 
tliis  propci'ty.  which  can  he  determined  only  by  trial. 

Amador  County :  Banks  of  white  clay  containing  silica  occur  two 
miles  north  of  Carbondale.  Good  white  clay  occurs  near  lone.  Fine 
pure  white  kaolinite  occurs  on  the  Scully  Ranch  near  lone. 

Calaveras  County:  Good  clay  ocmii's  at  Valley  Springs.  Litliomarge 
occurs  near  Big  Trees. 

J^ake  County:  Good  quality  of  cla^'  occurs  at  the  Mt.  Sam  mine,  on 
.\li.   Koiiocti,  southeast  of  Kelseyville. 

Los  Angeles  County:  A  deposit  occurs  si.\  miles  west  of  Saugus. 

Napa  County :  Some  has  been  found  at  the  old  Redington  Mine, 
Knoxville. 

Riverside  County :  Fine  kaolinite  is  found  in  Hagador  Canyon.  Soft 
white  clay  is  present  as  an  alteration  of  the  feldspars  at  the  Crestmore 
(|uarry. 

Solano  County:  ^lonterey  shales  suitable  as  fuller's  earth  occur  on 
the  Joice  Ranch,  one-half  mile  northeast  of  Vacaville. 

Sonoma  County :  A  deposit  of  white  kaolin  occurs  in  a  hill  about 
07ie-quarter  mile  northeast  of  Beltane  Station.    Analyses  gave : 

MgO  H„o 

0.0(i  8.80  =  100.32% 

0.05  11.67  =  100.09% 

O.OG  12.0(3=  99.65% 

261.     HALLOYSITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  HiAloSioOg.HoO. 

Massive.     Earthy  clay-like  masses.     Color  white,  gray,  greenish,  reddish. 
Waxy  luster.     Slightly  plastic.     H  =  l  —  2  ;  G  =  2  —  2.2. 

Kefractivp   index:   ;/  =  1.470 — 1.57. 

Like   kaolinite    in    its   blowpipe    reactions   aud    indistinguishable    from    it. 
(iiMicriilly  elassod  as  clay. 

A  clay-like  material  occurring  in  masses  which  are  indistinguishable 
from  ordinary  clay  except  by  an  analysis.  It  is  usually  less  plastic  than 
clay. 

Lenzinife  is  a  compact  "rock  soap"  form  of  halloysite  or  clay. 

Inyo  County :  Lenzinite  has  been  reported  from  Owens  Valley  by 
Hanks^^\  A  banded  white  and  brown  halloysite  occurs  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine,  Rogers-"^'.  Pure  white  halloysite  or  montmorillonite  occurs 
•at  Shoshone. 

Kern  County :  Occurs  near  Piute  Mountains. 

Lassen  County :  Halloysite  occurs  at  Hayden  Hill. 


SiO., 

TiO., 

A1.,0,, 

Fe„0, 

MnO 

CaO 

Hard 

74.(>(> 

0.21' 

15.97 

0.50 

tr. 

O.IS 

Mt'diuni  • 

56.29 

0.31 

31.13 

0.59 

__ 

0.05 

Soft 

.-.8.10 

0..%' 

26.79 

1.17 

tr. 

0.32 

MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  223 

]Moiio  County :  Halloysite  was  analysed  from  the  Detroit  mine,  near 
Mono  Lake,  by  Clarke^^^ 

SiO-  AUG.-,        Fe.O:,       CaO         MgO  HoQ 

42.01         38.40         tr.         O.(i0         1.50         18.00         =101.05% 

San  Bcniartlino  County  :    Near  Vietorville. 

San  Diego  County :  ^Massive  pink  halloysite  occurs  at  Pala  with  the 
gem  tourmaline  and  has  been  analysed  by  Schallor^^^ 

SiO-.  Tic  A1-.0.1        Fe-O.        MnO         CaO  MgO         LioO        Na^O  KjO 

43.02         i.oiio         .",.-)..".         0.21  (t.2r,         1.02         0.10         0.2?,         0.10  0.03 

H,.0 
at  107°     ab.  107"- 
6.63         12.2r,         -1(X).1S% 

The  rock-soap  from  Otay  used  for  oil  lilti-iition  is  montmorillonite. 
Locally  called  "otay lite." 

Ventura  County :  An  analysis  of  lenzinite  from  this  county  has  been 
made  bv  ^lerrill.     White  earthv  hallovsite  occurs  near  Xordhotf. 


262.      MONTMORILLONITE. 
Hydrous  .silicate  of  aluminium,  HoALSiiOjo.nHoO. 
Massive,  clay-like.     Color  rose-red.     Soft. 
Uofractive  index:    g  —  1.5CA). 
Like  kaolinite  in  its  reaction-s. 

A  massive  clay-like  mineral  indistinguishable  from  clay  except  by 
analysis. 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  Death  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County:  A  clay  mass,  pi-obably  montmorillonite, 
occurs  near  Needles ;  ailso  from  near  Yerma  and  Ludlow.  Deposit  occurs 
;ibout  seventy  miles  north  of  Ludlow. 

San  Diego  County :  Some  of  the  pink  clay  associated  with  the  tour- 
maline of  Pala  may  bo  in  pai-t  montmorillonite.  Mentioned  by  Good- 
year(^>  as  forming  a  deposit  about  three  miles  northeast  of  Otay.  This 
white  to  reddish  sonpy  iii;itcri;d  is  classed  as  a  'rock  soap.' 

263.     ALLOPHANE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  ALSiOj.oH^O. 

Amorphous.     Incrustations.     Colorless,  pale  sky-blue,  green,  brown.     Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  3;  G  =  1.S.j  —  1.S9. 

Refractive  inde.\  :    h  =  1.40. 

Infusible.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  yielding  gelatinous  silica.    Heated 
with  cobalt  nitrate  assumes  a  blue  color. 

This  is  a  rare  amorphous  mineral  occurring  as  an  incrustation. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County  :  A  specimen  has  come  from  Arroyo  Grande. 


224  STATE    MINING    BUREAU, 

264.      RECTORITE. 

rij'drous  silicate  of  ahimiuium,  Al;Oo.2SiO:.H;0. 

Mouocliuic.     In    leaves    like    inountaiu    leather.     Soft    with    soapy    feel. 
Color  white.     Pearly  luster. 
Like  kaoliniio  in  its  reactions. 

This  minoral  exists  as  white,  pearly  scales  with  a  greasy  feel.     It  is  a 
rare  mineral. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  pearly  scales  near  lone  by  Turner^^>  and 
analysed  hy  Uillebrand. 

HoO 
SiO-.         TiO..    AI..O3    Fe-Oa      FeO    CaO       K.>0      Na-^O    at  100°  ab.  100° 
.=i.-..SS       0.50     :',0.24    0.45       0.10     tr.        0.42      0.84       0.63       11.72     =rl00.3l7o 

Cahiveras  County:  A  mineral  similar  in  appearance  has  been  found 
in  the  gangue  of  the  mines  at  Angels  and  elsewhere  in  the  Mother  Lode. 


265.     CIMOLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  2AL03.9SiO,6H,0. 

Amorphous.  Clay-like  or  chalky.  Color  white,  grayish  or  reddish.  Soft. 
G  =  2.18  — 2.30. 

Refractive  index:    h  =  1.5G4. 

Another  clay-like  substance  not  distiusuishable  from  kaolin  by  the 
blowpipe. 

An  amorphous  clay-like  or  chalky  mineral  of  rare  occurrence. 

Lake  County:  Found  in  the  Uncle  Sam  quicksilver  mine,  near  Clear 
Lake. 

266.     THAUMASITE. 

HyJrous  silicate,  carlionatc  ami  sulplialc  dI  calcium.  CaSiOs.  CaCOa.  CaSO,. 

Ti'trasonalV  Masse.^  of  interlaced  needles.  Colorless  and  \\hite.  Greasy 
luster.     11  =  3.5:   G  =  1.8T7. 

Refractive  indices:    £=1.4(>N:  „j=- 1..'')(i7. 

Infusible,  but  swells  up  when  iieated,  coloriuir  the  (lanu-  red.  Easily  sol- 
uble.     (;i\-es   watiM'  in   cl(is<>il    tube. 

This  is  a  rare  and  interesting  mineral  containing  three  acid  radicals. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  in  needles  lining  cavities  of  the  rock  in  the 
limestone  at  Crestmore.  Associated  with  spurrite.  Observed,  described 
and  analysed  by  Foshag*-*.    Analysis: 

SiO,         A1.0,.Fe.,0,        CaO  SO,  H,O.CO,, 

9.10  0.84  12.98  27. m  4i).4S  =  99.96% 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  225 

267.     CHRYSOCOLLA. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  copper.  CuSi03.2H20. 

Cryptocrystalliuo.  Opal-like,  earthy,  incnistations.  Color  bluish  ?reen, 
turquois-blue.     Vitreous  to  dull  luster.     H  =  2  —  4;  0  =  2  —  2.24. 

Uefractive  indices:    j  — l..")!:  ,„:=1.4<i. 

Infusible.  l)ut  solul>lc  in  nilric  acid  witiuuU  funning'  a  jelly.  A  blue  solu- 
tion is  oi)lained  by  addinjr  ammonia  to  the  nitric  acid  solution.  Can  be 
reduced  to  metallic  copiK'r  by  fusing  on  charcoal  with  sodium  carbonate. 
Darkens  and  gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Small  amounts  of  chrysocolla  occur  in  most  of  the  copper  districts  of 
the  State,  but  there  are  no  deposits  of  the  silicate.  It  occurs  as  an 
oxidation  product  of  copper  minerals,  and  is  usually  a  stain  or  incrusta- 
tion. 

Amador  County:  Common  at  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County:  Common  as  a  staining  material  at  Campo  Seco 
and  at  Copperopolis. 

Fresno  County:  Found  at  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  mine.  Occurs  as  an 
alteration  of  copper  minerals  at  the  Gordon  Fresno  Copper  mine  and 
at  the  Red  Streak  mine,  Big  Dry  Creek. 

Inyo  County:  Connnon  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines.  Occurs  pseudo- 
mor])h  after  limonito  at  the  Aries  mine.  As  an  alteration  of  chaleopy- 
rite  in  the  Gold  Belt  of  Panamint  Range.  Associated  with  brochantite 
near  headwaters  of  Cottonwood  Creek ;  with  garnet  at  the  Green  Mon- 
ster mine,  1^  miles  north  of  Citrus.  Occurs  as  an  alteration  of  chalco- 
pyrite  in  garnet  rock  in  ^lazourka  Canyon.  Associated  with  the  scheel- 
ite  of  Deep  Canyon,  west  of  Bishop.  Occurs  with  cerargyrite  at  the 
Bonanza  King  mine,  Sherman  district ;  at  different  points  on  Ubehebe 
^lountains.  Associated  with  azurite,  cuprite,  malachite  and  melaconite 
at  mines  of  Greenwater  district,  IMack  ^Mountains. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Reported  from  th(>  old  Kelsey  mine,  near  San 
Gabriel  Canyon,  by  Storms'^\ 

Mariposa  County :  In  streaks  near  Mariposa. 

^Mendocino  County:   Found  in  the  Red  Mountain  mining  diijtrict. 

^lodoc  County:  Occurs  with  malachite  and  cuprite  near  Fort  Bid- 
well. 

Mono  County :  Common  at  Lundy  and  Benton  districts.  With  part- 
zite  at  the  Diana  mine.  Blind  Springs  district. 

Nevada  County :  Common  with  the  copper  of  ]\Ieadow  Valley  and 
also  at  Spenceville. 

Plumas  Count}- :  Banded  masses  with  malachite  occur  at  the  Engels 
mine.  Light's  Canyon,  and  in  the  ]Mohawk  Valley.  Fine  specimens  of 
chrysocolla  and  malachite  are  found  at  the  EngeLs  mine. 

15—22132 


226  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  County:  Has  been  found  in  the  mines  of  Chuckawalla 
^Mountains.     Good  specimens  have  corao  from  the  Mountain  King  mine. 

San  Benito  County  :.  Small  amounts  occur  witli  ohalcocite  in  natrolite 
at  the  benitoite  locality,  Louderback^->. 

San  Bernardino  Couut}^:  Common  in  the  Calico  and  Bismark  dis- 
tricts, Lindgren^'^\  Massive  at  the  Copper  AYorld  mine,  Clarke  Moun- 
tain. 

San  Diego  County :  Common  in  the  Julian  and  Banner  districts. 
Good  specimens  have  come  from  various  places  in  the  county, 

Santa  Clara  County :  Occurs  with  malachite  near  Fifteen  Mile  House. 

Siskiyou  County :  Found  at  the  Blue  Ledge  mine. 

268.     CHLOROPAL. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  HoFe^Si30,2.2H20. 

Compact  massive,  opal-like.     Color  pistachio-green,  greenish  yellow.     Dull 
luster.     H  =  2.5  — 4.5;  G  =  1.72  — 2.01. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1.<325;  ,,  =  1.655. 

Heated  in1:ensely,  becomes  magnetic.     Soluble  with  precipitation  of  silica. 
(Jives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Chloropal  is  a  green,  opal-like  mineral  of  rare  occurrence. 
Nontronite  is  a  yellowish  variety. 

El  Dorado  County:  Nontronite  was  observed  at  Georgetown  altered 
to  limonite. 

Kern  County :  Specimens  of  chloropal  have  come  from  the  mountains 
east  of  Bakersfield. 

Mariposa  County :  Nontronite  has  been  found  with  garnet  in  this 
county. 

Placer  County :  Specimens  of  chloropal  have  come  from  Bath. 


269.     BEMENTITE 

Hydrous  silicate  of  mauganese,  2  Mu  SiOs.HX). 

Urtliorhombic.     Fine   fibrous  masses   and  granular.     Color  pale  grayish 
yellow  to  light  brown.     Luster  vitreous  to  pearly.     H=::3;  G=2.98. 

Refractive  indices:     cx:=l-G24;    R  —  1.Q^~;  ^  =  1.047. 
Fuses  easily  to  a  dark  brown  glass.     Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  with- 
out gelatiuizatiou.     Gives  green  bead  of  mauganese  with  sodium  carbonate. 

This  is  considered  a  rare  mineral,  but  it  appears  to  be  abundant  in 
some  of  the  psilomelane  deposits  of  the  State.  It  is  characteristically 
associated  with  rose-red  inesite  and  l)rown  neotocite. 

Alameda  County:  Occurs  in  the  Arroyo  Moeho  manganese  ore  and 
observed  at  the  Bailej'-  mine  in  association  with  inesite  and  gray  rhodo- 
chrosite. 


.MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  227 

Humboldt  County :  Associated  witli  browu  neotocite  and  rhodoehro- 
site  at  the  Woods  niiue,  12  miles  liorthwest  of  Blocksburj?. 

Meiidoeiuo  County:  (Ti-anular  pale  brown  bementite  occurs  with  neo- 
tocite and  psilonielaue  at  tlie  Tliomas  mine,  six  miles  northeast  of  Red- 
wood. Also  at  the  ^It.  Sanhedrin  deposits,  especially  in  the  Rhodo- 
clirosite  Claim  at  Impassable  Rock,  associated  with  inesite  and  neotocite. 

San  Joaquin  County :  Masses  of  it  occur  at  the  old  Ladd  manganese 
mine. 

Stanislaus  County :  First  observed  and  identified  by  Foshag  in  the 
ore  from  the  Cummiugs  Lease,  where  it  occurs  granular,  mixed  with 
grav  carbonate  and  rose-red  inesite. 


270.     NEOTOCITE— Stratopeite. 
Hj'drous  silicate  of  manganese  and  iron. 

Amorphous.    Color  black  to  dark  brown.    Dull  luster.    14  =  3  —  4;  G  =  2.64. 

Refractive  index:    n—lAl. 

Gives  green  bead  of  manganese  when  fustMl  with  sodium  carbonate.  Solu- 
ble  in   acid.     Yields  wat.^r   in   a  closed  tube. 

This  amorphous  silicate  of  mangane.se  and  iron  appears  to  be  common 
in  association  with  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  State. 

Humboldt  County :  Very  abundant  in  resinous  brown  to  almost 
black  masses  at  the  Woods  mine,  twelve  miles  northwest  of  IMocksburg. 

Lake  County :  Associated  with  psilomelane  at  the  Witter  Springs 
mine. 

Mendocino  County  :  Abundant  in  the  Thomas  mine  in  light  and  dark 
brown  colors.    Also  in  the  deposits  of  IMt.  Sanhcdrin. 

Sonoma  County :  A  dark  brown  amorphous  mineral  with  dull  luster, 
supposed  to  be  stratopeite  has  come  from  this  county. 


271.     PILOLITE. 
Hydrous   silicate   of   calcium   and   aluminium. 
Found    in    felt-like    iiias-ses    re.S4jmbling    mountain    Icathci-    ;im(1    asbestos. 

l*\isible  but  insoluble.     Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Santa  Clara  County :    Found  on  quartz  at  New  Almaden.     Also  in 
sheets  with  dolomite  at  the  Senator  mine. 
Yuba  County  :  Occurs  at  Smarts vi lie. 


228  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

272.     SEARLESITE. 

Hydrous   borosilicato   of   sodium,    Na  B  (SiO,.;)„.II^.O. 
Mouoclinie.     Radiate-fibrous  spherulites.     Color  white     Vory  soft. 
Ilefractivo  indices:    oc=l--~>l'^;   Q—1.^:VA;  y  =  l.~}liry. 

Kasily  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  .somewhat  .S'ohii)le  in  water.  Fuses 
easily  to  a  clear  glass. 

This  rare  salt  was  described  by  Larseii  and  Hicks* ^^  as  a  new  Cali- 
fornia mineral. 

San  Bernardino  County :    Occurred  as  crusts  of  white  spherulites  at 
Searles  Lali:e.     Analyses  and  composition  determined  by  Hicks: 


SiO,  , 

B.O3 

Na,0 

K„0 

MgO 

FeO 

Al,03 

H,0 

56.41 

16.26 

12.78 

i.bo 

1.82 

1.89 

0.37 

9.47 

TITANO-SILICATES. 

273.     TITAN  ITE—Sphene. 
Titano-silicate  of  calcium,   CaTiSiOj. 

Monoclinic.  Wedge-shaped  crystals,  sometimes  massive.  Color 
brown,  yellow,  gray,  yellowish  green.  Adamantine  luster.  H  =  5  — •  5.5. 
G  =  3.4  — 3.56. 

Refractive  indices:    ex  =1.900;  ^  =  1.907:  y  =  2.034. 

Slightly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  the  solution  when  boihMl 
down  with  metallic  tin,  assumes  a  violet  color  due  to  the  titanium. 
Fusible  at  about  4. 

Titanite  is  a  common  accessory  mineral  of  the  granites,  gneisses  and 
schists  of  the  State.  It  has  been  mentioned  by  most  writers  in  their 
petrographical  descriptions  as  a  microscopic  constituent  of  the  rocks, 
and  large  crystals  are  seldom  found. 

Leucoxene  is  a  grayish  alteration  product  of  ilmenite,  rutile  and 
titanite,  often  observed  in  rocks  containing  those  minerals. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Titanite  is  mentioned  as  an  associate  of  crossite 
in  the  schists  near  San  Pablo,  by  Palache*^-^ 

El  Dorado  County:  Titanite  was  first  observed  by  Blake^'^^  in  the 
granite  of  Slippery  Ford  and  other  places  of  the  Sierras. 

Fresno  County :  Titanite  is  a  constituent  of  the  rocks  at  Fine  Gold 
Gulch. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  at  the  scheelite  deposit  of  Deep  Canyon  west 
of  Bishop,  in  microscopic  crystals. 

Marin  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  minerals  of  the  lawsonite  schists 
of  the  Tiburon  Peninsular,  Ransome^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Leucoxene  is  mentioned  by  Murgoci^^^  in  the  sye- 
nite of  Spanish  Peak.    A  constituent  of  the  norites  at  Engels. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA,  229 

Riverside  County  :  Granular  titanite  is  rather  abundant  in  the  quartz 
monzonite  at  Crestmore,  in  pale  brown  grains.  Small  crystals  occur  in 
the  igneous  rocks  of  Eagle  ^Mountains. 

San  Diego  County :  Titanite  is  an  associate  of  duniortierite  at  Dehesa, 
Sehaller<5). 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  rocks  of  San  Francisco, 
Lawson^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Fine  large  crystals  occur  in  the  eclogites  of 
Calaveras  Valley,  in  the  quartzite  and  diorite  of  Oak  Hill,  near  San 
Jose,  and  it  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  glaucophane  rocks  of  the 
Coastal  region,  Murgoci^^^ 

Trinity-  County :  Associated  with  epidote,  colorless  garnet  and  zircon 
in  a  soda  granite-porphyry  in  the  Iron  Mountain  district. 


274.     BENITOITE. 

« 

Titiiuo-silicate  of  barium,  BaTiSisO,;. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Prisms  with  trigonal  pyramids.  Colorless 
to  deep  blue.  Vitreous  luster.  Transparent,  strongly  dichroic.  H=:6.5; 
G  =  3.64  — 3.65. 

Rt'fractivo  indices:  £=1.^(14;  ^^l.TnT. 

Soluble  sutlifiontly  to  give  the  titanium  roaction  when  the  hydrochloric 
acid  solution  is  boiled  with  tin.     Gives  the  green  flame  of  barium. 

San  Benito  County:  Colorless  and  beautiful  sapphire-blue  crystals 
of  this  new  gem  mineral  were  discovered  in  1907  near  the  headwaters 
of  the  San  Benito  River,  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Coalinga  and 
the  mineral  was  described  by  Louderback^i),^^).  They  show  the  forms: 
(0001),  (lOTO),  (lOTl),  (OlTl),  (1120),  (10T2),  (2241),  and  are  of  tri- 
gonal habit.  The  crystals  occur  in  a  zone  of  narrow  veins  of  natrolite  in 
serpentine  and  have  associated  with  them  neptunite,  chalcocite,  chryso- 
colla,  actinolite.  crossite,  albite,  aegyrite.  calcite,  arauonite  and  psilome- 
lane.     Analyses  of  the  mineral  were  made  by  W.  C.  Blasdale : 

Si02  TiOs  BaO 

43.56  20.18  36.34  =100.08% 

Sp.G.  =  3.64  — 3.67 
43.79  20.00  36.31  =100.10 

Additional  notes  on  benitoite  have  been  made  by  Baumhauer^^)^ 
Hlawatsch(i>,  Palache^^)  and  Rogers<2). 


230  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

275.     NEPTUNITE. 
Titano-silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  potassium  and  sodium   (Na,K)»(Fe,Mn)TiSi40,o. 

Monoclinic.  Prismatic  crystals.  Color  black,  in  thin  splintera  blood-red. 
Streak  cinnamon-brown,     yitreous  luster.     H  =  5  —  6;  G  =  3.234. 

Refractive  indices:     «  =3.fflX>;  ^  =  1.009;  y  =  1.736. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  solution  turns  violet  when  boiled  willi 
metallic  tin.    Fused  with  sodium  carbonate,  gives  green  b6ad  of  manganese. 

San  Benito  County :  Black  crystals  of  neptunite  accompany  benitoite 
and  these  were  first  described  by  Louderback^iX^).  The  crystals  are 
deep  blood-red  in  thin  splinters  and  show  the  forms:    (001),    (100), 

(110),  (111),  (Til),  (T12),  (211),  (221),  (311). 
An  analysis  was  made  by  Blasdale : 

SiOo  TiO"  FeO        MnO  CaO        MgO         KoO         Na^O 

53.44         17.18         11.23         1.7S         0.25         1.82         5.39         9.14         =100.23% 

The  mineral  was  later  analysed  by  Bradley ^^^ : 

SiOo  TiO"  FeO        MnO  CaO        MgO         K^O         Na-O 

52.91         17.77         11.54         0.82         1.59         1.41         5.11         9.83         =100.98% 
52.83        17.89         31.83         0.88        1.53         1.48        5.06        9.28         =100.78 

Further  notes  on  neptunite  by  Ford^^^  and  Schallcr(^°>. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


231 


CHAPTER  X. 


PHOSPHATES,  CHROMATES,  VANADATES,  ARSE- 
NATES, ANTIMONATES,  NITRATES,  BORATES, 
NIOBATES-TANTALATES,  TUNGSTATES,  MOLYB- 
DATES  AND  URANATES. 


Phosphates. 

Monazite 

Triphylite 

Lithiophilite 

Triplite 

Apatite 

Pyromorphite 

Amblygonite 

Lazulite 

Vivianite 

Purpurite 

Turquois 

Variseite 

PlunilM>jjummite 

Anapaite 

Torbernite 

Autiinito 

Hureaulite 

Palaite 

Stewartite 

Salmonsite 

Strengite 

Sicklerite 

Wilkeito 
Chromaic^. 

Crocoito 


Yanadatcs. 

Pucherite 

Yanadinite 

Descloizite 

Volborthite 
Arsenates. 

Mimetite 

Erythrite 

Annabergite 

Scorodite 

Liroconite 

Pitticite 
Antimonates. 

Bindheimite 
yitrates. 

Soda  niter 

Niter 

Nitrocalcite 

Darapskite 

Nitroglauberite 
Borates. 

Ludwigite 

Vonsenite 

Borax 

Colemanite 


PHOSPHATES. 


Prieeite 

•Meyerhofferite 

Inyoite 

Ulexite 

Hydroboracite 

Bakerite 

Howlite 
Niobates-tantalates. 

Pyrochlore 

Microlite 

Columbite 

Stibiotantalite 
Tuiigstates. 

Hiibnerite 

Wolframite 

Scheelite 

Ciiproscheelite 
Moh/bdatex. 

Wulft'uile 

Powellite 
Uranates. 

Urauinite 

Uraconite 


The  only  phosphate  of  commercial  importance  as  a  source  of  phos- 
phoric acid  is  the  lime  phosphate,  represented  by  apatite  and  lime 
phosphate  rock,  deposits  of  which  have  not  been  found  in  the  State. 
Masses  of  amblygonite  occur,  which  have  been  mined  for  lithia,  and 
veins  and  seams  of  turciuois  are  mined  for  the  gem,  but  the  rest  of  the 
phosphates  are  very  rare  in  the  State. 


276.     MONAZITE. 

Ptiosphate  of  cerium,  lanthanum  and   didymium    (Ce,La,Di)P04. 

Monoclinie.  Crystals  rare.  Commonly  in  grains  as  sand.  Color  yel- 
lowish brown,  sometinips  reddish.  Vitreous  to  resinous  luster.  H  =  5  —  5.5; 
G  =  5.0.  • 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.780;  «=1.788;  y  =  l.S37. 

Insoluble  and  infusible.  Fused  with  sodium  carbonate  and  the  fusion  dis- 
solved in  nitric  acid,  the  .solution  will  give  a  lemon-yellow  precipitate  on 
the  addition  of  ammonium  molybdate.  Decomposed  by  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  and  the  solution  treated  with  ammonium  oxalate,  will  precipi- 
tate the  rare  earth  metals   (cerium,  lanthanum,  etc.). 

Monazite  has  been  detected  in  the  black  sands  and  concentrates  from 
some  of  the  mines  but  no  deposits  of  this  important  mineral  are  known 


232  STATE    MINING    BIREAU. 

in  the  State.     Its  presence  in  the  sands  has  been  noted  by  Day  and 
Riehards^^^ 

Butte  County  :  Traces  of  monazite  have  been  found  in  the  black  sands 
of  Little  Rock  Creek. 

Del  Norte  Countj^ :  Observed  in  the  sands  at  Crescent  City  and 
on  Gilbert  Creek. 

El  Dorado  County :  Traces  have  been  found  in  the  concentrates  of 
the  Brownsville  district  and  at  Plaeerville. 

Humboldt  County :  Observed  at  Trinidad. 

Placer  County :  Traces  at  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County :  Occurs  in  the  sand  at  Nelson  Point. 

Yuba  County:  Traces  in  the  Brownsville  district. 


277.     TRIPHYLITE. 
Phosphate  of  lithium  and  iron,  LiFePO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Commonly      massive.     Cleavage      perfect  basal.     Color 

bluish  Jiray.  lisht  blue,  grayish  green.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  4.?) — -H; 
G  =  3.42  — 3.56. 

Refractive   indices:     oc=l-t>SS:   ^  =  1.(588:   y  =  l.(5J)2. 

I'iasily  fusible  and  soluble.  Ammonium  molybdatc  added  to  a  nitric  acid 
suhitiou  precipitates  yellow  ammonium  phospbo-molybdate.  Yields  a  reil 
lithium    flame   when    fused. 

This  rare  phosphate  usually  contains  manganese  and  grades  into 
lithiophilite. 

San  Dipgo  County:  Found  in  the  lithia  mines  at  Pala  associated  with 
lithiophilite  and  purpurite.  Gratou  and  Sehaller^^\ 


278.     LITHIOPHILITE. 

Phosphate  of  lithium  and  manganese,  LiMnPOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
brown,   salmon-pink.     Vitreous   luster.     H  =  4..5  —  .5:    G  =  3.42  —  3. 50. 

Refractive   indices:      oc=l-07G:    «  =  1.G79:   y  =  1.6S7. 

Easily  fusible  and  soluble.  The  phosphate  reaction  is  obtained  wIumi 
ammonium  molybdate  is  added  to  the  nitric  acid  solution.  Fuses  with  a 
red  flame.     The  sodium  carbonate  bead   is  blue-green. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  with  triphylite  and  purpurite  as  an  altera- 
tion product  of  triphylite  at  Pala.  Graton  and  Schaller^^^ 


MINERALS    OK    CALIFORNIA.  233 

279.  TRIPLITE. 

Phosi)hatt'   of    iron,    inangaueso   ami    niioniic.    ;;  ( Mii.Fc )().  ro(.).-,.  MuF.. 

Monoclinic.  Massive,  Color  pir.i<.  hrowii.  tu  lilmk.  Stroak  yellowish 
l.n.wii.     11=4 — 5.5;  G  =  3.44— 3.S. 

Itcfractivo  iiulices  :     a:=l-<><>5:  ^=l.<i7;>:  y=  1.08*2. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  black  nia{,'netic  kIoI'uI''-  With  bora.K  it  ,u;ives  an  aiiir- 
th.ystine  bead  and  with  sodium  corbonate  a  green  bead.  Soluble  in  liydio- 
eliloric  acid.  Usually  gives  a  fluorine  test  when  dissolved  with  sulplmiic 
acid. 

A  rare  mineral  usually  ()('ciirrin<i-  with  tungsten  minerals  in  pegmatite 
Veins. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  liiibnerite  on  specimens  from  a 
deposit  eight  or  ten  miles  north  of  Goffs,  Hess-'". 

280.  APATITE. 

Phosphate  of  calcium  with  chloi-ine  or  fluorine  (CaCl)Ca.i(P04)3  or 

(CaF)Ca,(P0,)3. 

Hexagonal.  Prismatic  crystals,  granular,  massive.  Color  browu,  green, 
yellow,  pink,  colorless.     Vitreous  to  greasy  luster.     H=:5;  0  =  3.1" — 3.23. 

Ivtlractive  indices:    £  =  1.G31  ;  (,j=:l.<j34. 

Practically   infusible,   but  easily   soluble.  Ammonium    molylxlate    i)r("<-ipi- 

lates  much  canary -yellow  granular  jiowder.  Calcium  can  be  determined  by 
dissohnng  in  hydrochloric  acid,  adding  ammonia  to  precipitate  the  calcium 

phosiiliate.  redissolving  this  precii)itati'  with  just  enough  drops  of  acid,  and 

then  addinu  ammimium  oxalate,  whicli  will  precii»itate  the  calcium.     Some 
\  aril-tics  will  gi\c  a  fluorine  reac-tion. 

Apatite  has  been  observed  as  small  crystals  in  many  of  the  rocks  of 
the  State,  l)iit  no  deposits  of  the  mineral  are  known.  A  small  percent- 
age of  calcium  ])h()si>hate  is  found  in  many  of  the  limestones  of  the 
State, 

Contra  Costa  Count}' :  Found  in  brownish  masses  in  the  schists  north 
of  Berkeley. 

Fresno  County :  Observed  in  the  rocks  near  Dunlap. 

Humboldt  County  :  Specimens  of  rock  phosphate  or  phosphorite  have 
been  found  near  Yager. 

Placer  County  :  An  earth>"  lime  phosphate  has  been  found  near  Dutch 
Flat. 

Plumas  County :  A  constituent  of  the  syenite  of  Spanish  Peak,  Mur- 
goci"'.    Occurs  as  a  constituent  of  the  norites  at  Engels  copper  mine. 

Riverside  County :  Greenish  blue  apatite  as  granular  masses  occur  in 
A\hite  calcite.  associated  with  diopside  and  wollastonite,  at  Crestmore. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Small  crystals  were  found  in  limestone  on 
eastern  end  of  Kingston  Range. 


234  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  the  gneiss  at  Dehesa  with  dumortierite, 
Schaller^^).  Tabular  crystals  of  violet  and  pink  colors  occur  at  the  old 
Mack  mine  near  Rincon.  At  the  Victor  mine,  Rineon,  pale  dirty  green 
crystals  occur  with  the  forms:  (0001),  (lOTO),'  (1121),  (10T2),  (lOTl), 
(3141),  Rogers^^\  Crystals  are  also  found  on  South  Mountain  and  at 
]\Iesa  Grande.  Small  crystals  occur  in  limestone  near  Jaeumba.  and  near 
Grapevine  Camp. 

San  Francisco  County :  Mentioned  by  Lawson^^)  in  the  rocks  of  San 
Francisco. 


281.     PYROMORPHITE. 

Phosphate  of  lead  with   chlorine    (PbCl)Pbi(P04)3. 

Hexagonal.  Prismatic  crystals,  columnar,  massive.  Color  brown,  yel- 
lowish green.     Adamantine  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4;   G  =  6.5  — 7.1. 

Refractive  indices:    £=2.042;  (^=2.050. 

Fuses  easily  on  charcoal  and  yields  a  lemon-j-ellow  c-oating  when  reduced. 
The  phosphate  reaction  can  be  obtained  by  dissolving  in  nitric  acid  and 
adding  ammonium  molybdate. 

The  lead  phosphate  is  occasionally  found  in  the  mining  districts  as 
an  oxidation  product  of  galena  and  a  few  localities  are  known. 

Calaveras  County :  Green  crystals  in  gold  quartz  have  been  found  at 
the  Reliance  mine. 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurred  at  Mosquito  Gulch,  six  miles  northeast 
of  Placerville  as  a  yellowish  green  coloring  matter  in  botryoidal  chal- 
cedony and  as  a  crystalline  coating,  Turner ^^^. 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  small  amounts  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district. 

Mariposa  County :  A  small  amount  was  found  in  the  mines  near 
Coulterville. 

Riverside  County :  Found  at  the  El  Dorado  mine  in  crystals  at  300- 
foot  level. 

Tulare  County :  Found  in  the  White  Chief  mine,  Mineral  King  dis- 
trict, Goodyear^i^ 


282.     AMBLYGONITE. 
Phosphate  of  lithium  and  aluminium  with  fluorine,  Li(AlF)P04. 

Triclinic.  Generally  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  white. 
Pearly  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  6;  G  =  3.10. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1-579;  ^  =  1.593;  y  =  1.597. 

Insoluble,  but  easily  fusible,  giving  the  red  flame  of  lithium.  Fused  with 
sodium  carbonate  and  then  boiled  with  nitric  acid,  the  phosphate  reaction 
is  obtained  on  the  addition  of  ammonium  mol.vbdate  to  the  solution. 

This  is  an  important  lithia  mineral,  and  but  one  deposit  is  knoAvn  in 
the  State. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  235 

San  Diego  County :  A  large  mass  of  white  massive  amblygonite  occurs 
in  the  pegmatite  vein  carrying  the  rnbollite  and  lepidolite  and  was 
mined  at  the  Stewart  mine,  Pahi.  The  mineral  was  analysed  by 
Schaller^s). 


P-.0.-. 

A1,0:, 

Fe.Os 

MnO 

MgO 

Li,0         Na,0         HoO 

i8.83 

33.70 

0.12 

0.00 

0.31 

9.8S         0.14         5.95 

F 

TiOi 

O 

2.29 

none 

=  101.31  —  0.96         =  100.35% 

Massive  amblygonite  occurs  on  Aguanga  Mountains  associated  with 
blue  tourmaline  and  cassiteritc 

A  few  small  specimens  of  white  cleavablc  amblygonite  have  been 
found  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon.  Kogers^^^ 

283.  LAZULITE. 

Basic  phosphale  of  aliuainium,  iion  and  magnesium   (Fe.Mg) A12(OH)2P;Ok. 

Monoclinic.  Sharp  pointed  pyramids,  granular.  Color  azure-blue.  Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  5  — 6;  0  =  3.05. 

Ucfriu-tivo   indices:      oc=l.<><^3:   ^--l.(J32:    y^^AuVJ. 

Infusible  and  insoluble.  Falls  to  pieces  when  heated.  ]'"usr(l  \\  itii  soiliuiii 
carbonate  and  then  dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  tlii>  i)lK)S))hat('  reaction  is 
obtaincnl  liy  adding  ammonium  molybdate.     Yields  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Lazulite  is  a  rare  phosphate  found  in  quartzites  and  metamorphic 
rocks. 

• 

Inyo  County:  Lazulite  occurs  in  a  white  ({uartz  vein  intersecting 
schist  in  Breyfogle  Canyon,  Death  Valley.  Occurs  in  a  vein  cutting- 
schist,  in  pfde  to  deep  azure  blue  colors  in  Breyfogle  Canyon,  Death 
^''alley. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Specimens  have  been  found  in  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains. 

Mono  County:  Blue  lazulite  occurs  as  bands  in  a  white  quartzite 
associated  with  rittile,  near  Mono  Lake.  Occurs  associated  with  coarse 
granular  andalusite  in  the  White  ^FountHins  near  the  southern  border 
of  the  county,  Knopf*^'. 

Deep  blue  lazulite  was  found  in  a  quartz  vein  in  Green  Creek  Canyon, 
near  Bodie,  Kogers^^V 

San  Diego  County :  Some  lazulite  has  been  reported  as  found  in  the 
rock  at  Oceanside. 

284.  WILKEITE. 

Phosphate  and  silico-sulphate  of  calcium,  3Ca,(P04)2.CaC03  +  3Ca3  (SiOj  (S04).CaO. 
Hexagonal.     Small    prismatic    crystals    and    grains.     Color    pale    rose- 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H=:5;   0  =  3.234. 

Refractive  indices:    £=].<ioO;   ^=1.(355. 

Infusible,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  The  nitric  acid  solution  gives  a 
phosphate  i-eaction  on  addition  of  ammonium  molyl)date  and  a  sulphate 
reaction  on  addition  of  Ijarium  chloride. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  unlike  any  other  in  having  four  acid 
radicals.     It  resembles  apatite  in  physical  properties. 


CaO 

MnO 

P2O5 

SO3 

SiOs 

CO= 

H:0 

54.44 

0.77 

20.85 

12.28 

9.63 

2.10 

tr. 

236  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  County :  A  recently  discovered  new  mineral  in  the  State, 
occurring  in  blue  calcite,  with  diopside,  vesuvianite,  garnet,  and  its 
alteration  product,  crestnioreite.  in  the  limestone  quarry  at  Crestmore. 
Analysis  by  Eakle  and  Rogers^^^ 

SiOs  CO2        H2O 

=  100.06% 


285.     VIVIANITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  FejPoOs.SHoO. 

Mouoclinic.  Long  prismatic  crystals,  earthy,  incrustations.  Cleavage 
perfect  cliuopinacoidal.  Color  generally  sky-blue  or  green,  rarely  colorless. 
Pearly  to  dull  luster.     H  =  1.5  —  2  ;  G  =  2.58  —  2.68. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1.579;  ^=1.603:  ^  =  1.633. 

Soluble  and  fusible.  Fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  mass.  Ammonium 
niolybdato  added  to  a  nitric  acid  solution  gives  the  yellow  phosjihate  reac- 
tion.    Yields  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

The  iron  phosphate  is  formed  in  rocks,  usually  sedimentary  rocks, 
by  decaying  phosphatic  matter  such  as  bones,  in  the  presence  of  iron. 

Alameda  County :  Small  specimens  of  earthy  blue  vivianite  Avere 
found  some  years  ago  in  the  hills  back  of  Berkeley  and  were  reported 
by  Hanks(6).  ,         ,  ^^  .  g| 

Calaveras  County :  Has  been  found  at  Copperopolis. 

Humbohlt  County :  Occurs  in  the  rock  at  Yager.  Said  to  have  been 
found  on  ]\Iaple  Creek. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Early  observed  as  earthy  blue  masses  in  the 
asphalt  bed  of  the  Rancho  de  la  Brea.  where  it  formed  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  the  bones  of  extinct  animals.     Mentioned  by  W.  P.  Blake^^^^ 

Madera  County :  Dark  blue  earthy  masses  have  been  found  near 
Raymond. 

Yuba  County :  Good  crystals  occurred  near  Camptonville  and  were 
described  by  Jackson<3).  They  showed  the  forms:  (010),  (100),  (110), 
(111),  (101),  (411),  (410). 

286.     PURPURITE. 

Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese  and  iron    (Fe,Mn);0;.P;05.H20. 

Orthorhombic.  Irregular  masses.  Color  deep  red  or  purple.  Satin 
luster.     H  =  4  — 4.5;  G=3.40. 

Refractive  index  :     g  =  l.S6. 

Similar  to  vivianite  in  reactions.  Yields  a  blue-green  head  of  manganese 
with  sodium  carbonate. 

One  of  the  very  rare  minerals  associated  with  the  pegmatites  of  San 
Diego  County.     Of  a  deep  red  or  purple  color. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  at  Pala  in  a  pegmatitic  dike  on  Hiriart 
Hill,  associated  with  lithiophilite  and  triphylite,  Graton  and  Schaller(i>. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  237 

287.     TURQUOIS. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  alumiuium,   AIPO,.Al(OH)3.H;0. 

Massive.  In  thin  seams  and  incrustations.  Color  sky-blue,  bluish  green, 
apple-green.     Waxy  luster.     II  =  G;  G=2.6  — 2.S3. 

Refractive   indices:     oc=l*>l;    /J=1.62;  y  =  1.65. 

Soluble  in  liydiXK-hloric  acid.  Infusible  and  becomes  browu  or  black 
when  boated.  Ma.v  give  reaction  for  i-opper.  After  fusion  with  sodium  car- 
bonate and  dissolving  in  nitric  acid,  tlie  plios]>liate  reaction  is  obtained  on 
addition  of  ammonium  molybdate  to  solution.     Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Thin  seams  of  apple-green  and  1)luish  green  turquois  occur  in  the 
State  which  are  suitable  for  gem  i)urposes  when  cut  with  the  matrix. 

Madera  County:  A  specimen  of  turquois  (Kallaite)  was  found  on  the 
Taylor  ranch,  having  a  hexagonal  form  and  it  was  described  as  a 
pseudomorph  after  apatite,  Moore  and  Zepharovitch^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  apple-green  turquois  has  been  found 
near  Victor.  Turquois  was  early  mined  from  a  deposit  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  the  county  in  the  high  mountains  north  of  Ivanpah. 
Considerable  light  green  gem  material  has  been  obtained  from  this 
district.  Occurs  near  the  head  of  Riggs  Wash,  twelve  miles  northeast 
of  Silver  Lake,  iu  a  coarse  porphyritic  granite  autl  in  porphyry  dikes. 
Some  turquois  has  been  found  in  the  Solo  mining  district,  thirty  miles 
northwest  of  Cima. 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  of  turquois  have  come  from  this  county, 
a  few  miles  from  the  Kern  county  line. 

288.     VARISCITE. 

Hydrous  phosphate  of  nluminium,   AirO,.2H^O. 

Orthorhombic.  Usuall.v  in  round  compact  masses.  Color  dci-])  emernld- 
green  or  bluish  green.     Vitreous  luster.     II- 4:  (i=:2.54. 

Refractive  indices:     oc— 1.551;    «  =  1.55S:  ,,  =  1.582. 

Infusible,  but  whitens  when  heated.  Moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and 
intensely  heated,  it  becomes  blue.  (Jives  water  in  a  closed  tube.  Phos- 
phate can  be  precipitated  by  ammonium  molybdate  from  a  nitric  acid  solu- 
tion  after  fusion   of    the   i)owd<-r   with   sodium   carbonate. 

El  Dorado  County :   Specimens  have  come  from  Pleasant  Valley. 

289.     PLUMBOGUMMITE. 
Il.vdrous  phosphate  of  lend  iiiid  jiluminium,  lM)f).2Al203.Po(),,.H;0. 

Hexagonal.     Globular,    incrustations,    compact    massive.     Color    reddish 
brown,  yellowish  gray.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  4  —  5;  G  =  4  —  4.9. 
Refractive  indices:    gUil.CiTG;  ^j  =  l.()54. 

Fused  on  chai'coal  with  sodium  carbonate,  a  yellow  coating  and  metalli(; 
globule  of  lead  are  obtained.  The  nitric  acid  solution  gives  the  phosphate 
reaction  on  adding  ammonium   molybdate.     Yields  water  in  a  closed   tube. 

Inyo  County :  A  specimen  of  this  rare  mineral  has  been  found  at  the 
Cerro  Gordo  mine. 


238  STATE    MIXING   BUREAU. 

290.     ANAPAITE. 
Hydrous   phosphate  of  calcium   iuul    ii-ou,    (Ca,Fe)3PO.,.4H:.0. 

Triclinic.  Usually  in  tal)ular  crystals.  Color  pale  greon.  A'itroous. 
H  =  3.5  ;   G  =  2.81—2.8."). 

Refractive   iudices :     oc=l'J02;   fj-IMli;   y  =  1.04J». 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  a  yellow  precipitate  is  obtained  by  adding  am- 
monium molybdalf  to  the  acid  solution.  Becomes  magnetic  on  heating, 
(lives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Kings  County  :  This  rare  phosphate  was  found  in  the  Lewis  well,  Sec. 
23,  T.  21  S.,  R.  21  E.,  at  a  depth  of  500  feet,  in  layers  of  pale  green 
crystals. 

291.     TORBERNITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  uranium  and  copper.  CuO.  2  VO..  IVOj.  8HjO. 

Tetragonal.      Usually    in    square    tiakes    and    micaceous.      IVrfect    basal 
cleavage.  Color  emerald-green.  Sti'eak  pale  green.     H  =  2 — 2..j  ;  (4=3.-! — 3.<>. 
Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.582:  ^,J=l.o9'2. 

Uranium  minerals  are  very  rare  in  the  State. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  Specimens  of  green  torbernite  with  yellow 
antunite  have  come  from  the  uoi'thcjistcfn  pjirt  (if  llic  county. 


292.     AUTUNITE. 
Hydrous  phosijliate  of  uranium  and  calcium.  CaO.  2  UO,.  1\.():,..SH4). 

Orthorhombic.  Thin  tabular  crj-stals.  Color  lemon-yellow.  Streak  yel- 
h)w.    Cleavage  perfect  basal.     11  =  2— 2..") :  (i  =  3.1 9. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =  1  ••~>53  ;   fl=l..")75:  .y  =  1.577. 

Fuses  easily  to  black  mass  giving  a  pale  greenish  flame.  Gives  green 
bead  with   phosphorous  salt.      Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Specimens  of  yellow  autuuite  associated 
with  green  plates  of  torbernite  have  come  from  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  county. 

293.     HUREAULITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese,  5Mu0.2P205.5H;0. 

Mouoclinic.  Groups  of  short  prisms.  Also  scaly,  massive.  Color  orange- 
red,  rose  and  nearly  colorless.     H  =  5;  0  =  3.185. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l.<»47:    ft=1.054i;  y  =  l.Gt>0. 

Fusible  and  .soluble.  The  nitric  acid  solution  gives  the  phosphate  reac- 
tion on  addition  of  ammonium  niolybdate.  A  blue-green  bead  of  manganese 
is  obtained  when  fused  with  sodium  carbonate.  Yields  water  in  a  closed 
tube. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  iu  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  and  men- 
tioned by  Schaller<i''\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  239 

294.     PALAITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese,  5MnO.2P2O0.4H2O. 
MouoclinicV     Crystalline  masses.     Color  flesh-red.     G  =  3.14  —  3.20. 
Kefractlvo   indices:     a:=l-<5'')2;   y^  =  l.(>jG;   y  =  l.G6<>. 
Ucactious  aro  .similar  to  those  for  hureaulito. 

San  Diego  County:  A  new  phosphate  of  manganese  having  a  flesh- 
red  color,  which  has  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  lithiophilite.  Found 
in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  and  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller^i^\ 
Analysis : 

FeO  MnO  CaO        FecC-!  FnO-^  H2O         Li^O       Insol. 

7.4S         40.S7         1.77         O.IG         39.02      -  10.43         tr.         0.89         =100.62% 

295.     STEWARTITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese. 

Triclinic?     Minute  crystals.     G  =  2.94. 
Kefractivo  indices:     cc— 1-*>^:  ^=l-*>f»:  y  =  1.09. 
Reacts   similar   to   hurcaulite. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  as  an  abund- 
ant alteration  product  of  lithiophilite.  Finely  fibrous  doubly  refract- 
ing mineral,  probably  triclinic.    Described  by  Schaller* 


,(14) 


296.     SALMONSITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese  and  iron,   Fo„03.9Mn0.4P205.14H20. 
Massive.     Color  bufif-yellow.     G  =  2.88. 
Kefvactive  indices:     cc  =l-^>~>'~» :  13  =  1. (JO;  y  =  l.(>7'll. 

Ueaets  similar  to   vivianitc.   but  gives  in  addition  a   hlui'-grecn   head   «if 
manganese  with   sodium   oarl)onatc. 

San  Diego  County :  A  new  )iiineral  resulting  from  the  alteration  of 
hureaulite,  having  a  buff-yellow"  color,  occurring  in  the  Stewart  mine 
associated  with  fibrous  palaite  and  blue  strengite.  Described  and 
analysed  by  Schaller^^^V     Analysis: 

.Or.  H«0  Insol. 

=  100.45% 


297.     STRENGITE. 
Hydrous   phosphate   of   iron.     Fe2O3.P2O5.4H2O. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally  in  spherical  and  botryoidal  forms.     Color  pale 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  — 4;  G  =  2.S7. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1.708;  ^  =  1.708;  y  =  1.745. 
Reacts   .simihir   to   vivianite. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  associated 
with  salmonsite,  Schaller^^^^ 


FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

FeoOs 

P2O5 

H2O 

Insol. 

0.13 

37.74 

LOG 

9.53 

34.86 

15.73 

1.40 

240  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

298.     SICKLERITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  manganese  ami  lithia,  Fe;,03.6Mn0.4PoOo.3(Li,H)20- 
Massive.     Color  dark   brown.     Streak   light   yellowish   brown.     0  =  3.45. 
Refractive  indites:    tx  ^I.TIS:  ftml.To.");  y=rl.74."5. 
IJeacts  like  lithinitiiilite. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  cloavable  masses  at  the  Vanderburg- 
Naylor  mine  on  Hiriart  Hill,  near  Pala.  Dark  hrown  mineral  result- 
ing from  the  alteration  of  litliiophilitc  Described  and  analysed  by 
Schaller^^'*^     Analysis: 

MnO  CaO  PesOs        Mn.O:,        P..>0-,  H2O  LiaO         Insol. 

33.60         0.20         n.26         2.10         4'8.10         1.71         3.80         4.18         =99.95% 


CHROMATE. 

299.     CROCOITE, 

Chromate   of   Inul.   ThrrO,. 

^lonoclinic.      lAtnti    ]>risinatie    crystals    or    uranuhir.      Scdile.      11=2.5 — ;i ; 
(;=5.!) — 0.1.     Adiiiiiaiitiiic  liistci-.     Color  lii-ii;lit    red.      Stri'ak  <irMi\se-.V<'llo\v. 

Ki-fraclivc  indices:    ex  = -'..■{  1  :   «  =  2.:!7;  y  =  2.tii;. 
A  rare  miuernl  iu  this  StMte. 

Inyo  (!()unty:    Found  in  the  Darwin  mines  associated  with  wulfenite. 
Riverside  County:   Occurred  in  the  El  Dorach)  mine,  near  Indio. 


VANADATES. 

The  minerals  containing  vanadium  are  exceedingly  rare  and  are  only 
represented  by  a  few  localities. 


300.     PUCHERITE. 

\'anadate  of  l)isnuilli,   BiVO,. 

Orlhorhonibic.  'Pabular  and  acicular  crystals.  Perfect  basal  cleavage. 
Color  reddish  brown.     Streak  yellow.     H  =  4;  G  =  0.25. 

Kcfractivi:  indices:     ex  =2.41  ;   /^=2..")0:  ^  =  2.51. 

Fused  on  charcoal  with  nu.xture  of  potassium  iodide  and  sulphur,  a  red 
sublimate  is  obtained  mixed  with  sreenisli  y(dlo\v.  The  phosphorims  salt 
bead  of  vauiidiuni  is  yi'llow  in  oxidjx.im;-  flame  and  emerald-,;;re(Mi  in  reduc- 
ing-   tlame. 

San  Diego  County:  The  yellow  l)ismuth  ocher  which  occurs  at  the 
Pala  Chief  mine,  near  Pala.  has  been  deterniinod  by  Schaller^^^  to  be 
puch(M'it(^  with  the  followino'  comjio.sition  : 


:  100.68% 


H,.0 

ni.o.., 

V2O., 

Insol. 

at  107°     at  240° 

Ign. 

00.14 

25.80 

7.37 

0.21         0..32 

0.84 

MLNERALrS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  241 

301.     VANADINITE. 

Vanadate  of  lead   with  chloriue    (PbCl)Pb4(V04)3. 

Hexagonal.      Small    prisms.      Color   deop    ruby-red,    sometimes    yellow. 
Somewhat  resinous  luster.     H  =  3;  G  =  6.(>6  —  7.23. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  2.299;  ^,  =  2.804. 

Boused  on  charcoal  with  sodium  carbonate,  the  mineral  is  reduced  to 
metallic  load  with  a  yellow  sublimate  on  the  coal.  The  green  bead  of  vana- 
dium can  be  obtained  with  phosphorous  salt.  Di.ssolved  in  nitric  acid  and  a 
drop  of  .silver  nitrate  added  to  the  sDlutioii.  silver  chloride  will  he 
lirecipitated. 

Kern  Coimty :  Some  crystallized  vanadiiiite  has  been  found  two 
miles  north  of  Searles  Lake.  Associated  with  galena  and  miraetite  near 
Kandsbnrg. 

San  Bernardino  County:  This  rare  lead  mineral  occurs  at  Camp 
Signal,  near  Goffs,  in  the  Vanadium  King  mine,  associated  with  cerus- 
site  and  cuprodescloizite,  Schaller^'-'.  Some  has  been  found  near  Moore 
Station  on  Salt  Lake  Railroad. 


302.     DESCLOI2ITE— Cuprodescloizite. 
Vanadate  of  lead,  zinc  and  copper. 

Orthorhomhic.  Drusy  surfaces  and  crusts.  Color  yellowish  brown,  dull 
green  and  greenish  black.     H=:3.5;  0  =  0.2. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=2.1S;  ^  =  2.20;  y=:2.35. 

RlowpiiK*  reactions  are  similar  to  tho.se  for  vanadinite.  Ammonia  added 
to  a  nitric  acid  solution  may  show  blue  solution  of  copper.  Reaction  can 
also  be  obtained  for  zinc  by  heating  coating  on  charcoal  with  cobalt  nitrate. 
Gives  a  small  amount  of  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Minute  colorless  and  yellowish  plates  of  the 
rare  cuprodescloizite  occur  with  cerussite  and  vanadinite  at  Camp 
Signal  Schaller<i2). 


303.     VOLBORTHITE. 
Hydrous  vanadate  of  copper,   barium   and  calcium. 

Small  plates  in  globular  aggregations.  Color  olive-green,  citron-yellow. 
Streak  yellowish  green.     Pearly  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  —  3.5;   0  =  3.5. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =2.0<);   rt  =  2.01  ;  y  =  2.02. 

A  small  amount  of  metallic  copper  can  be  obtained  by  reduction  on  char- 
coal, using  sodium  carbonate  flux.  Ammonia  added  to  a  nitric  acid  solu- 
tion will  show  the  blue  color  of  copi)er.  Dilute  sulphuric  acid  added  to  solu- 
tion will  precipitate  lyarium-sulphate.  The  green  bead  of  vanadium  can  be 
obtained  with  phosphorous  salt.     Water  is  given  off  in   a   closed  tube. 

Glenn  County :  Reported  to  have  been  found  at  the  MamuiOth  Copper 
mine  on  Grindstone  Creek. 


16—22182 


242  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

ARSENATES. 

The  arsenates  and  antimonates  are  generally  the  result  of  the  direct 
oxidation  and  hydration  of  arsenides  and  the  sulphosalts  of  arsenic  and 
antimony.  They  are  usually  found  as  coatings  upon  the  mineral  from 
which  they  are  derived. 

304.     MIMETITE. 
Arsenate  of  lead  with  chlorine    (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3. 

Hexasonal.     Prismatic  crystals,  rounded  or  globular  aggregations.     Color 
pale  yellow,  light  brown.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  3.5;  G  =  7  —  7.25. 
Refractive  indices:    ^  =: 2.118  :  (^  =  2.13."). 

Reduced  on  charcoal  to  metallic  lead  and  gives  a  yellow  coating,  using 
sodium  carbonate  as  flux.  Powder  heated  in  closed  tube  with  a  splinter  of 
charcoal  above  it,  becf>mes  reduced  to  metallic  arsenic,  which  forms  a  ring 
around  the  walls  of  the  glass.  Gives  a  slight  chlorine  reaction  with  nitric 
acid  and  silver  nitrate. 

Brown  crystals  of  mimetite  are  often  associated  with  pyromorphite, 
and  the  two  minerals  are  very  closely  allied  in  properties  and  occur- 
rences. 

Inyo  County:  One  of  the  numerous  minerals  occurring  in  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mines. 

Kern  County :  Found  associated  with  paleua  near  Randsburg. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Small  amounts  of  the  mineral  were  found 
in  the  Morning  Star  mine,  Lava  Beds  district.  Brown  mimetite  asso- 
ciated with  galena,  wulfenite  and  malachite  about  eighty  miles  north  of 
Barstow. 

305.     ERYTHRITE— Cobalt    Bloom. 
Hydrous  arsenate  of  cobalt,  Co-As„Os.8H;0. 

Monoclinic.     Fibrous,  incrustations,  earthy.     Cleavage  perfect  clino- 

pinacoidal.     Color   peach-blossom    red.     Pearly    to    adamantine    luster. 

H  =  1.5  — 2.5;  G  =  2.95. 

Refractive  indices:    oc  =1.626;  ^  =  l.t561;  y  =  1.690. 

Gives  a  white  coating  of  arsenic  oxide  on  charcoal.  A  little  of  the  wcll- 
roasted  powder  fused  in  borax  bead,  gives  the  fine  blue  bead  of  cobalt. 
Yields  water  in  closetl  tube. 

The  peach-blossom  red  coatings  and  incrustations  of  erythrite  are 
seen  wherever  smaltite  or  other  cobalt  minerals  exist,  and  this  secondary 
oxidation  product  often  serves  to  locate  deposits  of  cobalt. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Coatings  of  erythrite  with  smaltite,  argentite 
and  barite  occurred  at  the  old  Kelsey  and  0.  K.  mines  near  the  San 
Cabriel  Canyon. 

jMariposa  County :  Found  in  rock  seams  with  danaite,  the  cobaltifer- 
ous  arsenopyrite,  at  the  Josephine  mine,  Bear  Valley,  Turner ('*\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  243 

Napa  County :  Occurs  with  .suialtite  in  serpentine  and  chlorite  in  the 
Berrye.ssa  Valley. 

San  Diego  County :  Associated  with  snialtite  in  a  specimen  from  near 
the  Mexican  line. 


306.     ANNABERGITE— Nickel    Bloom. 

Hydrous  arsenate  of  nickel,  Ni3As208.8HjO. 

Monoclinic.     Finely   fibrous   incrustations.     Color   apple-green.     Vitreous 
luster.     Very  soft. 

Refractive  indices  :     oc  =  1.622  ;  ^  =  1.052  :  y  =  LOST. 

Reacts  similarly  to  erythrite,  but  the  borax  bead  of  nickel   is  brown   in 
oxidizinji  Hamo  and  gray-cloudy  in  tbe  reducing  flame. 

The  green  coatings  of  this  nickel  compound  are  an  indication  of  the 
presence  of  nickel  minerals  that  have  been  oxidized,  and  often  the 
cobalt  bloom  is  associated  with  the  nickel  bloom. 

Lassen  County :  Reported  with  erythrite  and  smaltite  from  this 
county. 

Los  Angeles  County :  The  green  coatings  of  nickel  arsenate  were 
associated  with  erythrite  and  smaltilc  m1  the  Kelsey  mine,  San  Gabriel 
(yanyon,  Storms^^^ 

Tulare  County:  The  green  color  of  the  chrysoprase  and  chrysopal  in 
the  hills  east  of  Porterville  is  due  to  nickel,  and  some  coatings  of 
annabergite  occur  in  the  region. 


307.     SCORODITE. 

Hydrous  arsenate  of  iron,  FeAsOi.2H20. 

Orthorhombic.  Aggregates  of  small  crj-stals.  Color  pale  leek-green, 
liver-brown.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  6  =  3.1  —  3.3. 

Refractive  indices:    cx=l."3S;   «=1.742;  y  =  1.7(,)5. 

A  slight  coating  of  arsenic  can  be  obtained  on  charcoal  when,  reduced, 
and  the  residue  becomes  magnetic.  The  areenic  ring  can  be  obtained 
by  fusing  in  a  closed  tube  with  a  splinter  of  charcoal.  (Jives  wafer 
in  a  closed  tube. 

Inyo  County :  In  Noonday  mine,  near  Tecopa. 

Mariposa  County :  Pale  green  crystals  of  scorodite  were  found  as  an 
alteration  product  of  arsenopyrite  associated  with  pitticite  on  the  South 
Merced  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Devil's  Gulch,  Rogers^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  Near  ^Moreno  Lake.     ^lassive. 


244  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

308.     LIROCONITE. 
Hydrous  arsenate  of  alumiuium  and  copper. 

Monocliuic.     Thin  tabular  crystals.     Color  sky-blue,  green.     Streak  blue 
or  green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5  ;  G  =  2.88  —  2.98. 
Refractive  indices:     a:=l-*>12;  /^=^.'>>2;  y  =  l.G7r». 

Can  be  reduced  to  metallic  copper  on  charcoal  with  sodium  carbonate 
flux,  and  .yields  a  slight  coating  of  arsenic.  Ammonia  addi'd  to  a  nitric 
acid  solution  will  precipitate  flocculent  alumina  hydrate,  while  the  solution 
becomes  blue.  Gives  wati'r  in  a  closfd  tube  and  also  an  arsenical  mirror 
when  vapor.-^  are  reduced  b.v  a  splinter  of  charcoal. 

Inyo  County:  The  very  rare  copper  arsenate  was  found  at  the  old 
Cerro  Gordo  mine  associated  with  other  rare  copper  salts. 


309.     PITTICITE. 
Hydrated  arsenate  and  sulphate  of  iron. 
Massive  and  reniform.     Color  brown.     H=z2  —  .3;  G  =  2.2  —  2.5. 
Refractive  index:     h  =  1.635. 

Becomes  magnetic  on  heating.  Barium  chloride  added  to  the  hydro- 
chloric acid  solution  precipitates  barium  sulphate.  Gives  water  mid  the 
.•iisciiic  mirror  in  a   closed  tut)e. 

IMariposa  County:  Dark  brown  amorphous  pitticite  resembling  limo- 
nite  was  found  with  scorodite  as  an  alteration  product  of  arsenopyrite, 
on  the  South  Merced  River;  near  the  mouth  of  Devil's  Gulch,  Rogers^^^ 


ANTIMONATE. 

310.     BINDHEIMITE. 
Hydrous  antimouate  of  lead,  Pb3Sb20s.4H20. 

Amorphous.  Lamellar,  massive,  incrustations.  Color  brown,  white,  gray. 
Resinous  luster.     H  =  4;  G  =  4.6  —  4.76. 

Refractive  index:    h  =  1.<S4. 

Easil.v  redu(;ed  on  charcoal  to  a  brittle  white  metallic  globule  of  antimon.v 
and  lead,  and  .yields  a  white  and  yellow  coating  of  the  mixed  oxides.  A 
white  antimony  oxide  coating  can  be  obtained  in  an  open  tube.  Gives 
water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Fresno  County :  Some  brown  bindheimite  has  come  from  this  county. 

Inyo  County:  Browai  resinous  lead  antimonate  was  one  of  the  rare 
minerals  at  the  Union  and  IModoc  mines,  and  was  mentioned  by 
W.  P.  Blake(6). 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  245 

NITRATES. 

The  nitrates  can  only  exist  in  solid  form  in  arid  regions  and  are 
therefore  peculiar  to  desert  lands  where  they  are  sometimes  left  as  white 
incrustations  by  evaporation.  Some  of  these  white  crusts  are  to  be 
found  in  the  California  desert  land,  but  no  important  deposits  are 
known. 

311.     SODA   NITER— Chili   Saltpeter. 
Nitrate  of  sodium,  NaNOj. 

Hexagonal,  rliombohedral.  Crystals,  massive,  incrustations.  Cleavage 
perfect  rhomboliedral.  Color  white,  reddish,  yellowish.  Vitreovis  luster. 
H  =  1.5  — 2;  0  =  2.24  —  2.29. 

Refractive  indices:    ^  —  l.~>?>(>:  j^  =  1.587. 

Soluble  in  water.  Fuses  with  strong  yellow  flame  of  sodium.  Heated 
in  a  bulb  tube  willi  potassium  bisulphate,  gives  off  red  vaiK)i-s  of  nitrous 
oxide. 

Inyo  County:  Crusts  of  saltpeter  occur  along  the  Amargosa  River 
and  along  shore  lines  and  old  beaches  of  Death  Valley,  which  were 
reported  by  Bailey ^^\ 

]\1  creed  County :  Occurs  in  crusts  with  other  sodium  salts,  from  Mer- 
ced Bottom. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  same  white  incrustations  extend  along 
the  Amargosa  River  in  this  county.  Small  amounts  of  soda  niter  have 
been  found  in  the  Calico  district,  Williams^^',  and  at  Searles  Borax 
Lake. 

Tulare  County :  Alkaline  crusts  containing  soda  niter  with  other 
soda  salts  occur  in  San  Joaquin  Valley,  near  Tulare  City. 

312.      NITER— Saltpeter. 
Nitrate  of  potassium,  KNO^. 

Orthorhombic.  Silky  tufts,  incrustations.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2;  G  =  2.09  — 2.14.     Salt  taste. 

Refractive  indices:    oc  =1-334;  ^  =  1.505;  y  =  1.506. 

Similar  to  soda  niter  in  its  reactions,  but  the  flame  is  violet  red,  best 
s,!t'n  through  blue  glass  or  Thf>  Menvin  color  screen. 

Inyo  County :  The  connnon  saltpeter  occurs  with  the  soda  niter  in 
the  Death  Valley  region.  Crusts  of  the  nitrates  of  sodium  and  potas- 
.sium  occur  near  Shoshone. 

Modoc  County :  Incrustations  of  potassium  nitrate  have  been  found 
near  Cedarville. 

Riverside  County  :  Bailey^^^  mentions  saltpeter  as  found  in  the  desert 
northeast  of  Salton. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  Avith  the  soda  niter  in  the  Amargosa 
Canyon. 


246  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

313.     NITROCALCITE. 
Hydrous  nitrate  of  calcium,  Ca(N03)2./iH20. 

Silky  tufts  and  masses.  Efflorescent.  Color  white  or  gray.  Sharp, 
hitter  taste. 

Refractive  indices:      a:=^--4(i5;  Q  —  1A9S;  y  =  1.50<X 

Soluble  in  water.  Fused  with  potassium  sulphate  in  a  hull)  tulie.  it 
.uive.s  off  red  fumes  of  nitrous  oxide.  Heated  in  a  closed  tube,  it  yields 
water.  Ammonia  and  ammonium  oxalate  added  to  a  hydrochloric  acid  solu- 
tion precipitates  white  calcium  oxalate. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  white  efflorescent  nitrocalcite  occurs  in 
the  niter  beds  of  the  lower  end  of  Death  Valley,  according  to  Bailey ^^^ 


314.     DARAPSKITE. 
Hydrous  sulphato-nitrate  of  sodium,  NaN03.Na-.S04.H:0. 
Tetragonal.     Square  tabular  crystals.     Colorless. 
Refractive  indices:     cc  =1.391:  yj  =  1.481;  y  =  1.4S6. 
Soluble  in  water.     Heated  in  bulb   tube  with  ixjtassium  sulphate,   gives 
red  nitrous  fumes.     Fuses  with  strong;  yellow  flame.    Barium  chloride  added 
to  acid  solution  pi-ecipitates  barium  sulphate.     Yields  water  in  a  close<l  tube 

San  Bernardino  County:  This  rare  nitrate  occurs  in  the  niter  beds 
of  Death  Valley  according  to  Bailey ^^^ 

315.     NITROGLAUBERITE. 

Hydrous  sulphato-nitrate  of  sodium,   6NaN03.2NaoS04.3H;0. 
Fibrous  masses.     Color  white. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.118;  ^  =  1.500:  y  =  1.543. 
Reactions  for  the  mineral  are  the  same  as  for  darapskite. 

Inyo  County :  Also  an  efflorescence  in  the  niter  beds  of  Death  Valley, 
according  to  the  report  of  Bailey ^^\ 


BORATES. 

The  element  boron  is  widely  distributed  in  the  State.  It  is  present 
in  many  of  the  spring  waters  and  lakes  and  has  been  an  important 
factor  in  the  formation  of  much  of  the  igneous  rocks  of  the  Sierras. 
Granites  and  acid  pegmatites  containing  an  abundance  of  tourmaline 
are  very  common.  The  bedded  deposits  of  lime  and  soda  borates  in  the 
southern  counties  appear  inexhaustible.  All  of  the  deposits  of  borates 
occur  in  regions  which  have  been  the  scene  of  nmcli  volcanic  activity, 
and  the  emanations  of  the  boron  gas  have  accompanied  or  followed 
eruptions  and  intrusions,  issuing  from  vents  in  the  form  of  hot  borated 
waters.  It  is  perhaps  by  the  action  of  these  waters  on  the  travertine  or 
soda  accumulations  in  lake  depressions  that  the  thick  bedded  deposits  of 
these  borate  salts  have  formed. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  247 

316.     LUDWIGITE. 
Borate  of  magnesium  and  iron,  3MgO.B2O3.FeOFe.jO3. 

Orthorhombic.  Small  fibrous  masses.  Color  blackish  green.  Silky  luster. 
H  =  5;  G  =  3.91  — 4.02. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.8i5;   AJ  =  1.85;  ,,  =  2.02. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids,  but  insoluble  iu  nitric  acid. 
Yellow  turmeric  paper  dipped  into  the  hydrochloi'ic  acid  solution,  turns  red 
when  dried.  Fusible  into  a  magnetic  mass.  Magnesia  can  be  precipitated 
by  sodium  phosphate  after  the  boron   and  iron   have  been   ivnioved. 

El  Dorado  County :  Scaly  masses  of  black  ludwigite,  associated  with 
calcite,  epidote,  inolybdonite  and  chalcopyrite  occur  at  the  old  Cosumnes 
copper  mine,  near  Fairplay,  Rogers^^^. 


317.     VONSENITE. 
Borate  of  iron  and  masiuesium,  2  (Fe,Mg)0.  B203  +  FeO.  FejO.i. 

Orthorhombic.  Imperfect  crystals  and  granular  masses.  Color  black. 
Streak  brownish  black.  Brilliant  metallic  luster.  Very  brittle.  H  =  5; 
0=4.21.     Perfectly  opaque  and   non-magnetic. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  mass  and  gives  green  flame  of  boron. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids,  but  unattacked  by  nitric  acid. 

A  new  borate  apparently  derived  by  the  action  of  borate  solutions  on 
magnetite. 

Riverside  County :  Discovered  by  ^I.  Vonsen  in  the  old  city  quarry  at 
Riverside  and  was  described  and  named  by  Eakle^^^'.  Forms  on  the 
imperfect  crystals  are:    (110),  (210),  (140)  and  (160).    The  analysis 


gave 


FeO  MgO  B^Og  Fe^Oa 

39.75  10.71  14"l2  34.82  =  99.40% 


318.     BORAX— Tincal. 
Hydrous  borate  of  sodium,  NaoBiO^.lOHoO. 

Mouoclinic.  Crystals,  powder,  incrustations.  Colorless,  white.  Greasy 
to  dull  luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;  G=1.69  — 1.72.     Sweetish  alkaline  taste. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1.447;   «  =  1.470;  ,,  =  1.472. 

Soluble  in  water.  Fuses  with  strong  yellow  flame  to  a  clear  glass.  Tur- 
meric paijer  dipi>ed  in  a  hydrochloric  acid  solution,  turns  deep  red  on 
drying.     Gives  much  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

The  natural  borax,  usually  accompanied  by  sulphates  of  lime  and 
soda,  is  common  at  many  of  the  depressions  or  sinks  of  the  deserts. 
For  some  time  it  was  the  chief  mineral,  but  the  more  extensive  solid 
masses  of  eolemanite  have  replaced  it  as  the  principal  boron  mineral. 

Tincalconite.  A  name  given  to  a  w'hite  efflorescent  variety  by 
Shepard(2). 

Inyo  County :  The  borax  industry  began  with  the  discovery  of  the 
extensive  deposits  of  Death  Valley,   although  some  borax  had  been 


248  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

previously  dredged  from  Little  Borax  Lake,  iii  Lake  County.  The 
mines  on  Furnace  Creek  and  at  Resting  Springs  produced  large 
quantities,  and  it  was  hauled  to  Mojave  bj''  the  famous  20-mule  team. 

Kern  County :  Borax  is  also  common  at  some  of  the  sinks  and  wells 
of  the  desert  and  has  been  obtained  from  Kane  Springs  and  Desert 
Wells. 

Lake  County :  The  first  discovery  of  borax  in  the  State  was  made  at 
Little  Borax  Lake,  a  few  miles  south  of  Clear  Lake.  Fine  large 
crystals  were  obtained  from  the  mud  of  the  lake  bottom,  and  consider- 
able borax  was  dredged  from  this  lake  before  the  more  important 
deposits  of  San  Bernardino  County  were  discovered.  W.  P.  Blake^*' 
and  Hanks'"''  have  described  this  occurrence. 

Riverside  County :  Incrustations  of  borax  are  rather  common  at  some 
of  the  playa  or  dry  lakes  of  this  county,  but  none  is  produced. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  most  important  deposit  of  natural 
borax  in  the  State  occurs  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  county.  Hanks^^^^  and  others  have  described  this  deposit.  It 
consists  of  a  pan-like  depression  about  10  miles  long  by  5  miles  wide 
and  borax  occurs  with  numerous  other  salts  deposited  by  the  evaporated 
waters  of  the  lake.  The  associated  minerals  forming  layers  in  the 
deposit  are  mainly  sulphates  and  carbonates  of  sodium  and  it  is  now 
mainly  for  these  and  for  the  potash  associated  with  them  that  the 
deposit  is  worked.  This  locality  is  noted  for  the  great  variety  of 
interesting  salts  that  have  formed  by  the  evaporation  of  the  waters. 

Borax  has  been  found  with  the  colemanite  near  Yenna  and  at  many 
of  the  numerous  depressions  in  the  Mojave  desert  and  in  the  lower  end 
of  Death  Valley. 


319.     COLEMANITE. 

Hydrous  borate  of  calcium,  CaiBaOu.SHjO. 

Monoclinic.     Crystals,  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  clinopiuacoidal.     Color- 
less, white,  yellowish  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4 — 4.5;  G=li.42. 
Refractive  indices:     oc  ==1-586;  ^=1.592;  y==1.614. 

Decrepitates  violently  wheu  touched  with  hot  flame,  but  finally  fuses  to 
a  clear  glass.  I'owder  on  platinum  wire,  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid, 
will  give  a  momentary  green  flame  of  boron  mixed  with  reddish  flame  of 
calcium.     Yields  water  in   a  closed   tube. 

This  valuable  borate  is  the  principal  mineral  for  borax  in  the  State. 
It  was  first  discovered  in  Death  Valley  in  1882  and  in  the  following 
spring  at  Borate  in  what  was  known  as  the  Calico  district. 

Inyo  County :  The  deposits  of  Death  Valley  occur  on  the  east  fork 
of  the  Black  Mountains  of  the  Amargosa  Range  near  its  southern  end, 
and  immense  solid  veins  or  beds  of  the  mineral  occur.  The  important 
mine  is  the  Lila  C,  at  Ryan,  which  has  been  described  by  Gale^^^     The 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  249 

mineral  was  first  analysed  by  Price^i^  with  the  results  shown  in  analysis 
No.  1.     Analyses  2,  3  and  4  are  by  Whitfield^i). 

B2O3  CaO        AI0O3    FesOa     MgO        SiOa         H^O 

1.  (4S.12)        28.43  0.60  —  O.60         22.20 

2.  50.70         27.31  0.10  —  21.87         =  99.98% 

3.  49.56         27.36  0.25         0.44         22.66         =100.27 

4.  49.62         27.40  0.26         0.47         22.70         -:  100.45 

Some  crystals  from  the  Biddy  ^IcCarthy  mine  were  shown  by  Rogers 
to  be  pseudomorphs  after  the  new  borate,  inyoite.  The  forms  occur- 
ring were:  (001).  (110),  (010)  and  (111).  Tabular  parallel  to  base. 
The  crystals  were  formed  by  dehydration  of  inyoite. 

Kern  County :   Specimens  have  come  from  Lost  Hills. 

Los  Angeles  County :  An  important  and  extensive  deposit  occurs  near 
Lang  which  Eakle'^^*  described  as  a  variety  and  called  neocolemanite. 
Hutchinson<i)  shows  it  to  be  identical  with  eolemanite.  It  occurs  as 
thin  and  thick  seams,  almost  vertical,  and  has  considerable  howlite 
associated  with  it.  The  mineral  has  been  described  and  analysed  by 
Eakle.  Forms:  (001),  (010),  (100),  (210),  (_110),  (^30),  (Oil),  (021), 
(201),  (301),  (241),  (231),  (221),  (661),  (221),  (223),  (211),  (263). 

B2O3  CaO  HsG 

49.45         27.76        22.48         =99.69%         Sp.  G.  =  2.423°  at  13°  C. 

Riverside  County :  Found  in  the  foothills  of  San  Bernardino  Range 
northeast  of  Salton  Sea. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  extensive  deposit  of  eolemanite  at  Borate, 
in  the  Calico  district,  near  Yerma,  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  1883 
and  became  the  principal  source  of  the  mineral  before  the  Death  Valley 
deposits  were  worked.    Beautiful  crystals  of  the  mineral  in  large  geodal 
masses    occur    having    celestite    crystals    associated    with    them.     The 
crystals  were  first  described  by  Jackson^^)  (2)  (3)      Forms :  (001),  (010) 
(100),    (210),    (110),    (120),    (130),    (370),    (10.19.0),    (Oil),    (021) 
(201),  (101),  (TOl),  (201),  (301),  (401),  (601),  (111),  (311),  (711) 
(10.1.1),   (771),  (19.19.6),   (331),   (731),   (131),   (1_2]),   (111),   (221) 
mi),  (411),  (311),  (211),  (721),  (321),  (231),  (121),  (241),  (131) 
(532),    (412).     Additional  forms  described  bv  Eakle^^)    are:   (310) 
(301),  (o02),  (80D,  (522),  (142\  (141),  (164),  (165),  (232),  (123) 
(T82),  (341). 

Analysis  No.  1  is  by  Hiortdahl^^^  and  No.  2  by  Bodewig(i\ 


BjOs 

CaO 

AI2O3      Fe;0:: 

MgO 

SiO; 

HcO 

1. 

47.64 

27.97 

0.19 

0.13 

1.28 

22.79 

2. 

49.70 

27.42 

__ 



—  — 

22.26 

=  99.38% 

Small  amounts  of  eolemanite  were  found  with  borax  at  Searles  Borax 
Lake.  Hanks'^"^'.   This  is  evidently  an  error  in  locality. 


250  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Ventura  County :  Deposits  of  colemanite  similar  to  the  Lang  deposit 
exist  in  the  Frazer  Mountains  and  have  been  mined  for  some  years. 
These  deposits  have  been  described  by  Gale^^V  ^ 

References  to  literature  on  colemanite:  Evans^i>*^2)^  Jackson^^^^^xs)^ 
Hiortdahl^i^  Arzruni^i),  Bodewig  and  von  Rath(i>,  Mulheims^^^  Baum- 
hauer<^\,  Eakle*-'^^',    Campbell  '"'-',  Gale'^'''-^'^^'. 


320.     PRICEITE— Pandermite. 

Ilydi-ous   calcium   borate,    5CaO.6R.O3.9H2O. 
Tricliuic.   Massive,  chalky  or  compact.   Snow-white.   H  =  3;G  =  2.26 — 2.30. 
Refractive  indices:     a:=t-5T2;  ^  =  1.501;  y  =  1.594. 

Easily    fusible    and    gives    green    flame.      Soluble    in    dilute    hydrochloric 
acid.     Gives  water  in  closed  tube. 

Priceite  and  pandermite  are  identical  and  form  a  different  species 
from  colemanite,  with  which  they  have  been  classed  as  varieties,  Lar- 

sen<*^'. 

Inyo  County:  Priceite  has  been  found  as  pseudomorphs  after  ulexite 
iu  Death  Valley.     It  occurs  associated  with  the  colemanite. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Both  the  chalky  priceite  and  more  compact 
pandermite  have  been  found  with  the  colemanite  of  the  Calico  district. 

Ventura  County :  Massive  soft  pandermite  occurs  at  the  colemanite 
deposit  of  Frazer  Mountains. 


321.     MEYERHOFFERITE. 

Hydrous  borate  of  calcium,  2Ca0.3B203.  THoO. 

Triclinic.  Long  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  tabular  parallel  to  the 
maeropinacoid.  Color  white  or  colorless,  ^'itreous  luster.  Cleavage  brachy- 
pinacoidal.     H  =  2;   G  =  2.12. 

Refractive  Indices  :    ex  =1-500;   /J=  1.535;  y  =  1.560. 

Fuses  readily  with  intumescence  to  an  opaque  white  enamel,  giving  the 
green  flame  of  boron.     Gives  water  in  n  closed  tube.     Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

This  new  mineral  was  associated  with  inyoite  as  an  alteration  product. 
Described,  analysed,  and  named  by  Schaller^^^\ 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  as  an  alteration  of  the  glassy  inyoite  crystals 
in  the  colemanite  deposit  of  Mount  Blanco  district  on  Furnace  Creek. 
Forms  observed  are :  (100),  (010).  (001),  (110),  (210),  (120),  (370), 
(350),  (450),  (520),  (310),  (510).  (810),  (350),  (ITO),  (430),  (3T0), 
(101),  (12.0.11),  (706),  (605),  (504),  (705),  (302),  (12.0.1),  (101), 
(]11).   Analysis: 


H.O 

H,0 

CaO 

B„0. 

under  110° 

ab.  110° 

25.45 

46.40 

1.01 

27.75 

=  100.61% 

MINERALS    OF    CAI,IFORNIA.  251 

322.     INYOITE. 

Hydrous  borate  of  Ci^lcium,   2  Ca«>.  SB.O^.ISILO. 

MoDocIiiiic.  I^arjro  jrlassy  transparent  crystals.  Cleavage  basal.  IJrittle. 
11  =  2;  0  =  1.87"). 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l.^*«>^:    rt=1.51:  y  =  1.52U. 

Decrepitates  on  fusing  and  intumesces,  jrivins  the  irrecn  huroii  llaiue. 
lOasily  soluble  in  acids.     Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

A  new  borate  from  the  colenianite  deposits  of  the  Death  Valley  re- 
j;ion.    Described  and  named  for  the  county  by  Schaller^^^\ 

Inyo  County:  This  new  l)or;ite  occurred  in  llie  Mount  Blanco 
district  on  Furnace  Creek  directly  associated  with  colemanite  and  its 
alteration  product,  meyerhofferite. 

Forms  observed  are:  (001),  (010),  (110)  and  (111).  Crystals  tab- 
ular to  base.     Analysis : 

H„o  H.O 

CaO  B.,0,         under  110°     ab.  110° 

20.5  [37.2]  26.1  16.2     =100.00 


323.      ULEXITE— Cottonballs. 

Hydrous  borate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  NaCaBjO.j.SHoO. 

Usually  in  nodules  or  sheets  of  fine  fibers.  Color  white.  Silky  luster. 
Very  soft.     G  =  1.6.5. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.41)1:  ^  =  1..504;  y  =  1.520. 

Fuses  with  strong  yellow  flame  to  a  clear  glass.  Turmeric  pai)er  im- 
mersed in  a  hydrochloric  acid  solution  Ix-comcs  red  on  drying.  Calcium 
can  be  determined  as  the  oxalate  by  ])recipitation  fi"om  a  veiy  weak  hydro- 
chloric acid  solution.    Gives  much  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

The  white  silky  balls  of  ulexite  are  frequently  found  at  some  of  the 
desert  depressions,  often  with  borax. 

Inyo  County :  Ulexite  masses  are  found  at  some  of  the  sinks  in  the 
Death  Valley. 

Kern  County :  Ulexite  was  mentioned  from  the  Cane  Spring  District 
by  Silliman(^).  Found  in  f|uautity  in  the  bed  of  an  extensive  salt 
marsh  a  few  miles  north  of  Desert  Wells,  W.  P.  Blake^^^\ 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  in  compact  divergent  masses  at  Lang 
with  colemanite. 

A  partial  analysis  by  Foshag  gave : 

B„0,  CaO  X„0  Xa.O 

43.1.3  14.14  .Ho'.eS  (7.05) 

San  Bernardino  County :  Small  amounts  occur  at  the  colemanite 
deposit  near  Yerma  and  in  the  lower  part  of  Death  Valley.  It  has  also 
been  found  in  several  places  in  the  Mojave  Desert. 


f52  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

324,     HYDROBORACITE. 
Hydrous  borate  of  calcium  and  ma,i,'nesium,  CaMgBgOn.eHjO. 

Monoclinic.  Fibrous  masses.  Color  white  with  red  spots.  H  =  2; 
G=:1.9  — 2. 

Refractive   indices:     oc  =1.517:    «=1.534;  y  =  1.565. 

Fuses  easily  to  a  clear  glass  and  coloi-s  flame  green.  Calciuiu  and  mag- 
nesium can  l)e  detennined  by  precipitation  from  a  weak  hydrochloric  acid 
solution.  Gives  much  water  in  closed  tube.  Gives  also  the  wet  test  for 
boron   with  turmeric  paper. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  in  acicular  aggregates  with  the  colemanite  at 
Ryan. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  cok'niauite  near  Yerina,  but  in 
subordinate  amounts. 

Ventura  County:  Said  to  occur  at  the  colemanite  mines  of  Frazer 
Mountains. 


325.     BAKERITE. 
Hydrous  silico-boratc  of  calcium,  SCaO.GB^Oj.eSiOj.BH^O. 
Amorphous.     Massive.     Color  white  to  faint  green.     H  =  4.5;  G  =  2.7o. 
Refractive  index  :    n  =  1.583. 
The  reactions  obtained'  for  bakcritr   are  the  same  as  those  for  howlite. 

San  Bernardino  County:  This  new  borate  was  found  in  the  Mojave 
Desert,  about  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Daggett,  associated  with  howlite 
and  ulexite.     Described  and  named  by  Giles^^\ 

B2O3 

White    27.74 

Faint  green 26.85 


326,     HOWLITE. 

Hydrous  silico-borate  of  calcium,   HsCaoBsSiOu. 

Orthorhombic?  Round  nodules,  massive,  chalky.  Color  white.  Dull 
luster.     H-1  — 3.5;  G  =  2.5. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=1.58G;   «  =  1.508;  y  =  1.005. 

Fuses  easily  and  colors  the  flame  green.  Easily  soluble  and  precipitates 
silica.  Calcium  is  precipitated  with  ammonium  oxalate  from  a  weak  hydro- 
chloric acid  solution.  Yields  water  iu  a  closed  tube.  Gives  the  boron 
reaction  with  turmeric  paper. 

Howlite  is  an  associate  of  the  other  borates,  but  owing  to  the  silica 
present  it  is  not  utilized,  although  it  contains  a  large  amount  of  boric 
oxide, 

Inyo  County:  Massive  howlite  is  associated  with  the  colemanite  at 
Rvan. 


CaO 

SiOo 

HoO 

AloOsFeoOj 

34.88 

28.45 

8.30 

0.63 

35.22 

28.05 

8.66 

0.22 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  253 

Los  Angeles  Coimty:  Large  masses  of  compact  white  howlite  are 
common  in  the  colemanite  deposit  near  Lang,  and  the  mineral  has  been 
described  and  analysed  by  P]akle^'**\ 

B.O3  CaO  SiO"  H:;0 

45.0G  28.26  14.81  11.37  =100.38% 

San  Bernardino  Connty :  Large  masses  occur  associated  with  bakerite 
and  ulexite  in  the  ]\Iojave  Desert,  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Daggett, 
Giles^^^  Analyses  No.  1  is  of  soft  scaly,  and  No.  2  of  hard  rock-like 
material,  iiuuk^  by  Giles.  Analysis  No.  3  is  of  soft  white  material,  made 
by  Will.  Lawson. 


BoQ.., 

CaO 

SiOs 

HoO 

MgONasO 

]. 

44.38 

28.45 

15.50 

11.58 

0.00 

2. 

43.78 

28.44 

15.33 

11.39 

LOG 

3. 

44.32 

29.22 

15.31 

11.44 



=  100.29% 

NIOBATES-TANTALATES. 

The  niobate-tantalate  group  of  minerals  are  characteristic  of  acid 
pegmatite  veins.  They  are  mostly  of  high  specific  gravity,  varying  in 
(!olor  from  yellow  tn  lirown  ;inil  black,  jiiid  ol'teii  contain  tli<'  rare-earth 
oxides. 

327.     PYROCHLORE. 

Niobate  of  titanium,   calcium,  cerium  aud   thorium. 

Isometric.     Commoulj-   in   octahedrons.     Color   dark    reddish   brown. 

Streak  light  yellowish  brown.     H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  4.32. 

Kcfractive  index:    }i  =  l.!)(). 

Insoluble  and  infusible.  Fused  with  bora.x  as  a  tiux,  the  fused  mass  pow- 
d'.-red  and  then  dissolved  by  Iwilins  in  hydrochloric  acid.  If  metallic  tin  is 
mhled  and  the  solution  boiled  flown  lo  small  bulk,  the  color  of  the  solution 
lieeomes  at   first  violet,  due  to  tilnnium,  an<l  then  blue,  due  to  the  niol)ium. 

San  Diego  County :  A  dark  brown  isotropic  mineral,  presumably 
pyrochlore,  surrounded  by  microlite,  came  from  some  locality  in  the 
county,  Rogers^^\ 

328.      MICROLITE. 

Tautalate  of  calcium,  Ca/raLOr. 

Isometric.  Often  small  octahedrons.  Color  pale  yellow  to  brown.  Luster 
resinous.     H  =  5.5;  G  =  5.4S. 

Refractive  index:    ?i  =  1.925. 

Insoluble  and  infusible.  The  nmetions  are  similar  to  those  for  pyro- 
ehlore.  Fused  with  potassium  l)isulphate  or  potassium  hydroxide,  the  fusion 
dissolved  in  hydrochloric  arid  and  the  solution  boiled  down  with  tin.  it 
assumes  a  deep  blue  color. 

San  Diego  County :  This  rare  tantalate  has  been  found  in  the  county, 
exact  locality  unknown,  as  a  honey-yellow  mineral  associated  with 
albite,  lepidolite,  tourmaline  and  colorless  apatite.  A  few  crystals  are 
octahedral  with  narrow  faces  of  (Oil)  and  (311),  Rogers^^^ 


254:  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

329.     COLUMBITE— TANTALITE. 
Niobate  of  iron  and  manganese    (Fe,Mn)Nb;Oc. 

Orthorlioiiibic.      Prismatif  t-rystals.   ninssivc.     Color  iron-black.  Itrowiiisli 

black.  Suhnicfallic  Instcr.  Stroak  dark  brown  to  black.  11  =  6; 
G  =  5.3— 7.:i. 

R«-fractivc  indices:     oc=2.r.>:  ^  =  2.2.') ;  y  =  2.:i4. 

Insoluble  and  practically  infusible.  Fused  with  i>otassiuui  bisulphate, 
then  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  the  solution  boiled  down  with  tin. 
it  assumes  a  deep  blue  color.  Gives  the  green  color  of  manganese  when 
fused  with  .sodium  carbonate. 

Fresno  County :  Massive  and  crystalline  black  columbite  has  been 
found  at  the  Reynolds  mine,  Kings  River  district. 

San  Diego  County:  Crystals  from  the  Little  Three  mine,  near 
Ramona,  were  described  by  Eakle^")  Forms:  (100),  (010),  (110), 
(130),  (150),  (160),  (021),  (111),  (221),  (211),  (121),  (131),  (141). 
Small  imperfect  crystals  found  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  have  the 
forms:  (100),  (210),  (130),  (103),  (133),  Rogers^^'^  Occurs  in  good 
crystals  associated  with  eassiterite,  tourmaline  all)ite  and  ortlioclase  in 
the  Chiliuahua  Valley,  Schaller'^*'. 


330.     STIBIOTANTALITE. 
Niobate  and  tantalate  of  antimony,   m  (SbO)oNboOe.H  (SbO)oTa„Oo. 

Orthorhombic.  Hemimorpliic  prisms,  twinned.  Color  light  brown  to  dark 
brown.  Resinous  to  adamantine  luster.  H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  5.98  —  7.37, 
mostly  6.6  —  6.7.     Fyroelectric. 

Refractive  indices:     a:  =2.374:   ^=2.404:  ^  =  2.457. 

Reduced  on  charcoal  w-ith  sodium  carbonate,  it  gives  a  white  coating  and 
metallic  brittle  bead  of  antimony.  Fused  with  ix)tassium  bisulphate,  fusion 
dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  solution  boiled  down  with  metallic 
tin  assumi^s  the  blue  coli)r  due  to  ni(>l)iiini  and  tantalum. 

San  Diego  County:  This  rare  mineral  was  found  in  small  amounts  in 
the  pegmatite  veins  at  Mesa  Grande  associated  with  gem  tourmaline, 
pink  beryl,  quartz,  orthoclase,  lepidolite  and  eassiterite.  It  was  de- 
scribed and  analysed  by  Penfield  and  Ford'^^\  Forms:  (100),  (110), 
ri30),  (209),  (203),  '(4.12.9),  (043),  (100),  (110),  (130),  (209), 
(203),  (4.12.9).  The  analyses  show  a  varying  amount  of  niobium  and 
tantalium  to  antimony. 

(Nb,Ta)o05        Sb^Os  BiaOs 

55.33  44.26  0.33  =  99.92%  Sp.G.  =  6.72 

50.30  49.28  0.53  =100.11  Sp.G.  =  5.98 

(Nb,Ta):03  NboOs  Ta^Os 

55.33  =  18.98  36.35% 

50.30  =  39.14  11.16% 

The  mean  of  three  analj'ses  of  this  stibiotantalite  by  Foote  and  Lang- 
ley  ^^^  gave: 

Sb.O,  Bi„0,  Ta..O-,  Nb.O, 

40.95  0.60  41.02  16.19  =  W.667o 


MINERALS   OP   CALIFORNIA.  255 

TUNGSTATES. 

The  three  valuable  tungsten  minerals,  scheelite,  wolframite  and 
hiibnerite,  have  been  found  in  several  localities  in  the  State,  but  only 
scheelite  has  until  lately  been  worked  for  tungsten.  The  manganese 
tungstate,  hiibnerite,  usually  contains  iron  and  grades  into  the  iron- 
manganese  tungstate,  wolframite. 


331.     WOLFRAMITE— HOBNERITE. 
Tuugstate  of  manganese  and  iron   (Mn,Fe)  WOi. 

Monoclinic.  Thick  tabular  crystals  and  massive.  Perfect  clinopina- 
coidal  cleavage.  Color  dark  grayish  or  brownish  black,  brownish  red. 
Thin  splinters  often  deep  red.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black.  Luster 
metallic  to  submetallic.     H=:5  —  5.5;  G  =  7.2  —  7.5. 

Refractive  indices:    a:=-'.2G;  ^=2.32;  ^  =  2.42.      (Wolframite.) 
Refractive  indices:    cc=2.17;    «=2.22;  ^  =  2.32.      (Hiibnerite.) 

Fusible,  but  i-ather  insoluble.  Fused  with  sodium  carbonate,  gives  blue- 
green  fusion  ;  the  fused  mass  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid  ami  tln'ii  Ivoilcd 
down  with  iiit'tallic  tin,  the  solution  beoimies  deo])  lilue,  later  turning  tt) 
brown.     'I'hi'  iiliosjihorous  salt  i)ead  of  tungsten   in   the  reducing  flame  is  a 

tilli'    blue. 

Inyo  County :  Boulders  of  black  wolframite  have  been  found  in 
Death  Valley. 

Kern  County :   Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  at  "Woody. 

Madera  County :  Large  crystals  and  masses  weighing  several  pounds 
occur  in  quartz,  about  twelve  miles  north  of  Raymond.  The  quartz 
•vein  with  the  wolframite  is  in  an  andalusite  schist. 

Mariposa  County:  Crystals  and  massive  wolframite  have  been  found 
near  Buchanan. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Veins  of  wolframite  wdth  some  scheelite 
have  been  located  in  the  Clark  ^Mountains.  Hiibnerite  associated  with 
triplite  occurs  at  Camp  Signal  about  nine  miles  north  of  Goffs.  Occurs 
in  a  (|uartz  vein  with  chalcopyrite,  sphalerite  and  galena  at  the  Saga- 
more mine,  New  York  Mountains. 

Siskij'ou  County :  Said  to  occur  in  quartz  in  one  of  the  mines  of  the 
county. 


256  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

332.     SCHEELITE. 

Tun8:3tate  of  calcium,  CaWO^. 

Tetiasoual.  Pyramidal  crystals  and  massive.  Color  white,  yellow, 
brown.     Vitreous  luster.     H=4.5  —  5;  6  =  5.9  —  6.1. 

Kefractivo    indices:     £  =  l.!lv}4i;    („:=1.01S. 

Difficult  to  fuse  and  only  solnbh;  by  Imilinjj  in  strong  hydrochloric  acid, 
the  solution  becomes  bright  yellow  jind  tinigstic  oxide  is  precijjitated.  On 
the  addition  of  tin  and  boiling,  the  sfjiution  turns  blue  and  later  brown. 
Ammonia  and  ammonium  oxalate  i'.dded  to  tlie  diluted  hydrochloric  acid 
solution  will  precipitate  the  calcium. 

Scheelite  is  the  principal  tungsten  ntineral  of  the  State  and  important 
deposits  exist.  It  is  frequently  found  in  isolated  crystals  and  patches 
in  quartz-feldspar  veins  and  has  been  reported  from  several  localities. 

Fresno  County :  Found  at  contact  of  limestone  and  granite  near 
Trimmer.     Reported  from  thirt}'  miles  northwest  of  Coalinga. 

Inyo  Count}^ :  Scheelite  in  white  and  yellowish  grains  and  occasion- 
ally in  crystals  intermixed  with  a  dark  brown  garnet  mass  occurs  in 
Deep  Canyon  about  eight  miles  west  of  Bishop,  and  also  at  several 
l)oints  a  few  miles  south.  Other  minerals  of  the  district  are :  silliman- 
ite,  quartz,  muscovite,  diopside,  wollastonite,  epidote,  vesuvianite,  cal- 
cite,  phlogopite,  apatite,  andesite,  titanite,  biotite  and  quartz.  The 
deposit  is  of  contact  metamorpliic  origin  and  has  been  described  by 
Knopf '^'>. 

Kern  County :  Small  amounts  of  scheelite  occur  in  the  Amalie,  Rand 
and  Stringer  districts,  associated  with  gold.  Occurs  in  the  Yellow 
Aster  mine.  Randsburg,  and  in  the  Winnie,  Sidney  and  other  mines  of 
the  Stringer  district.  Occurs  in  massive  green  epidote  M'ith  quartz 
and  calcite  at  the  Cadillac  claims.  Greenhorn  mining  district,  near- 
Kernville.  Found  with  wolframite  in  Slick  Rock  Canyon  near  Glenn- 
ville.  As  a  contact  mineral  near  Weldon.  In  the  Amalie  district  it 
occurs  in  Jawbone  Canyon  with  p>'rite  and  gold-bearing  Galena. 
Occurs  with  molybdenite  and  possilily  pow(41ite  in  Black  ]\Iottntains 
about  twenty  miles  northwest  of  Randsl)urg.  Occurs  in  a  garnetiferous 
rock  on  the  west  slope  of  Greenhorn  INIountains  along  Cedar  and  Slick 
Rock  Creeks.  The  garnet  rock  also  contains  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  chalco- 
pyrite,  hornblende,  black  tourmaline,  quartz  and  feldspar.  Sheelite 
and  quartz  as  veinlets  occur  in  a  hornblende  schist  at  the  Cottonwood 
mine,  Kelso  district. 

Nevada  County:  A  few  brownish  yellow  masses  were  found  in  a 
quartz  ledge  at  Howard  Hill,  Grass  Valley,  Hanks^^\  Small  amounts 
of  reddish  brown  scheelite  occurred  at  the  3,000-foot  level  of  the  Empire 
mine,  Grass  Valley.  Veins  of  white  scheelite  intermixed  with  quartz 
and  feldspar  occur  at  the  Union  Hill  mine,  Grass  Valley,  and  is  mined. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  most  important  veins  of  scheelite  occur 
at  Atolia  in  the  Papoose  and  other  claims.     The  scheelite  occurs  in  a 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  257 

quartz-feldspar  vein,  and  is  jicnerally  intimately  mixed  with  the  pnigue, 
forming  a  low  grade  ore.  Some  scheelite  is  associated  with  wolframite 
in  Clark  Mountain.  (Jecurs  in  limestone  at  contact  with  granite  asso- 
ciated with  garnet  and  epidote  in  clear  pyramidal  crystals  in  the  ^lor- 
ongo  district.  Sometimes  massive  np  to  three  feet  in  width  and  high 
grade. 

San  Diego  County :  ]\lassive  brown  scheelite  has  been  found  at 
Julian.     Tt  occurs  in  quartz  fi\e  miles  southeast  of  Laguna  Mountains. 

Siskiyou  County :  Scheelite  in  crystals  has  been  observed  at  Scott 
Bar. 

Tulare  County:  Small  amounts  of  yellow  scheelite  liave  come  from  a 
locality  east  of  Visalia. 

Tuolumne  County  :  A  small  amount  found  on  the  Mackey  Ranch, 
three  miles  from  Jamestown. 


333.     CUPROSCHEELITE— Cuprotungstite. 

Tungstate  of  copper  and  calcium    (Ca.Cu)WOi. 

rji-anular,  incrustations.  Color  olive-green,  pistachio-green.  Vitreous 
luster.     H=^1.5  — 5. 

Refractive  index:  /3=2.15. 

( 'MprosL-lu'clitc  will  give  similar  reactions  to  scheelite.  The  presence  of 
copper  can  be  told  by  the  borax  bead. 

Kern  County:  Reported  to  have  been  found  with  radiating  black 
tourmaline  at  the  Green  Monster  mine,  twelve  miles  east  of  White  River, 
Hanks(i>. 

MOLYBDATES. 

334.     WULFENITE. 
Molybdatc  of  lead,  PbMoOi. 

Tetragonal.     Thin  lahular  crystals;  sometimes  pyramidal.     Color  orange- 
yellow,  bright  red.     Adamantine  luster.     H  =  2.5  —  3;  G  =  6.7  —  7. 
K(!rrii(tivr   indices:    trTl'.;{04 :   ,„  =  L'.402. 

Jteduced  on  charcoal,  using  sodium  carbonate  as  ilu.x,  it  yields  metallic 
lead  and  a  yellow  coating.  Easily  fusible  and  soluble.  Powder  dissolved 
in  a  few  drops  of  strong  sulphuric  acid  by  Iwiling,  gives  a  solution  which 
turns  blue  when  a  small  amount  of  organic  matter  is  introduced,  a  piece 
of  pai)er  the  size  of  a  pin  head  generally  being  sufficient;  the  blue  solution 
turns  bix)wn   in  a  short  time. 

El  Dorado  County :    Occurs  in  small  grains  near  Garden  Valley. 

Inyo  County:  Crystals  of  wulfeuite  occurred  with  the  linarite  and 
caledonite  of  the  Cerro-  Gordo  mine.  Has  been  observed  in  the  Darwin 
mines  associated  with  croeoite. 

Kern  County :  Wulfenite  was  found  six  miles  northeast  of  Kane 
Springs,  Hanks^^^. 

17—22132 


.258  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Plumas  County:  Found  at  the  Diadem  Lode  on  Muraford  Hill. 

Riverside  County :  Occurs  associated  with  crocoite  at  the  El  Dorado 
mine  near  Indio.  Said  to  occur  in  the  gold  mine  of  Chuckawalla 
^Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Considera])le  wulfenite  was  found  with  the 
lead  carbonate  of  the  Silver  Reef  district,  Storms^^'.  Light  red  crystals 
of  wulfenite  occurred  with  galena,  mimetite  and  malachite  about  eighty 
miles  north  of  Barstow.  Crystals  coming  from  Lavic  were  described 
by  Guild  and  Wartman^i'.  Forms  observed  were :  (001),  (012),  (Oil), 
(113),  (111)  and  (133).  Occurs  associated  with  vauadinite  at  the 
Vanadium  King  mine  near  Golfs. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Found  at  the  Fairview  mine. 


335.     POWELLITE. 
Molybdate  of  calcium,   Oa  Mo  Oj 
Tetragoual.    Minute  pyramids.    Color  grei-nish  yellow.     IIr=3..5 ;  G  =  4.53. 
Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.967;  (y  =  l.'JT8. 

Fusible  with  difficulty  to  a  gray  mass.  Soluble  in  nitric  and  hydrochloric 
acids.  A  deep  blue  solution  is  obtained  by  boiling  the  powdered  mineral 
in  a  few  drops  of  strong  sulphuric  acid  and  adding  a  pin-head  scrap  of 
paper. 

Powellite  is  a  rare  molybdate  and  is  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral 
usually  by  the  alteration  of  molybdenite. 

Kern  County:  Found  in  the  Black  Mountains  as  an  oxidation  prod- 
uct from  molybdenite  with  which  it  is  associated. 

URANATES. 

The  uranium  minerals  are  very  rare  and  only  one  or  two  specimens 
of  them  have  been  found  in  California.  All  uranates  are  highly  radio- 
active and  pitchblende  is  one  of  the  ores  of  rndiuin.  so  it  is  a  very 
valuable  minornl. 

336.     URANINITE— Pitchblende. 
Uranate  of  uranyl,  lead  and  the  rare  earths. 

Isometric.  Crystals  rare.  Generally  massive  and  granular.  Color 
grayish  to  brownish  black.  Streak  brownish  black  or  greenish.  Sub- 
metallic  to  pitch-like  luster.     H  =  5.5;  G  =  9  —  9.7. 

The  phosphorous  salt  bead  of  uranium  is  yellowish-green  in  the  oxidiz- 
ing flame  and  a  fine  clear  green  in  the  reducing  flame.  Uranium  minerals 
arv'  very   heavy  and  all  arc  strongly  radioactive. 

Calaveras  County :  The  only  known  occurrence  of  the  heavy  brown 
pitchblende  was  at  the  Rathgeb  mine,  near  San  Andreas,  where  it  was 
found  in  acicular  crystals  in  a  pocket  with  spongy  gold,  quartz  and 
clay,  Rickard^^\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  259 

337.     URACONITE— Uranocher. 
Hydrous  iiranate  or  sulphato-urauate. 
Amorphous,  earthy  or  scaly.     Color  lemon-yellow. 
Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.75;  Q=l.li);  y  =  l.S5. 

In   addition   to   the  uranium    reaction,   the   mineral    will    i;iv.'   wntcr   in    ;i 
closed    tube. 

Calaveras  County:  This  occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  pitch- 
blende at  the  Ratgeb  mine,  in  coatings  immediately  in  contact  with  the 
gold.  Rickard(i>. 


260 


STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


SULPHATES  AND  HYDROCARBONS. 


Anliydrous. 
Mascagnite 
Thenardite 
Aphthitalito 
Arcanite 
Glauberite 
Barite 
Celestite 
Anglesite 
Anhydi'ite 
Sulfohalite 
Hanksite 
Leadbillite 
Caledonite 
Brochantite 
Linarite 


Hydrous. 
Mirabilite 
Gypsum 
Epsomite 
(joslarite 
Morenosite 
Melanterite 
Pisanite 
P>ioberite 
Boothite 
Chalcanthite 
Bli5dile 

Boussiugaultite 
Kallnite 
Tschermigite 
Mondozite 


Pickering!  te 

Ilalotricbite 

Sonomaite 

Coqiiimbite 

Alunogen 

liomoritf 

Copiapite 

Knoxvillite 

Rediugtonite 

Fihroforrite 

Botryogen 

Alunite 

Jarosite 

Dui'denite 


ANHYDROUS. 

338.     MASCAGNITE. 
Sulphate  of  ammonium   (NH4)oS0,i. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  in  mealy  crusts.  Color  lemon-yellow,  yel- 
lowish gray.  Vitreous  to  dull  luster.  H  =  2  —  2..5;G  =  1.70  —  1.77.  Bitter 
taste. 

Refractive  indices:     oc=l..")21:  ^=1..523;  y  =  l.;j:ii3. 

Soluble  in  water  and  very  easily  fusible.  Boiled  in  a  test  tube  with 
potassium  bisulphate,  it  gives  off  the  odor  of  ammonia.  F.arium  chloride 
added  to  the  solution  precipitates  barium  sulphate. 

Sonoma    Comity :  Goldsmith^^^    reported    finding    mascagnite    with 
boussingaultite  in  this  county  but  the  locality  was  not  given. 


339.     THENARDITE. 

Sulphate  of  sodium,  NrjSOi. 

Orthorhombic.     Pyramidal   crystals.     Color   white.     Vitreous   luster. 
11  =  2.68—3;  G  =  2.68— 2.69. 

Refractive  indices:     <x=l-'i04;    «  =  1.474;  y  =  1.4S.~. 

Soluble  in  water.     Barium  chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate.    Fuses 
easily,  coloring  the  flame  intensely  yellow. 

Imperial  County :  Extensive  deposit  of  the  sodium  sulphate  occurs 
about  2^  miles  from  Pope  Siding. 

Inyo  County :  White  masses  of  sodium  sulphate  occur  in  the  Funeral 
Range  and  in  the  dry  depressions  of  Death  Valley.  Large  crystals,  some 
twinned,  occur  at  Deep  Springs  Valley.  The  crystals  are  blue-gray,  hav- 
ing the  forms  (001)  and  (110),  some  in  cruciform  twins. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  261 

San  Bernardino  County :  Thenardite  forms  layers  several  feet  in 
thickness  at  the  Searles  Borax  Lake.  Large  crystals  of  it  occur  often 
as  cruciform  twins.  The  crystals  were  described  by  Ayers^^^  Forms: 
(110),  (001),  (111),  (106),"(100). 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Soda  Lake  on  the  Carissa  Plains,  a  depres- 
sion between  the  Caliente  and  Tremblor  ranges,  is  a  dry  lake  with 
crusts  of  sodium  sulphate.     Analysis  of  this  crust  by  Steiger  gave: 

Insol.  AUG.,    MgO    CaO     NaoO      K^O    H.,0        SO3  CI  O 

0.40     0.04     1.66     0.4.-)     40.50     0.28     3.65     46.12     9.27      =102.37%  —  2.09=100.28 


340.     APHTHITALITE. 

Sulphato  of  potassium  and  sodium,    (.K.NaK.  SO^ 

Ithombohedral.  Tabular  crystals  and  crusts.  Color  white-trauspareut. 
Taste  saline  and  bitter.     H  =  3— 3.5;  0  =  2.63—2.65. 

Refractive  indices:  ^=1.499;  (^  =  1.491. 

Fuses  with  yellow  flame  which  shows  violet  through  blue  glass.  Barium 
chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate.     Soluble  in  water. 

The  double  salt  of  potassium  and  sodium  sulphate  is  sometimes 
formed  in  a  lake  deposit  or  about  the  vent  of  a  volcano. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Is  present  as  the  only  recognized  potash 
mineral  occurring  at  Searles  Lake.  Obtained  from  well  G  75  in  color- 
l(«s  crystals  associated  with  halite  on  a  mass  of  borax.  The  mineral  was 
analysed  and  its  occurrence  described  by  Fo.shag. 

K  Na  so,  Cl  H..O 

32.46  9.01 .  53.71  4.76  0.10  =  100.04 

This   is   equivalent   to  K.SO,  72.87%  ;    Na.SO,  18.38%  ;    NaCl  7.87%. 


341.     ARCANITE. 
Sulphate  of  potassium,  K^SOj. 

Orthorhombic.     Thin  basal  plates.     Colorless,  yellowish.     Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2. 

Refractive  iiidic's:     az-^A'M;  ^=L495;  y  =  1.497. 

Like  thenardite  in  its  reactions,  except  that  the  flame  is  violet. 

Orange  County :  Found  as  thin  crystals  in  a  mine-timber  in  Tunnel 
No.  1  of  the  Santa  Ana  Tin  Mining  Company  in  Trabuca  Canyon.  The 
crystals  are  twinned  on  the  prism  and  have  the  forms:  (001),  (111), 
(112),  (102),  Eakle(7>. 


262  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

342.     GLAUBERITE. 

Sulpliatt;  of  sodium  and  calcium,  NajSOi.CaSOj. 

Monocliuic.     Tabular  crystals.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color  yellowish 
white  or  gray.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2.5  —  3;  G  =  2.7  —  2.85. 
Kefractivo  indici's :     oc=1.5ir);    «=1.532;  y  =  l.r(36. 

Tartly  sohildc  in  wattn-  and  completely  soluble  in  dilute  acid.  Calcium 
is  liri'cipitatt'd  from  the  acid  solution  hy  adding  ammonia  and  ammonium 
oxalate.     Fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  yellow. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  doul)le  salt  of  soda  and  lime  is  also  a 
very  prominent  mineral  in  the  deposit  at  Searles  Borax  Lake.  It  is 
found  in  platy  crystals  with  the  forms:  (001),  (111),  vom  Rath^^^. 


343.      BARITE— Heavy   Spar. 

Sulphate  of  barium,  BaS04. 

Orthorhombic.  Tabular  and  jtrismatic  crystals,  massive,  lamellar,  granu- 
lar, concretionary.  Cleavage  perfect  basal  and  good  prismatic.  Color 
white,  yellow,  brown.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3.5;  G  =  4.3  —  4.6. 

Refractive  indices:     a:  =1.030:  ^8=  1.037;  y=:  1.048. 

Insoluble  in  acids.  Fuses  with  decrepitation  and  colors  the  flame  green, 
l^'used  with  sodium  carbonate  and  the  fused  mass  leacb.ed  with  boiling 
water,  gives  the  sulphate  in  .solution,  which  can  be  tested  with  barium 
chloride  and  leaves  the  precipitate  as  barium  earlK>uate,  which  can  be  tested 
for  barium. 

Barium  sulphate  is  one  of  the  common  minerals  of  the  State  and  some 
deposits  of  it  occur.  It  is  commonly  found  as  a  gangue  mineral  in  vein 
deposits,  and  is  especially  associated  with  galena,  and  therefore  promi- 
nent in  silver-lead  districts. 

Alpine  County:  Found  with  pyrite  and  enargite  at  the  IMorning  Star 
mine. 

Butte  County:  "With  gold  at  the  Pinkstown  ledge.  Big  Bend  Moun- 
tain, Turner  (1^ 

Calaveras  County:  Occurs  on  Carson  Hill  with  quartz  and  gold. 
Also  with  the  pyrite  at  Copperopolis  and  at  Carapo  Seco. 

El  Dorado  County :  Yellow  platy  barite  occurs  on  Slate  Mountain 
and  ten  miles  above  Georgetown. 

Fresno  County:  Nodules  and  large  concretions  of  dark  gray  impure 
barite  occur  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range. 

Inyo  County :  jMassive  barite  occurs  near  Independence ;  at  the 
Defiance  mine  with  native  sulphur ;  white  massive  at  Bishops  Creek, 
White  Mountains;  veins  in  the  Alabama  Range.  Deposits  of  massive 
barite  occur  twenty  miles  west  of  Shoshone. 

Kern  County :  Nodular  masses  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range. 

Lake  Count v  :   Some  barite  has  been  found  near  Glenbrook. 


.MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  263 

Jjos  Angeles  County  :  White  barite  occurs  near  Azusa.  Barite  was  a 
gangue  mineral  in  the  old  Kelsey  mine,  San  Gabriel  Canyon,  Storms(i>. 

Mariposa  County:  A  large  deposit  of  barite  occurs  about  two  miles 
west  of  El  Portal  which  has  produced  much  of  the  mineral  mined  in 
the  State.  The  barium  carbonate,  witherite.  is  associated  with  it. 

Mendocino  County :  A  large  deposit  occurs  near  Castella  on  moun- 
tains east  side  of  river,  Castle  Crags. 

]\lerced  County:  A  tribolumiscent  sphalente  mixed  with  barite  occurs 
near  INIereed  Falls. 

Mono  County:  Barite  has  been  found  as  a  gangue  mineral  near 
Bodie,  Benton  and  other  mining  districts.  Some  barite  has  been  found 
in  the  ^Nlono  Lake  district. 

Monterey  County:  A  deposit  occurs  on  Fremont  Peak. 

Napa  County :  Plates  of  barite  occur  at  the  Manhattan  mine,  Knox- 
ville,  with  cinnabar ;  platy  quartz  as  pseudomorphs  after  barite  also  are 
common  at  this  mine.  Occurs  associated  with  cinnabar  at  the  Oat  Hill 
mine. 

Nevada  County:  Occurs  with  gold  at  the  Malakoff  mine.  North 
Bloomtield.  Slender  prisms  of  barite  in  a  limonite  gangue  associated 
with  gold  occur  at  Pine  Hill  and  these  crystals  have  been  described  by 
Eakle(6).  Forms:  (100),  (010),  (110),  (210),  (320),  (530),  (130), 
(001),  (102),  (Oil),  (111),  (113).  A  large  deposit  of  white  barite 
occurs  live  miles  north  of  Alta.  Round  concretions  have  been  found  at 
the  Buckeye  Hill  min(\  White  veins  of  barite  occur  near  Graniteville. 
Tjarge  deposit  five  miles  northeast  of  "Washington,  pure  whito. 

Orange  County:  A  white  barite  gangue  occurred  with  the  tiemannite 
of  San  Joaquin  Ranch  mine. 

Placer  County :  AVhite  barite  comes  from  near  Lincoln. 

Plumas  County :  Found  associated  with  lead  and  copper  minerals  in 
Indian  Valley.  Small  veins  occur  in  altered  andesite  at  Indian  Valley 
Silver  Mine. 

San  Benito  County :  Pure  white  barite  occurs  in  limestone  on  Bardin 
]?anch,  Fremont  Peak. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Barite  was  common  as  a  gangue  in  the 
silver  districts  of  Calico  and  Barstow,  occurring  as  white  and  yellow 
platy  masses,  Lindgren^^\  Storms^^'.  Also  common  at  the  Imperial 
mine.  Occurs  six  miles  north  of  Barstow  in  limestone.  White  barite 
has  been  found  near  Trona.  One  of  the  minerals  occasionally  found  at 
Randsburg.     Reported  as  a  deposit  near  Ludlow. 

San  Diego  County:   Occurs  on  Red  Mountain. 

San  Francisco  County :  Needles  of  barite  have  been  found  at  Fort 
Point. 


264  STATE    MINIXG    BUREAU. 

San  Mateo  County:  Massive  barite  has  ])een  found  on  Permenente 
Creek. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  White  massive  at  Santa  Maria.  White 
massive  on  north  fork  of  La  Brea  Creek,  twenty  miles  from  Sisquoe. 
Wide  white  vein  in  sandstone  on  ridge  above  north  fork  of  La  Brea 
Creek. 

Santa  Chira  County:  Occurred  in  small  amounts  with  ganophyllite 
in  the  manganese  boulder  found  near  Alum  Rock  Park,  five  miles  east 
of  San  Jose.  Crystals  had  the  forms:  (110),  (111)  and  (001),  Rog- 
ers^"'. Occurs  as  veins  in  an  old  cinnabar  mine  on  Yagis  Creek,  eight 
miles  from  Gilroy.  Found  as  coarsely  crystallized  masses  in  the  Solis 
district. 

Shasta  County:  Barite  occurs  at  several  of  the  copper  mines  as 
a  gangue  mineral,  but  the  amount  is  small.  A  large  deposit  of  white 
massive  barite  occurs  2^  miles  north  of  Baird.  Large  deposit  occurs 
near  Copper  City. 

Siskiyou  County:  Found  with  argentiferous  galena  about  2i  miles 
north  of  Callahan. 

Trinity  County:  Dark  gray  barite  occurs  about  fifteen  miles  below 
Hayfork.  Small  tabular  crystals  occur  in  gold  ores  of  Five  Pines  mine 
associated  with  pink  calcite,  and  also  at  Delta  mine,  WcaNcrvillc  Quad- 
rangle. 

344.     CELESTITE. 
Sulphate  of  strontium,  SrSOi. 

Orthorhombic.  Crystals  and  ma.ssive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color- 
less, pale,  bluish.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  3.9o  — 3.97. 

Kofrai'tivo   indices:     a:=l.t>2"J;   ^  =  1.G24;   y=zl.(Wr>. 

Similnr  to  barite  in  its  reactions,  except  that  the  flame  is  ib'cj)  cmniino 
ri'd.      Slightly  soluble  in   .acid. 

Imperial  County:  Celestite  associated  with  gypsmn  beds  occurs  in 
the  Fish  Creek  Mountains,  thirty  miles  west  of  Brawley. 

Inyo  County:  Slender  l)luish  crystals  occur  with  the  colemanite  of 
Death  Valley  and  these  have  been  measured  by  Eakle^'^^  Forms: 
(001),  (110)",  (102),  (104),  (Oil),  (122),  (067). 

Mono  County :   Blue  celestite  has  come  from  the  county.   . 

San  Bernardino  County:  Long  crystals  occur  with  the  colentanite  of 
Calico  similar  to  those  from  Death  Valley.  Celestite  was  reported  as 
one  of  the  associated  minerals  of  Searles  Borax  Lake  by  Hanks^®*.  A 
large  deposit  si  lowing  as  wdiite  outcrops  visible  from  the  railroad  occurs 
on  southern  base  of  a  mountain  four  miles  northeast  of  Lavic.  Occurs 
as  veins  in  walls  of  jasper,  Mallery*^'.  Some  celestite  is  associated  with 
th.e  strontianite  on  Strontium  Hills,  ten  miles  north  of  Barstow. 


MIXKRALS    OF    CALIFOUNIA.  265 

345.  ANGLESITE. 
Sulphate  of  lead,  PbSO,. 

Orthoilioiubic.  riismalic  crystals  aud  massive.  Colorless,  white,  yellow. 
gray,  brown.     Adamantine  luster.     11  =  2.5  —  3;   G  =  6.12  —  6.30. 

Refractive  indices:    oc  =1-877;  jg  =  l.S82;  ^/  =  1.894. 

Reduced  on  charcoal,  using  sodium  carbonate  as  tlux.  to  uu'lallic  lead. 
Siisrhtly  soluble  and  haritim  cldoridL'  added  to  the  acid  soluti<iii  precipitates 
harium  siilpliate. 

The  sulphate  of  lead  i.s  a  very  eoimiioii  oxidation  produet  of  galena, 
consequently  it  is  often  found  in  lead  districts  usually  in  small  amounts. 

Inyo  County :  Considerable  anglesite  has  been  formed  from  the  lead 
sulphides  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district.  Found  associated  with  bind- 
heimite,  galena  and  linarite  at  the  Modoc  mine;  gray  masses  banded 
with  eerussite  occur  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine.  Good  crystals  associated 
with  linarite  and  caledonite  have  come  from  this  mine,  with  the  forms : 
(001),  (100).  (110),  (104),  (111),  (122),  Eakle^''.  Crystals  with  the 
forms:  (001),  (102),  (Oil),  (112),  (111),  (122),  (324),  (110),  (120) 
and  (010)  were  described  by  Guild'^'.  Associated  with  eerussite  and 
galena  in  limestone  at  the  Ubehebe  mine. 

Kern  County  :  Anglesite  as  an  oxidation  of  lead  sulphide  occurs  seven 
miles  northwest  of  Randsburg. 

Mono  County:  Anglesite  occurs  witli  galena  in  the  Benton  district. 

Riverside  County:  Anglesite  has  been  identified  as  one  of  the  min- 
erals at  the  Crestmore  quarry. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Massive  and  in  crystals  at  the  Ibex  mine. 
Black  Mountains. 

346.  ANHYDRITE. 

Sulphate  of  calcium,  CaSOi. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  granular  or  lamellar  massive.  Color  white, 
bluish  white.     Vitreous  luster.     Hz=3  — 3.5;  0  =  2.89  — 2.9S. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1-571;    «  =  1.57G;  y=:1.014. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  barium  chloride  added  will  pre<;ipilate 
barium  sulphate.  Calciuiu  is  i)reci])itated  by  adding  amniuuia  and  anunon- 
ium  oxalate  to  the  dilute  acid  solution.     Gives  no  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Inyo  County:  Found  massive  at  the  St.  Ignacio  and  Cerro  Gordo 
mines.     Also  in  the  Panamint  and  Funeral  Ranges. 

Mono  County:  Associated  with  ])arite  at  the  Mammoth  mine,  Mineral 
Hill. 

Orange  County :  Found  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  near  Anaheim, 
Hanks(6). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Anhydrite  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
associated  uunerals  at  Searles  Borax  Lake,  Hanks'''\    Deposits  with 


266  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

sypsuiii  on  llie  Owl  Mountains,  near  Owl  Springs,  and  on  Avawate 
^Mountains. 

San  Diego  County :   Some  anhydrite  has  been  found  at  M&sa  Grande. 

Shasta  County :  Anhydrite  partly  altered  to  gypsum  occurs  at  the 
deep  levels  of  Bully  Hill  and  Rising  Star  mines. 


347.     SULFOHALITE. 

Chloro-sulphate  of  sodium,  3Na2S04.2NaCl. 

Isometric.  Rhombic  dodecahedrons  with  cubes  and  tetrahedrons.  Color 
faint  greenish  yellow.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3.5;  G  =  2.4S9. 

Refractive  index:    h  =  1.454. 

Soluble  in  water,  and  barium  chlorido  precipitates  barium  sulphate. 
Silver  nitrate  precipitates  from  the  solution  acidified  with  nitric  acid,  silver 
chloride.     Fuses  with  intumescence,  coloring  the  flame  yellow. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  as  small  crystals  implanted  on 
hanksite,  at  Searles  Borax  Lake,  and  was  described  as  a  new  mineral 
and  named  by  Hidden  and  Mackintosh "^^^  ^2)  Forms:  (111),  (101), 
(100). 

so.-,  CI       Na^COs  Na.SO^      NaCl     Na^COa 

42.48       13.12       1.77     =     75.41       21.62       1.77       =9S.S07o     Sp.G  =  2.4S9 

Small  crystals  of  sulphohalite  as  octahedrons  were  described  by  Gale 
and  Hicks*^'  from  Searles  Lake.   Anal^'sis  by  Hicks: 

so,  Xa.O  Na  CI  F  Loss  above  200°  C 

42.00  32..50  11.35  0.19  [4.71]  0.25 

Equivalent  to  2  Na.S04.  NaCI.  XaF. 


348.      HANKSITE. 

Carbonato-sulphate  of  sodium,  4Xa;S04.Na;C03. 

Ilexagoual.        Prismatic,      tabular.        Color      white.        Vitreous      luster. 
H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  2.562.     Taste  saline. 

Refractive  indices:    £  =  1.4ijl  :  (,j  =  1.481. 

rjasily  soluble  in  water.  Shov>s  a  slight  effen-escence  when  dropped  into 
diluti>  hydrochloric  acid.  Barium  chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate. 
Fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  yellow.  Potash  is  sometimes  present,  giving 
a   violet   flame  wh?n  seen  through  blue  glass  or  the  Mei*^in  color  screen. 

The  double  soda  salt  is  quite  common  in  the  borax  lake  districts  where 
it  has  crystallized  in  large  hexagonal  crystals.  It  was  discovered  as  a 
new  mineral  in  1885  and  its  occurrence  is  practically  limited  to  this 
State. 

Inyo  County :  Some  hanksite  is  found  with  the  borax  in  the  sinks  of 
Death  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  First  discovered  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  as 
one  of  the  numerous  crystallization  products  and  was  described  as  a 
neAv  mineral  and  named  by  Hidden^^^,  with  an  analysis  by  ]\Iackiutosh. 


267 

.     Analysed 

by  :\Iack- 

iisol.      lyn. 



-   99.99% 

4.41       1.32 

:^  100.00 

U.IH 

:3    99.81 

0.12 

=   99.73 

MINERALS    OF    CALIFOKNIA. 

Forms:  (0001),  (lOTO),  (lOTl),  (2021),  (4045). 
intosh.  Dana  and  Penficld^'^  and  by  Pratt^^\ 

SO;,  COs  Cl  NaaO  KoO 

Miukiiitosli 45.89  5.42  2.30  46.34 

Peulield   43.59  5.42  2.13  40.8G  2.33 

Tnitt    45.93  5.05  2.21  43.35  2.48 

45.78  5.03  2.28  43.61  2.31 

349.  LEADHILLITE. 

Carbouato-sulphule  of  lead,  41'bO.SO,.2CO:.n:0. 

Monotlinic.  Tabular  crystals.  ("k'avii.;;c  perfect  basal.  Col(  r  white, 
yellowish,  greenish.     A'itreous  to  pearly  luster.     11=2.5;  G  =  0.20  —  6.49. 

Refractive  indices:     a:  =1.87;  «  =  2.(K»:  ,,  =  2.01. 

Easily  reduced  ou  charcoal  to  metallic  lead,  giving  a  yellow  coatin^. 
Effervesces  slightly  iu  hydrochloric  acid.  Barium  chloride  precipitates  from 
the  acid  solution  barium  sulidiate.  (iives  a  small  amount  of  wat?r  in  a 
closed    tube. 

Inyo  County :  Found  as  pale  sea-green  crystals  at  the  Cerro  Gordo 
mine,  associated  with  linarite  and  caledonite,  with  the  forms*:  (001), 
(110),  (100),  and  a  prism.  Rogers" \ 

350.  CALEDONITE. 

Basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper  (Pb.Cu)  Sd.  (Pb,Cu)  (OH).. 

Orthorhombic.  Small  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  bluish 
a:reen  and  dark  emerall-irreen.  llesinous  to  vitreous  luster.  11  =  2.5  —  3: 
G  =  6.4. 

Fu.sed  ou  charcoal  with  sodium  carbonate,  it  becomes  reduced  to  metallic 
lead  globules  and  coats  the  coal  yellow  near  the  assay.  Barium  chloride 
added  to  thf  hydrochloric  acid  solution  precipitates  barium  sulidiate : 
ammonia  afld(>d  to  the  solution  gives  th:>  I)luo  color  due  to  copper,  (iivi's 
a  small  amount  of  water  in  a  clased  tube.    Easily  fusible. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  as  small  emerald-green  crystals  associated  with 
linarite  and  brochantite  at  Cerro  Gordo.  Described  by  Eakle^''\ 
Forms:  (001),  (110),  (040),  (Oil),  (111),  (201),  (021),  (012),  (013), 
(221),  (223),  (014),  (203).  Bright  green  crystals  from  Cerro  Gordo 
described  by  Guild<^>  had  the  forms:  (001),  (Oil),  (010),  (113),  (223), 
(221),  (110)  and  (201). 

351.      BROCHANTITE. 

Basic  sulphate  of  copper,  CuSOi.3Cu(OH)2. 

Orthorhombic.  Small  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  brachypinacoidal. 
Color  emerald-green,  dark  green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  3.907. 

Refractive   indices:      «:=  1-7.30:    «  =  1.778;   y  =  1.803. 

Easily  fusible.  ReduoiMl  on  charcoal  with  smdium  carbonate,  yields  metal- 
lic copper.  Barium  chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate  from  a  hydro- 
chloric acid  solution.  Ammonia  added  to  solution  gives  a  blue  color. 
Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Calaveras  County :  Druses  of  small  dark  green  crystals,  derived  from 
chalcopyrite,  occur  at  Copperopolis,  Rogers' ^\ 


268  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  as  small  dark  emerald-green  crystals  at  the 
Cerro  Gordo  mine,  associated  ^\•ith  linarite  and  caledonite.  The 
crystals  have  the  forms:  (010),  (110),  (120),  (001),  (012),  (101), 
(041),  Eakle^^'.  Occurs  with  chrysoeolla  in  the  Panamint  Mountains 
near  headAvatere  of  Cottonwood  Creek. 

Plumas  County :   Occurs  in  crystals  at  the  Engels  Copper  mine. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Observed  as  coatings  on  breccia  at  Stagg. 


352.     LINARITE. 
Basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper  (Pb,Cu)  S04.(Pb,Cu)  (OH),. 

Monocliuic.  Small  crystals,  divergent  columnar  and  platy.  Cleavage 
perfect  orthopinacoidal.  Color  deep  azure-blue.  Streak  pale  blue.  Vit- 
reous to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  5.3  —  5.45. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=l.SC(9:   ^  =  1.S3.S;   y  =  1.859. 

Reactions  for  linarite  are  like  those  for  caledonite.  The  two  are  often 
associated,   but   are   easily   distinguished   by   color. 

Inyo  County:  Beautiful  divergent,  columnar  masses  of  deep  azure- 
blue  linarite  were  obtained  in  the  Cerro  CTordo  mines  during  the  early 
days  of  mining  there,  the  specimens  sometimes  being  banded  with  green 
caledonite  and  brochantite.  Fine  crystals  were  also  obtained  from 
pockets  and  cavities  in  the  massive  mineral.  The  Cerro  Gordo,  Crapo, 
St.  Ignacio  and  other  mines  of  the  loealitj^  contained  the  linarite  in  the 
oxidized  zones  of  the  deposit.  Rogers^^)  gives  several  of  the  forms  on 
the  linarite  crystals.  Forms:  (001),  (100),  (110),  (010),  (201),  (TOl). 
Eak]e(")  gives  additional  forms:  (210),  (012),  (Oil),  (203),  (Tl2), 
(211),  (716),  (14.0.1),  (302),  (211).  Crystals  show  twinning  on 
the  orthopinacoid. 


HYDROUS. 

353.      MIRABILITE— Glauber    Salt. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  sodium,  XaoSOi.lOHoO. 

Monocliuic.  Generally  as  crusts  and  efflorescences.  Color  white.  Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  1.5  —  2;  G  =  1.4S.     Taste  salt  and  bitter. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=1.3»4:  ^  =  1.39G;  y  =  1.398. 

Sohiblt'  in  water.  Gives  an  intensp  yellow  flame  when  heated.  Barium 
chloride  precipitates  from  the  acid  stilutiou  barium  sulphate.  Gives  much 
water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Mirabilite  generally  occurs  as-  white  crusts  and  efHoresceuces  and  it 
is  sometimes  found  on  the  walls  of  mines  where  sulphide  ores  are 
decomposing.    It  is  also  found  as  crusts  about  dry  alkali  lakes. 

lni])erial  ("oiiiitx  :  Glauber  salt  is  associated  with  the  thenardite  at 
]*ope  Siding. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  269 

Napa  County :  It  oecurred  on  the  walls  of  the  tunnels  in  the  old 
Redington  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Forms  crusts  about  some  of  the  dry  salt 
basins  of  this  county. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Found  on  Carrizo  Plains. 


354.     GYPSUM— Gypsite. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  calcium,  CaS04.2H;0. 

Monocliuic.  Crystals,  massive,  granular,  fibrous,  lamellar.  Cleavage 
perfect  cliuopinacoidal.  Colorless,  white,  light  browu,  reddish.  Vitreous 
luster.     11  =  1.5;  0  =  2.31  —  2.32. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.520;  ^  =  1.523;  y  =  1.530. 

Easily  soluble  in  dilute  hj-drochloric  acid.  Ammonia  and  ammonium 
oxalate  added  to  the  solution  precipitates  calcium  oxalate.  Gives  water  in 
a  closed  tube  and  crumbles  to  a  white  powder. 

Gypsum  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State,  but  extensive  deposits 
of  good  pure  gypsum  are  exceptional.  The  mineral  is  easily  formed 
by  the  action  of  sulphated  waters  on  limestone,  consequently  small 
amounts  of  the  mineral  are  usual  in  mining  regions  where  sulphides 
are  decomposing.  Larger  deposits  are  generally  bedded  deposits  formed 
by  the  evaporation  of  lime  sulphate  waters  and  these  are  apt  to  be 
quite  impure  from  admixtures  of  lime  carbonate  and  clay. 

Selenite,  satin  spar,  alahasicr  and  gypsite  are  varietal  names.  The 
granular,  bedded  and  efflorescent  deposits  are  the  only  kind  in  the 
State  of  value  and  the  term  "gypsite"  is  generally  applied  to  the 
material  of  such  deposits. 

The  1(  cations  of  some  of  the  deposits  are  givv.'n,  and  the  nnneral  is 
frequently  mentioned  in  descriptions  of  the  counties. 

Hess^^^  has  given  us  a  more  recent  description  of  the  gypsum  re- 
sources of  the  State. 

Alpine  County :  Small  amounts  occur  at  Bulliana. 

Butte  County  :  Found  at  the  St.  Clair  mine.  A  vein  of  gray  gypsum 
occurs  one  mile  from  Pent/  near  road  to  Cherokee  Flat. 

Colusa  County :  Small  amounts  occurred  with  the  sulphur  at  Sulphur 
Creek. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Selenite  gypsum  is  common  in  the  coal  seams 
at  Antioch  and  near  Danville.     Disks  of  selenite  occur  near  Clayton. 

Fresno  County:  Deposits  of  gypsite  occur  on  the  low  hills  on  the 
north  and  south  sides  of  Tomey  Creek,  about  eighteen  miles  southwest 
of  Mendota,  and  along  Cantua  Creek.  In  the  Coalinga  oil  district 
there  are  frequent  occurrences  of  gypsite.  Occurs  in  San  Joaquin  mine, 
four  miles  northwest  of  Coalinga.  Deposit  west  of  Huron.  Satin  spar 
occurs  in  Oil  Creek  Canyon. 


270  STATE  TUNING  BUREAU. 

Imperial  County:  Yellow  selciiile  has  conic  i'l-om  a  locality  about 
five  miles  west  of  Volcano.  An  extensive  bed  of  gypsum  associated  with 
celestite  occurs  in  the  Fish  ('reek  .Mountains  about  thirty  miles  west  of 
Brawley.    Analysis  of  Fish  ('reck  Mountain  siypsuiu  by  J.  0.  Handy: 


SiO. 

A1,.0, 

Fe.,0., 

1  'a( ) 

.Mg< » 

HO, 

H,0 

(1.01' 

0.21 

0.14 ' 

.".L'.T.". 

O.OS 

47.17 

l.<7.3 

Occurs  on  south  slope  of  Coyote  ]\rountains.  thriu'  miles  northwest  of 
Coyote  Wells.    High  grade  near  Dixieland. 

Inyo  County:  Fibrous  gypsum  occurs  at  Clark's  Fork,  Amargosa 
River.  Small  amounts  occur  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district.  Deposits  occur 
between  Teeopa  and  Acme.  Satin  s]>ar  occurs  in  long  fibrous  masses  on 
('lark's  Fork,  Amargosa  River. 

Kern  County:  Hess^^^  reports  good  deposits  of  gypsite  in  the  Lost 
Hills  about  twenty-five  miles  west  of  Wasco.  An  analysis  of  the 
material  was  made  by  C.  W.  Wells  and  quoted  by  Hess. 


CaO 

SOr, 

H.O 

CI 

Fe.O.. 

COo 

SiOo 

AloOo 

Na.O 

KoO 

MgO 

29.5 

40.7 

19.1 

uone 

0.4 

0.7 

r>.3 

1.7 

1.2 

0.6 



=  99.2% 

29.9 

40.8 

19.4 

noue 

0.3 

G.l 

1.4 

2.0 

0.5 

__ 

=  100.4 

Impure  gypsite  is  common  in  the  oil  districts  and  some  has  been 
mined  in  the  McKittrick  district.  Deposits  are  said  to  exist  on  Cotton- 
wood Creek,  about  sixteen  miles  cast  of  Bakersfield.  Beds  of  gypsum 
occur  in  the  bed  of  old  Kern  Lake,  about  twenty  miles  southwest  of 
Bakersfield  and  five  miles  from  Connor.  Some  gypsite  occurs  on  the 
shores  of  Buena  Vista  Lake.  Selenite  is  found  with  stibnite  at  the  old 
San  Emidio  antimony  mine.  Small  deposits  of  gypsite  occur  near 
Kane  Springs  and  near  Bakersfield,  i-esting  on  limestone.  Gypsite  and 
gypsum  occur  on  Mojave  Desert,  twelve  miles  east  of  Mojave.  Found 
as  selenite  on  Posa  Creek.    Near  Kane  Spring's  as  a  lake  deposit. 

Kings  County:  Gypsite  occurs  in  deposits  on  the  range  of  low  hills 
southeast  of  Dudley  and  on  Kcttlcman  Plains,  about  five  miles  north- 
east of  Dudley. 

Lake  County :  Selenite  is  found  on  Robinson's  ranch.  Small  amounts 
are  also  found  at  Sulphur  Bank,  Clear  Lake. 

Lassen  County:  Large  slabs  of  selenite  occur  near  Susanville.  Ob- 
served at  Honey  Lake. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Deposits  of  good  white  gypsum  occur  in 
Charley  Canyon,  twelve  miles  north  of  Castiac  in  shale  rock.  Gypsite 
and  alabaster  occur  at  Palmdale  on  ridge  interbedded  with  shales. 
Seams  occur  in  bluffs  at  San  Pedro.  A  deposit  is  given  two  miles 
north  of  Lang.  Large  selenite  plates  have  been  found  in  Soledad 
Canyon. 

Mariposa  County :  Selenite  has  been  reported  from  Bear  Valley. 

Mono  Comity :  Occurs  in  the  Bodie  district.  Observed  in  mountains 
south  of  ^lono  Lalie. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  271 

Monterey  County :  Deposits  occur  east  of  King  City  near  county  line. 

Napa  County :  Small  amounts  of  gypsum  were  associated  with  the 
cinnabar  at  tliu  old  Kodiuglon  or  Boston  mine,  Knoxville. 

Nevada  County :  Fibrous  radiate  gypsum  occurs  near  Truckee. 

Orange  Counly:  Outcrops  of  gypsum  occur  in  Gypsum  Canyon  and 
adjacent  canyons,  about  two  miles  south  of  Corona.  Alabaster  gypsum 
occurs  on  San  Joaquin  Ranch. 

Riverside  County:  Good  deposits  of  g^'psum  occur  in  the  Palen 
Mountains  interstratificd  with  limestone.  Deposits  also  occur  in  the 
Santa  IMaria  ^Mountains  which  are  thought  to  be  extensive.  Some 
gypsum  occurs  in  the  Colorado  Desert  about  twelve  miles  east  of  IMecca. 
IMassivo  wbito  and  tine  selenite  crystals  occur  at  the  Adams  Blakely 
mine.  Selenite  occurs  south  of  South  Riverside.  Deposits  occur  near 
Banning  and  in  the  hills  west  and  southwest  of  Corona.  AVhite  finely 
crystalline  gypsum  occurs  twenty  miles  soutlieast  of  lilytbe. 

San  Benito  County:  Outcrops  of  gypsum  occur  along  the  Coast 
Range  in  many  places.  ]\Iany  occurrences  in  Bitterwater  Valley.  De- 
posits lie  east  of  Metz  and  King  City. 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  the  dry  lake  depressions  of  the  desert 
deposits  of  gypsite  occur  but  most  of  them  are  impure  material.  A 
large  deposit  of  this  nature  occurs  at  Amboy  which  is  mined  at  present. 
Some  also  is  found  in  the  lake  beds  south  of  Danby  and  near  Kelso. 
Gypsum  is  one  of  the  associated  minerals  of  the  borax  at  Searles  Borax 
Lake.  Selenite  occurred  with  eolemanite  in  the  Calico  district.  Large 
deposits  of  gypsum  occur  on  the  northeast  side  of  Avawatz  Mountains. 
Selenite,  satin  spar  and  massive  white,  pink,  red  and  green  occur.  Sel- 
enite in  good  crystal  specimens  occurs  in  the  eolemanite  beds  near 
Yerma.  A  deposit  occurs  near  Camp  Cady.  Thin  beds  are  associated 
with  rock  salt  in  the  Avawatz  ]\louutains.  Crystals  occur  in  the  mud  of 
Strontium  Hills,  ten  miles  north  of  Barstow. 

San  Diego  County:  Gypsite  is  found  near  Dos  Palmas. 

San  Francisco  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  near  Merced 
Lake.  Disks  of  selenite  occur  on  Seal  Rock.  Some  selenite  is  found 
at  Fort  Point. 

San  Joaquin  County  :  Selenite  occurs  at  Vernalis. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  White  bunches  and  veins  occur  on  Alamo 
Creek,  sixteen  miles  from  Santa  Maria.  Some  alabaster  occurs  at 
Arroya  Grande.  Gypsite  occurs  in  beds  on  the  southwest  side  of  Trem- 
blor  Range,  east  of  Carrizo  Plain.  Selenite  crystals  occur  in  the  clays 
of  Carrizo  Creek. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Alabaster  occurs  near  Santa  Barbara  Creek, 
about  thirty-two  miles  southwest  of  McKittrick.  Small  amounts  of 
alabaster  are  found  on  Santa  Rosa  Island.     Massive  gypsum  was  early 


272  state;  mining  bureau. 

worked  near  PoiDt  Sal.  Occurs  as  massive  frypsiiin  in  Cuyama  Canyon 
on  east  side  of  Santa  BarV»ara  Canyon,  five  miles  south  of  Quartel. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Selenite  occurs  near  Gilroy. 

Santa  Cruz  County:  Satin  spar  and  massive  white  gypsum  occur 
near  Santa  Cruz. 

Shasta  County :  Some  gypsum  as  hydration  of  anhydrite  occurs  in 
the  Bully  Hill  and  Rising  Star  mines. 

Sierra  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  on  Kanaka  Creek. 

Siskiyou  County :  ^lassive  white  gypsum  oecui^s  near  Sulphur 
Springs,  ]\rt.  Shasta. 

Sonoma  County :  Found  at  the  Geysers  with  sulphur  and  with  bous- 
singaultite.     Selenite  in  good  crystals  h;us  been  foinid  near  Santa  Rosa. 

Stanislaus  County :  Selenite  is  found  near  ]\lodesto. 

Trinity  County :  Small  amounts  of  fibrous  gypsum  occur  at  Island 
Blount  a  in. 

Tulare  County :  Fibrous  satin  spar  at  White  River.  Occurs  twenty 
miles  southeast  of  Porterville. 

Tuolumne  County:   Some  gypsum  has  been  found  near  Groveland. 

Ventura  Count}' :  Small  amounts  on  Dennison  Ranch,  three  miles 
east  of  Nordhoflf.  Selenite  occurs  in  Lockwood  Valley.  ^Massive  white 
gypsum  occurs  four  miles  south  of  Fillmore  interbedded  with  diatoma- 
ceous  shale.  Also  on  South  Mountain  aliout  four  miles  south  of  Santa 
Paula.  Occurs  as  alabaster  on  French  Point  liiil  six  miles  above  mouth 
of  Santa  Barbara  Canyon :    Analysis  of  white  gypsite  from  Ojai  Valley  : 

CaSO<  MgO  Xa.,0  SiO..  AU0,  +  Fe.,03  H,0 

7.>.22  1.15  1.10  0.70  '   O.M   '  2ll22  =  99.80% 


355.      EPSOM  ITE— Epsom    Salts. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  maguesinm,   MgSO^.TH-O. 

<  )rtliorhombic.  Bunches  of  long  slender  fibers  and  fibrous  crusts.  Cleav- 
airo  perfect  brachj'pinacoiflal.  Color  Avliite.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  2  —  2.."> ; 
G  =  8.75.     Taste  bitter  and  salt. 

^^efractivc  indicps  :      cc  =  1 -^Oo :  ^  =  1.4.>">;  y=  1.401. 

Soluble  in-  water.  Barium  ohlorido  precipitates  barium  sulphate  from  a 
hydrochloric  acid  solution.  So<lium  phosphate  added  to  an  ammonium 
chloride   solution    proeii)itates   MJiite    niiijrnesium   ijyrojjhosphate. 

EfHorescenees  of  epsomite  are  common  in  caves  and  tunnels  where 
pyrite  or  other  sulphides  are  decomposing  in  the  presence  of  magnesian 
rocks.  Long  hair-like  masses  of  the  mineral  are  common  in  the  cinna- 
bar mines  of  the  State  but  no  epsomite  is  mined.  Commercial  epsomite 
is  produced  as  a  by-product  in  the  evaporation  of  the  bitterns  of  sea 
water  at  the  salt  works. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  273 

Alameda  County :  An  efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  tiie  pyrite  mines 
of  Leona  Heights.     Analysed  from  the  Alma  mine  by  Sehaller^^\ 

H2O 

MgO  SO:,  at  100°         ab.  110°  Al^Oa 

14.8  31.7  -lO.S  12.2  tr.  =99.5% 

Amador  County :  Comnion  in  the  mines  on  Copper  Hill. 

Imperial  County :  Mentioned  by  Emory^^^  as  occurring  in  white 
crusts  on  the  Colorado  Desert. 

Lake  County:  Abundant  in  the  old  Abbott  quicksilver  mine. 

Mariposa  County :  Found  as  tine  tibers  in  the  Purchase  mine  near 
Donovan. 

Napa  County:  Abundant  in  long  white  fibers  in  the  tunnels  of  the 
old  Rediugton  mine,  Ivnoxville. 

San  Benito  County :  Exceptionally  long  fibers  of  epsomite  occur  in 
the  New  Idria  cinnabar  mine. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Abundant  on  the  walls  of  the  New  Almaden 
and  other  cinnabar  mines  of  the  county. 

Sonoma  County:  An  associate  of  boussingaultite,  Goldsraith^^^. 


356.      GOSLARITE— White    Vitriol. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  zinc,  ZnS04.7HoO. 

Ortliorhomhic.  In  long  acicular  crj'stals  and  massive  crusts.  I'erfect 
bracliy  pinacoidal  cleavage.  lirittlo.  Coloi-  white,  reddish  or  bluish.  Taste 
metallic,  nauseous.     H  =  2— 2.5;  G  =  1.9 — 2.1. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.450;   «  =  1.481;  y  =  1.481. 

Yields  water  in  closed  tube.  Reduced  with  soda  on  charcoal,  sivina  yel- 
low coating,  which  turns  gi'etMi  when  heated  with  cobalt  nitrate.  Barium 
chloride  will  precipitate  the  sulphate.     Easily  solulile  in  water. 

Formed  through  the  decomposition  of  sphalerite  and  is  sometimes  ^ 
found  on  the  walls  of  tunnels. 

Trinity  County :  Very  small  amount  of  white  powdery  goslarite 
occurs  in  the  decomposed  material  at  the  pyrrhotite  deposit  at  Island 
^Mountain. 

357.     MORENOSITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  nickel,   NiSOi.THjO. 

Orthorhombic.  Acicular  crystals,  fibrous,  efflorescent.  Color  apple-green 
to  greenish  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5;  G  =  2.     Taste  metallic. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.4G7;  «  =  1.4S9;  y  =  1.492. 

Fused  in  a  borax  bead,  gives  a  brown  bead  of  nickel  in  the  oxidizing 
flame,  which  becomes  gray  and  cloudy  in  the  reducing  flame.  Nickel  can 
also  be  determined  by  using  dimethylglyoxime.  Gives  off  acid  water  in  a 
closed  tube. 

Napa  County :  Said  by  Becker^^^  to  coat  a  specimen  of  millerite  from 
the  Phoenix  cinnabar  mine. 

18—22132 


274  STATE   MINJNG    BUREAU. 

,  358.     MELANTERITE— Copperas. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron.  FeSOi-TILO. 

Monoclinic.  Fibrous,  stalactitic.  Cleavage  basal.  Color  light  greeu  to 
white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2;   G  =  1.S9  — 1.9 

llefractive  iudices  :    ex  =1.471  ;  ^3=1. 478;  y  =  1.4S6. 

Easily  soluble  in  water.  Becomes  magnetic  Oft  heating.  Ammonia  pre- 
cipitates reddish  ferric  hydrate  from  a  nitric  acid  solution.  Barium  chlo- 
ride i)recipitates  barium  sulphate.     Gives  acid  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Melanterite  is  a  common  formation  in  mines  containing  pyrite  or 
marc  a  site. 

Alameda  County:  Abundant  as  small  tibrons  crystals  on  the  walls  of 
the  Alma  pyrite  mine  at  Leona  Heights.  Described  and  analysed  by 
SchallerC.  Forms:  (110),  (001),  (010),  (lO^),  (101),  (Oil),  (111), 
(T21),  (120),  (102),  (203),  (802),  (201),  (904),  (832). 

FeO  SOs  HoO  CuO  MgO 

28.1  31.2  42.0  none  none  =101.3% 

Amador  County :  Occurred  on  walls  of  an  old  tunnel  1^  miles  north 
of  Volcano.     Had  mendozite  associated  with  it. 

Lake  County:  Abundant  as  stalactites  in  the  Sulphur  Bank  cinnabar 
mine,  Clear  Lake. 

Mariposa  County:  Found  as  coating's  in  the  Purchase  mine,  near 
Donovan. 

Mono  County :  Common  in  the  mines  about  Lundy.  Found  with 
pyrite  and  arsenopyrite  at  Mono  Lake. 

Napa  County :  Long  pale  green  stalactites  were  abundant  in  the  old 
Redington  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Santa 
Cruz. 

Shasta  County :  Common  at  Copper  City,  Bully  Hill  and  other  mines 
of  the  county. 

Sonoma  County :  Drusy  green  specimens  have  been  foinid  near 
Petaluma. 

359.     PISANITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron  and  copper  (,Fe.  Cu)S04.7H20. 

Monoclinic.  Long  slender  prisms,  stalactitic.  Color  greenish  blue.  Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  l  —  2. 

Refractive    indices:      oc=i-472;    ^=1.47!>;    y  =  1.487. 

lleaetions  are  similar  to  those  for  melau'terite,  except  that  aniniuuia 
turns  the  solution  blue  at  the  same  time  pivcipitating  the  iron  a.s  ferric 
hydrate. 

Alameda  County:  One  of  the  secondary  sulphates  formed  with 
melanterite  and  chalcanthite  on  the  walls  of  the  Alma  pyrite  mine  on 
Leona  Heights.    Described  and  analysed  by  Schaller(i>.    Forms :  (001") , 


HjO 

CuO 

FeO 

SOa 

at  110°         ab. 110° 

15.73 

12.31 

28.21 

45.14 

9.22 

16.47 

29.18 

45.74 

17.95 

5.46 

29.25 

34.25            10.96 

MINERALS   OF    C.\LlFORNIA.  275 

(101),  (010),  (110),  (103),  (Oil),  (100),  (210),  (320),  (120),  (TOl), 
(T12),  (205),  (111),  (335),  (221),  (T21). 

MgO 

=  101.39% 
=  100.61 
2.82  =100.69 

Monterey    County :  Pale    bine    crystals    from    near    Gonzales    were 
analysed  by  Schaller^^^. 

CuO  FeO  SOa  H«0 

7.56  15.85  30.74  45.85 


360.      BIEBERITE— Cobalt   Vitriol. 

Ilyarous  siilphatc  of  c-obalt.   Coir^Oj.  7  11,0. 

Moiiocliiiic.      Staliictitt's   and    crusts.      (,\>lor    losc-n-d.      Astriiiufnt    t.islc 
Soft   and   friable.     G  =  1.924. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1-447;  ^=1.483;  y  =  1.4S9. 

Yields  water  in  a  cIusihI  tulx'.     (Jives  a  blue  bead  with  borax.     Suljdiiite 
is  precipitated  by  baiiuni  chloride. 

A  secondary'  sulphate  formed  through  the  alteration  of  cobalt-bearing 
minerals.    Generally  formed  by  dessication  of  solutions  containing  it. 

Trinity  County :  Small  amount  as  a  pale  rose-red  powder  occurs  from 
the  dessication  of  the  sidphate  solutions  at  the  pyrrhotite  deposit  near 
Island  Mountain. 


361.      BOOTH  ITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  copper,  CUSO4.7H2O. 

Monoclinic.  Fibrous  massive.  Color  greenish  blue.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  1.94  — 2.1. 

Soluble  in  water.  Gives  the  blue  solutiuu  of  copper  when  ammonia  is 
added  to  a  nitric  acid  solution.  The  .sulphate  is  determined  by  barium 
chloride.     Gives  water  in   a  (•los<'d  tube,   which   reacts  acid. 

Alameda  County :  This  was  a  new  sulphate  of  copper  differing  from 
chalcanthite  in  the  amount  of  water  and  crystallization,  found  with  the 
other  sulphates  of  iron  and  copper  at  tile  Alma  pyrite  mine,  Leona 
Heights.  Described  as  a  new  mineral  and  named  by  Schaller^^^ 
Forms:    (001),  (100),  (110),  (TOl),  (301),  (Tl2),  (Til),  (121). 


H2O 

CuO 

FeO 

MgO 

SOs 

at  110°     ab. 110° 

27.83 

tr. 

28.37 

36.64         7.42 

=  100.26% 

28.53 

0.2s 

tr. 

28.65 

43.76 

=  101.26 

Calaveras  County :  Crystals  of  this  new  sulphate  were  later  found  at 
Campo  Seco  and  analy.sed  by  Schaller'". 

HoO 
CuO  FeO         MgO  SO3  at  110°      ab.  110°    Insol. 

26.13        0.81         0.64         27.25         36.76        4.91        3.96         =100.46% 


276  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

362.     CHALCANTHITE— Blue    Vitriol--Bluestone. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  copper,   CuSOj.SH^O. 

Triclinic.     Generally  in  fibrous  veins  or  stalactitic.     Coloi  greenish  blue 
to  sky-blue.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  2.12  — 2.3. 

Refractive  indices:     cc  =1.516;   0  =  1~)S9:  y  =  1.546. 

Same    reactions    as    for    boothite    and    only    distinguishable    by    amount 
of  water. 

The  natural  chalcanthite  is  found  in  mines  where  it  results  from  the 
alteration  of  copper  sulphides  })ut  the  amount  is  generally  small 
and  unimportant.  All  of  the  commercial  bluestone  is  a  manufactured 
product. 

Alameda  County :  It  is  common  in  small  crystals  and  seams  in  the 
Alma  pyrite  mine,  Leona  Heights,  and  was  described  and  anal^ysed  by 
Schaller^l^  For^ns:  (001),  (010).  (100),  (110).  (120),  flTO),  (120), 
(Oil),  (021),  (031),  (101),  (111),  (131),  (141). 


H2O 

CuO 

FeO 

MgO 

SO.T 

at  110°      ab.  110°          Insol. 

31.14 

none 

tr. 

32.0G 

28.20        7.50        0.81         =99.71% 

Amador  County :  Common  in  the  mines  on  Copper  Hill. 

Calaveras  County:  Occurred  at  Quail  Hill,  Silliman^^^  Common  at 
Copperopolis. 

Nevada  County:  Found  at  Sweetland,  Hanks^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Common  evaporation  product  in  the  mines  of  the 
county  and  reported  from  the  Peck  mine.  Copper  City,  Hanks^'^^ 
Bluish  green  crystals  and  veins  have  been  observed  at  Copper  City. 


363.     BL6DITE. 

Hj-drous  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium,  MgS04.Na2S04.4H;0. 

Monoclinic.  Prismatic  crystals,  granular  massive.  Color  white.  Vitre- 
ous luster.     Soft.     G  =  1.67. 

Refractive    indices:      oc  =1-486;    ^=1.4SS;    y  =  1.48t>. 

Hasily  soluble  in  water.  Barium  chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate 
from  an  acid  solution.  Fuses,  giving  a  strong  yellow  tlame.  Magnesia  is 
determined  by  i)recipitatiou  witli  sodium  pbnsiiliatc  from  an  ammonia  solu- 
ti<in.     Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube. 

Imperial  County:  Specimens  of  this  rare  sulphate  are  reported  to 
have  been  found  on  the  Colorado  Desert. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Very  large  crystals  of  blodite  occur  in  the 
mud  of  Soda  Lake,  Carisso  Plains,  which  have  been  described  by 
Schaller  (i^)  Tj^gy  g^o^^.  tj^^  following  forms:  (001),  (110),  (210), 
(Oil),  (111),  (201),  (Til),   (211),   (T21). 

Analysis : 

NaaO  MgO  SO3  H2O 

18.26  11.93  48.11  21.37  =99.67% 


MINKKAL8   OK    CALIFORNIA.  2ii 

364,     BOUSSINGAULTITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  ammouium  and  magnesium   (NH4)jS04.MgS04.6H:0. 

Monoclinic?     Fil)prs,  cnists.  Tenuiform  aggrogatos  and  stalactites.     (~"olnr 
pure  white.     Silky  luster.     Taste  saliiie-astriugont.     11  =  2:   G  =  1.(».S — 1.72. 
Kefractive  indices:     oc  -l.-iW;  ^=1.472;  y-lA~'.K 

l']iisily  fusil)l('.  and  easily  soluhle  in  water.  I'ariuni  chluridc  i)n'cipitates 
barium  sulphate,  and  sfKliuin  phosphate  precipitates  the  magnesia.  <  lives 
water  in  a  cIosimI  tnhc.  Healed  in  cIosim]  tnhc  with  linn'.  it  ffives  odor  of 
anunonia. 

.Sonoma  L'uiait \' :  This  rare  .siilpliatc  was  (U-st-rihctl  ami  analysed  by 
Goldsmith^^).  No  locality  was  given,  but  presumably  it  came  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  Geysers. 

SOs  MgO  NH4OH  H2O 

38.86  15.5G  5.03  40.55 

Ventura  County :  Found  on  South  Mountain  opposite  Santa  Paula, 
in  stalactites  and  incrustations,  foi-med  by  heated  gases  escaping  through 
crevices  in  sandstone  and  shale.  Described  b}'  Larsen  and  Shannon'^'. 
Analysis  by  Shannon: 

(NH4)oO    MgO        AI3O3     Fe„03      K.O      Na,0  CaO     SO3  H.O      CI    CO, 

laST.       n.r>4       0.04        O.ns       0.22       O.m     tr.     43.40       31.4S     tr.     tr.  r=  08.31% 

365.      KALINITE — Potash    Alum — Common    Alum. 

Hydrous   sulphate   of   aluminium   and   potassium,   K2S04.Alo(S04)3.24H;0. 

Isometric.  Mealy  crusts  and  fine  fibrous.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster. 
1-1  =  2  —  2.5:0  =  1.75.     Alum  taste. 

Kefraotive  index:    */ =  1.450. 

Easily  soluble  in  water.  .Vmmouia  iirccipitates  flocculent  alumina  hy- 
drate, and  I)arium  chloridt^  precipitates  barium  sulphate  from  a  hydrocldorir 
acid  solution,  (iives  the  violet  flame  <if  potassium  when  fused  on  jtlatinum 
will'.     Yields  much  water  in  a  closed  tnbr. 

Mealy  crusts  of  alum  are  rather  common  in  mining  regions,  formed 
by  the  action  of  sulphated  waters  on  rocks,  and  are  more  prominent 
in  association  with  gypsum  deposits.  There  are  several  kinds  of  alum, 
but  the  various  species  have  not  in  general  been  differentiated.  Com- 
mercial alum  is  largely  a  manufactured  product. 

Alpine  County :  Found  at  the  mines  of  Silver  ]\Iountain. 

Calaveras  County:  Observed  at  Quail  Hill,  Silliman^^^. 

Fresno  County :  Common  in  the  oil  district  at  Coaliuga  with  sulphur. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  on  the  shores  of  Owens  Lake.  Also  on  the 
sides  of  a  steaming  vent  two  miles  east  of  Coso  Springs,  as  white  crusts, 
Rogers^  ^^ 

Lake  County  :  Common  at  the  Sulphur  Bank  cinnabar  mine. 

Los  Angeles  Countj^:  Occurs  near  Newhall. 

Mono  Comity :  Found  near  Bodie. 


278  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Napa  County :  Observed  at  the  Rediugton  eimiabar  mine,  Knoxville, 
Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

Placer  County:  In  the  gold  mines  near  Dutch  Flat;  in  slates  near 
Auburn. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  granular  kalinite  has  come  from  this 
county. 

Sonoma  Countv :  Found  at  the  Geysers. 

366.      TSCHERMIGITE— Ammonium    Alum. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluiuiniiim  autl  aminouiuui.  (XH4):.S04.AL(SO/):;.24ILO. 

Isometric.  Octahedral  crystals,  fibrous,  crusts.  Color  white.  Vitreous 
luster.     Hz=l  — 2;  G  =  1.5. 

Refractive  index:    n=1.4^t*.). 

Moated  in  a  closed  tube  with  lime,  it  siv^s  off  odor  of  ammonia.  Kariuni 
chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate  from  a  hydrochloric  acid  solution. 
Ammonia  precipitates  alumina.  Gives  water  in  a  closed  tube.  Soluble  in 
wa  tor.  • 

Lake  County :  Mentioned  by  Becker^^^  as  an  efflorescence  at  Sulphur 
Bank. 

367.     MENDOZITE— Soda   Alum. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  Na2S04.AL(S04)5.24H;0. 

White  fibrous  masses  or  powder.     H=3;   G  =  1.S8. 

Refractive  indices:      oc  =1.432;  ^=1.457;  y  =  1.4«3. 

Gives  strong  yellow  flame.     Reactions  similar  to  other  alums. 

Thorp  are  many  varieties  of  alums,  all  formed  as  secondary  minerals, 
by  ci-ystallization  from  sulphate  solutions. 

Amador  County :  Crusts  (?n  walls  of  old  tunnel  H  miles  north  of  Vol- 
cano, associated  with  melanterite. 

Inyo  County :   Some  soda  alum  has  been  found  in  the  Panamints. 

Napa  County :  Occurs  on  Pritchard  Ranch,  nine  miles  southeast  of 
St.  Helena. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Platy  and  fibrous,  white  mendozite  occurs 
five  miles  north  of  Hidden  Springs. 

368.     PICKERINGITE— Magnesia    Alum. 
H.vdrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and   magnesium.   Mg:S04.Al2(SO4)3.22n;0. 

IMonoolinic.  Fine  acicular  crystals  as  efflorescences.  Color  white,  yel- 
lowish and  pink.     Luster  silky.     H  =  l.     Taste  bitter,  astringent. 

Refractive  indices:    <x  =1.470;  «=1.4S0:  y  =  1.488. 

Yields  water  in  closed  tube.  Alumina  and  magnesia  can  be  precipi- 
tated from  acidified   solution   b.v   ammonia  and  sodiimi   phosphate. 

One  of  the  alums  haviiio-  the  iisiuil  alum  taste.  Found  as  efflorescences 
on  shale  containinii'  pyrite. 

Inyo  County :  Reported  as  a  secondary  efflorescene  in  the  mountains 
west  of  Bishop. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFOUNIA.  279 


369.      HALOTRICHITE— Iron    Alum. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  iron,  FeS04.Al2(S04)3.24H.O. 
Monoclinic?     Silky  fibrous.     Color  yellowish  white.     Ink  taste. 

Hi'fraftivc    index:     »—lA'.K 

Ainmoiii.'i  ]>r<'cii)itatos  iron  ami  iiluniiiia  rroiii  a  ii.vdroclilnric  ai-iil  sulut iuii. 
IVariuin  cidoi-idc  precipitates  Ijariiiiu  suli)liati'.  (iivcs  niucli  wati-i-  in  a 
closed  tnln'.     Soinhle  in  water. 

Alameda  County :  Found  ;is  filn-ous  masses  in  the  Eureka  tunnel, 
near  Livermore. 


370.     SONOMAITE— Magnesi£i   Alum. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  magnesium,  3MgS04.Alo(S04>3.33H;0. 

Colorless  crystals.     Silky  luster.     G-1.60. 

Animouia  added  to  a  liydrochloric  acid  solution  prccipiiatcs  alumina  and 
sodium  phosphate  added  to  the  filtrate  iluows  down  magnesia.  Hariuni 
chloride  precipitat(w  barium  snlpliale.  ^lu  'h  water  is  ohtinned  in  a  clossd 
tube. 

Sonoma  County :  This  alum  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  from  this 
county  by  Goldsmith^^\     No  locality  was  given. 


Al.O,, 

FeO 

MgO 

SOs 

HoO 

7.G(> 

2.01 

7.14 

38.7S 

44.41 

8.36 

*1.56 

7.51 

38.30 

44.27 

371.     COQUIMBITE. 

Hydrous  .sulphate  of  iron,  Fe,(SO,)3.9H:0. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Generally  granular  massive.  Color  yellowish, 
brownish,  greenish  or  violet.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  2  —  2..T  ;  G  =  2.00. 

Kefrartive  indices:    j  =  l..">r»(»;  <„=:1..").W. 

Soluble  in  water  and  has  an  astringent  taste.  Hecouies  ni.iiinctic  on  heat- 
ing: barium  chloride  precipitates  barium  sulphate.  (Jives  water  in  close.d 
tube. 

Calaveras  Count}' :  Mentioned  as  one  of  the  minerals  formed  at  Quail 
Hill  by  Silliman(5). 

El  Dorado  County:  Occurs  in  the  shales  near  Georgetown. 

Inyo  County :  Yellow  crystals  have  been  found  at  Lone  Pine. 

Napa  County:  Large  masses  of  yellowish  green,  granular  co(|uiiuhite 
occur  at  the  old  liedington  cinnabar  mine.  The  mineral  was  described 
by  Eakle^i^  with  analysis  by  Schaller. 

HoO 

FeoOs      AI2O,        SO3        at  IOC    ab.  100°     FeO        SiOs  .    Na:0      MgO 

12.99       7.44       38.04       23.72       13.71       0.13       0.21       1.68       1.09       =99.04% 

Tuolumne  County:  Silliman'"'*  mentions  it  as  one  of  the  minerals  at 
"Whiskey  Hill. 


280  STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

372.  ALUNOGEN. 

Hydrous   sulphate   of  aluminium,   Al;(S04)3.18HjO. 
Mouocliuic.     Fibrous  masses,  crusts,  powder.     Color  white.     Vitreous  to 
silky  luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;  G  =  1.6  — 1.8.     Alum  taste. 

Refractive  indices:     ex  =1.473:   «  =  1.474:  ,,  =  1.480. 

Solulilc  in  water  and  has  an  alum  taste.  Ammonia  [)re('ipitates  alumina 
hjdro.xido:  harium  chluride  i)reci])itaff's  barium  snli)hat('.  In  a  closed  tul)<' 
srives   water. 

Alameda  County :  Oeeurs  as  a  wliite  powder  at  the  Alma  mine,  Leona 
Heights,  Schaller(i>. 

Nevada  County:  Observed  at  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada  City, 
Lindgren^^\ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County  :  Found  as  a  white  powder  near  Paso  Robles. 

373.  RbMERITE. 

Hydrous   sulphate    of   iron,    Fe,.(S04)3.12H»0. 

Triclinio.  Tabular  crystals  and  jiranular.  Perfect  brachypinacoidal 
cleavage.  Brittle.  Color  dark  brown.  Taste  saline,  astringent.  11  =  3 — 3.5: 
0  =  2.174. 

Refractive  indices:     a:=l">24:    aj  =  1.571  :  y=1.583. 

Easily  soluble  in  water.  Becomes  magnetic  on  heating.  Barium  chlo- 
ride precipitates  barium  sulphate. 

Formed  as  a  secondar}^  mineral  in  the  alteration  of  pyrrliotite. 

Trinity  County:  Small  brown  crystals  forming  friable  nuisses  occur 
in  the  decomposed  material  from  the  pyrrhotite  deposit  at  Island  ^loun- 

tain. 

374.  COPIAPITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron,  2Feo03.5SO.,.18H,0. 

Mouocliuic.     Scaly  massive,  incrustations.     Color  sulphur-yellow.     Pearly 
luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  2.10. 
Refractive  indices:     oc=l-Jl>7:  ^  =  1.529;  y  =  1.573. 
Similar  to  coquimbite   in   its   reactions. 

Alameda  County :  Found  as  yelloM^  needles  at  the  Alma  mine,  Leona 
Heights,  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^^ 

rO  H2O  Insol. 

=  99.58% 

Lake  County :  Occurs  at  Sulphur  Bank  and  analysed  by  Melville  and 
Lindgren^i^ 

SOi       AI2O3       FejOs      FeO      MnO     CaO       MgO        H-O        Insol. 
38.82       0.37       26.79       3.28       tr.       0.25       0.16       29.58       0.75       =100.00% 

Napa  County:  Found  at  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  and 
analysed  by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

SO3        AI..O3       FeoOa      FeO      MnO         CaO      MgO        H^.O 
.•59.97         __        26.54       0.46       0.21         __        3.06       30.43       =100.67% 

Riverside  Coimtv :   Found  near  Blythe. 


S03 

AI0O3 

Fe^Oo 

FeO 

MgO 

H2O 

Insol. 

38.36 

0.31 

25.04 

0.44 

0.29 

29.71 

5.43 

MINERALS    or    CALIFORNIA.  281 

375.      KNOXVILLITE. 
Hydmus  Inisic  sulpliato  of  iioii.  tliromiuni,  aluiuiuium.  nuki-l  aud  magnesium. 

Orthorhombic;.  Talmlar  crystals.  Color  greenish  yellow.  Cleavage 
perfect  basal.     Vitreous  luster. 

Ilefractivf   iiidiet's  :     a:  z=].'A)7  :    Q  —  l.r)2i);   y  =  l.G7«). 

Soluble  in  wiitci-.  liecomes  magnetic  on  heating.  May  give  a  clintninini 
Itead  wlieu  fused  with  l>orax.'  Hariuni  chloride  i)r.'cipitates  biiriuin  sulphate. 
(Ti\es    water    in    a    elusiMl    tube. 

Napa  Coiiiil y  :  (jrc'e-nisli  yellow  masses  oi'  this  euiiiplex  sulphate  were 

found  in  the  old  Remington   mine,   Knoxville,   and  the  mineral  was 

described  as  new  ])y  IMelville  and  Lindgren^^^     Forms:   (001),   (110), 

(100).     Crystals  are  basal  plates. 

H2O 

SO3         FeoOi      Cr20:!      AI2O3      FeO        NiO       MgO     at  100°  ab.  100 ""     Insol. 
35.91       15.36       7.41       4.84       3.81       0.83       3.22       9.29       17.59       1.74 

376.  REDINGTONITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  chromium,  alumiuium,   iron  and  maguesium. 

Finely  fibrous  to  granular  massive.  Color  pale  purple.  Silky  luster. 
G=1.76. 

Reactions  are  similar  Ui  those  for  kuoxvillite. 

Napa  County :  A  pale  purple  sulphate  was  mixed  witii  the  kuox- 
villite from  the  Redington  mine  which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral 

by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^\ 

H20 

SO3      Al-Oa  CroOa  Fe^Oa  FeO       NiO  MnO     at  100°    ab.  100°      Insol. 
35.85     5.14     7.51    0.19     4.58      1.00     tr.         1.85        27.09        14.34  3.46     =100.51% 

377.  FIBROFERRITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron,   Fe:O3(SO,,),.10H/). 

<  »rthorh4)mi)ii'V  Fine  fibrous  aggregates.  Color  pale  yellow  to  white. 
Truster  silky.     1 1  =  2—2.5  ;  G  =  1  ..^. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.533:    rt=t..">."i4:  ,,  =  1.575. 

Becomes  magnetic  on  heating.  Soluble  in  water.  Barium  chloride  pie- 
cipitates  barium  sulphal:?. 

Formed  by  the  decomposition  of  iron  sulphides  such  as  pyrrhotite. 

Trinity  County:  Fibrous  aggregate  of  yellow  fibroferrite  have 
formed  from  the  sulphate  solutions  at  the  pyrrhotite  deposit  at  Island 
Mountain. 

378.     BOTRYOGEN— Paiacheite. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron  and  magnesium,  Fe203.2Mg0.4S03.15H20. 

Monoclinic.  Very  small  cry.stals.  Color  hriek-red.  liyacinth-red. 
Mtreous  luster.     11  =  2—2.5:  0  =  2.04—^2.14. 

Refractive  iiulices :     oc=l">^-+:   ^  =  1.548:  y-=1.572. 

IVirtly  st>lul»k'  in  water.  Bee-omi's  magnetic  on  healing.  I'resence  of 
magnesiu  distinguishes  it  from   other  iron  sulphate's. 

■  Napa  County:  Found  in  bunches  of  small  brick-red  crystals  in  one 
of  the  tunnels  of  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville.     It  was  thoi.ight  to 


HoO 

FeoOs 

MgO 

SO., 

at  100°        ab.  100° 

19.51 

9.36 

38.37 

19.53          12.75 

282  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

by  a  new  mineral  and  described  and  named  "palaeheite"  by  Eakle  ^^\ 
Its  identity  with  botryogen  was  later  established,  Eakle^'*^  Forms : 
(110),  (010),  (001),  (120),  (450),  (021),  (201),  (Til),  (T21). 


:  99.51% 


379.     ALUNITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  K2O.3Al2O3.4SO3.GH2O. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Small  crystals  and  massive.  Color  white. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.58  — 2.75. 

Kefractive  indices:    £  =  1.592;  (^  =  1..">72. 

Slowly  soluhlo  iu  sulphuric  but  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  Infusible 
and  decrepitates.  Tunis  blue  when  moistened  with  cobalt  nitrate  and  in- 
tensely lieated.     Gives  water  in  closed  tube. 

Colusa  Coiiuty :  Alunite  carrying  gold  has  been  found  at  Sulphur 
Creek. 

Mariposa  County :  Alunite  is  a  constituent  of  a  quartzite  rock  found 
with  a  greenstone  schist  in  which  stellate  pyrophyllite  occurs,  at  the 
Tres  Cerritos,  southwest  of  Indian  Gulch.  Described  by  Turner^^^^^^. 
with  analysis  by  Valentine. 

SO3  AI0O3         FeoOs         CaO      MgO        KoO  Na^O  HoO  SiOj  TiO- 

38.50         38.05         0.23         0.55         tr.         4.48  2.78  11.92  2.64  0.40 

P2O5 
tr.         r=  99.55%         Sp.  G.  =  2.78 


380.     JAROSITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  potassium  and  iron,   K20.3Fe203.4S03.6H;0. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Small  platy  crystals,  fibrous,  granular.  Color 
yellowish  brown.  Streak  j'ellow.  A'itreous  luster.  n  =  2..T — 3.5; 
G  =  3.15  — 3.26. 

Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.715;  ^=1.817:  ,-  =  1.820. 

Only  partially  soluble  in  cold  water,  othenviso  like  coquimbite  in  its 
reactions. 

Kern    County:  Micaceous   flakes   of  jarosite   have    come    from    this 
county. 

San  Benito  County :  Flakes  of  jarosite  occur  at  New  Idria. 


381.     DURDENITE. 

Hydrous   tellurite  of  iron,  Fe.CTeOs)^  4H2O. 

Massive.     Spherulitic.     Pale  greenish-yellow  color.     H  =  2 — 2.5. 
Refractive  indices:     oc  =1.702;    «  =  1.055;  ,,  =  1.965. 

A  very  rare  mineral  only  known  from  one  locality  outside  of  Cali- 
fornia. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  283 

Calaveras  County  :  A  specimen  of  telluricle  ore  from  this  county,  pre- 
sumably from  Carson  Ilill.  contained  along  its  fractures  pale  greenish- 
yellow  spherulites  wliich  proved  to  be  durdenite  from  an  optical  exami- 
nation by  Larsen*'^'. 

HYDROCARBONS. 


Napalite 

Petroleum 

lonite 

Bitumeu 

Aragotite 

Asphalt 

Posepnyte 

Gilsonite 

Bernardini 

ite 

<i  rah  a  mite 
Coal 

The  hydrocarbon  series  of  chemical  compounds  include  a  number  of 
substances  occurring  in  nature,  of  a  coal-like,  pitch-like  or  oil-like 
structure,  which  are  almost  wholly  of  organic  origin.  Many  of  them 
are  separable  into  a  series  of  different  hydrocarbons  in  varying  pro- 
portions, thus  showing  their  chemical  composition  to  be  quite  indefinite. 
They  have  no  place  in  a  mineral  classification,  yet  their  occurrence  as 
natural  products  in  the  earth,  and  the  great  economic  importance  of 
some  of  them,  have  been  the  reasons  for  their  adoption  in  some  works 
on  mineralogy.     They  l)elong  to  the  province  of  organic  chemistry. 

The  two  most  valuable  members  of  the  hydrocarbon  series  are  coal 
and  oil.  Coat  is  pretty  generally  scattered  in  the  State,  but  its  occur- 
rence is  in  thin  seams  which  are  not  segregated  sufficiently  to  form  good 
workable  deposits.  The  coal  is  of  the  lignite  variety,  and  black  and 
brown  masses  of  this  lignite  are  occasionally  present  in  the  sandstones 
and  limestones.  Practically  all  of  the  coal  used  in  California  is 
imported. 

The  lack  of  coal  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  abundance  of 
petroleum.  California  has  one  of  the  greatest  oil  fields  in  the  world. 
The  oil  sands  occur  at  various  depths  and  are  of  varying  thickness  and 
produce  oils  of  greatly  diversified  character  and  gravity.  The  thick 
series  of  Miocene  shales  and  sandstones  represented  by  the  Monterey 
formation  are  the  great  repository  and  source  of  most  of  the  oil  of  the 
State. 

NAPALITE. 

Simple  hydrocarbon,  CjH4. 

0       A  dark  reddish  brown  bituminous  substance  found  with  cinnabar.     Brittle. 
11  =  2. 

Napa  County:  Observed  at  the  old  Phoenix  cinnabar  mine,  Pope 
Valley,  and  was  described  by  Beeker^^^,  with  analyses  by  Melville. 

C  H 

89.84  10.17  =100.01% 

89.54  10.36  =   99.90 

89.33  10.11  =   99.46 


284  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

lONITE. 

A    fossil    hydrocarbon    of    earthy    texture    and    brownish    yellow    color. 
G  =  0.90. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  an  argillaceous  lignite  in  thin  seams  in 
lone  Valley  and  described  by  Purnell^^^  Contains  about  50  per  cent 
water  and  resembles  pyropissite. 


ARAGOTITE. 

^'olatile  hydrocarbon. 

A  hydrocarbon  occurring  in  bright  yellow  scales  at  some  of  the  cinnabar 
mines. 

Napa  County :  Occurred  on  the  cinnabar  at  the  Redington  mine, 
Knoxville,  Bertrand^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County :  First  observed  at  the  New  Almaden  mine 
impregnating  a  silicious  dolomite  and  was  described  by  Durand^-^ 

POSEPNYTE. 

Lake  County :  Plates  and  nodules  of  a  dirty  green  and  brown  oxygen- 
ated hydrocarbon  were  found  at  the  Great  Western  mine  and  the 
substance  was  described  by  von  Schrockinger^^^,  with  analyses  by 
Dietrich.  Part  was  soluble  in  ether  and  part  insoluble,  the  latter  cor- 
responding to  ozocerite.  Becker^^^  gives  an  analysis  by  Melville  of 
similar  material. 

Sol.  Insol. 

C          H  O  C            H  O  Ash 

vou   Schrockiugpr__  71.S4     n.9.->  18.21  S4.27  11.74  3.99 

Melville    ___  83.60  10.71  3.22             0.47 


BERNARDINITE. 
A  substance  supposed  to  be  a  fossil  resin,  found  as  a  white  porous 
mass  at  Santa  Ana,  San  Bernardino  County,  was  described  as  a  new 
mineral  by  Stillman^^^       Considered  by  Brown^^)   to  be  a  fungous 
growth  and  not  a  mineral. 

PETROLEUM— i\IINERAL    OIL. 

The  presence  of  oil  in  the  State  has  been  known  by  seepages  and  other 
indications  for  many  years  and  some  districts  have  had  producing  wells 
for  a  long  time,  but  the  great  oil  resources  of  California  have  only 
been  developed  within  the  past  decade,  and  new  fields  are  constantly 
being  added  to  the  oil  areas.  The  large  productive  fields  are  all  located 
in  the  southern  counties,  Coalinga,  in  Fresno  County,  being  the  most 
northerlv  one.     Oil  is  known  to  occur,  however,  in  some  of  the  northern 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  285 

counties,  but  so  far  the  areas  have  not  been  very  productive.  Much 
difference  exists  in  the  oil.  Some  of  it  is  heavy,  thick  and  bhick  with 
low  gravity,  while  other  wells  in  the  same  field  produce  thin,  easily 
flowing,  light,  liigh  gravity  oils.  The  ]\Ionterey  shales  and  sandstones 
are  the  source  of  a  large  part  of  the  oil  in  the  State. 

It  is  manifestly  beyond  the  scope  of  this  book  to  give  a  description 
of  the  numerous  oil  fields  within  the  borders  of  California. 

The  Coalinga  district  in  Fresno  and  Kings  counties,  the  Kern  River, 
and  the  iNIcKittrick-Sunset  districts  in  Kern  County,  the  Santa  Maria 
and  Summerland  fields  in  Santa  IBarbara  County,  the  Santa  Clara  field 
in  Ventura  County,  and  the  Los  Angeles  field  are  the  most  important 
fields  in  the  State.  Oil  is  known  to  exist  in  several  counties  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  but  very  little  oil  has  been  obtained  from 
any  of  the  northern  fields. 

Tiie  geology  of  the  oil  fields  has  been  studied  by  Arnold,  Eldridge, 
Anderson  and  others  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  their 
results  published  in  bulletins  of  the  Survey. 

BITUMEN— ASPHALT— PITCH— TAK. 

The  San  Pablo  and  Monterey  formations  are  especially  characterized 
by  the  bituminous  matter  which  accompanies  the  shales  and  sandstones; 
consequently  layers  of  bitumen  and  seepages  of  viscous  tar-like  matter 
are  common  in  districts  where  these  shales  are  exposed.  They  are 
especially  prominent  in  the  southern  counties  and  some  asphalt  lakes 
have  formed.  The  most  noted  asphalt  deposit  in  the  State  is  on  the 
Rancho  de  la  Brea  in  Los  Angeles  County.  This  deposit  served  as  a 
trap  for  the  capture  of  many  animals  and  birds  now  extinct.  The 
deposit  was  for  a  time  worked  for  the  asphalt. 

Gilsonite  or  uiiifahift  is  a  variety  of  asjiliall  of  ;i  brilliiiiit  hl.-ick  coloi'. 
Has  been  found  in  Santa  Barbai-a  County. 

Grahamite  is  also  a  pitch-black  brilliant-lustered  asphalt.  Believed 
to  be  associated  with  i-iniifibar  in  the  Great  Eastern  mine,  Sonoma 
county,  Bradley^"'. 

COAL— LIGNITE. 

All  of  the  coal  of  the  State  is  of  the  soft  lignite  variety  and  only 
occurs  in  unimportant  deposits.  Many  of  the  counties  can  show  some 
seams  of  coal,  and  specimens  are  on  exhibition  in  many  of  the  county 
exhibits,  as  well  as  in  the  museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 


286 


STATE    MIXING    BURELVU. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

MINERALS   ARRANGED   ACCORDING   TO    THE 

ELEMENTS. 

Every  element  which  enters  into  the  composition  of  minerals  prob- 
ably occurs  in  California.  It  is  true  that  several  rare  elements  like 
caesium,  gallium,  indium  and  some  members  of  the  cerium-yttrium  and 
radium  groups  have  never  been  detected,  but  minerals  occur  in  which 
these  elements  are  usually  found,  so  their  presence  nuiy  yet  be  revealed 
when  more  extensive  chemical  and  spectroscopical  analyses  of  the 
iiiinei-ais  and  rocks  have  been  made. 

California  is  ideal  in  having  passed  through  all  those  stages  of  geo- 
logic development  which  govern  the  formation  of  the  various  species  or 
classes  of  minerals  of  igneous,  metamorphic  and  sedimentary  genesis, 
and  in  possessing  the  climatic  conditions  essential  to  the  formation  and 
preservation  of  unusual  mineral  species. 

Five  minerals  of  commercial  importance  M^hich  are  not  of  world-wide 
distribution  are  pre-eminent  in  California,  namely  coleraanite,  cinna- 
bar, magnesite,  pink  tourmaline  and  trona. 


Cornudum,  ALO3. 

Spinel,   MgO.Al.Oj. 

Chrysoberyl,  BeALO^. 

Bauxite.  ALO3.2H.O. 

Dawsonite,  Na3AI(C03)3.2Al(OH)3. 

Orthoclase,  KAlSijOs. 

Microcline,  KAlSisOs. 

Auorthoclasc,   ( K,Na )  AlSijOs. 

Albite,  NaAlSi-Os. 

Olijroflaso, 

Audcsine,  ;H.XaAlSi30s  + 

Labradoritc,        «  GaALSi.Oj. 

Bytowniro. 

Anortliito,   CaAl-.Si.Os. 

Spoduniene,   LiAKSiOs);. 

Horublendo.  Ca.Mg.Fe.Al.SiO,. 

Glauc-ophauf.    Na,VUSi03),.(Fe,M8)  SiOp,. 

Beryl,  BejALSi^Ois. 

Noidiellue.    K;XacAKSij03.i. 

Sodalito  3Xa.VlSiO4.NaCl. 

Noselite,  Xa  ( XaSO^. Al )  AL  ( SiO )  3. 

Lazui-ite.    Xa.CXaSo.AD AL(Si04),. 

(Jrossularite,  Ca-AloSi.,Oio. 

Pyrope,  Mg3Al,Si30,2. 

Almandite,   FejAbSijOjo. 

Spessartite.  MusAloSisO,;. 


ALUMINIUM. 

WiTuerito.   Ca,Xa.Al,Cl.Si04. 
Gehlenite,  Ca3AloSio09. 
Vesuvianite,    H4Ca,2(Al.Fe)oSi,o043. 
Topaz.  Al(O.F,)AlSiO^. 
Andaliisite.  ALSiOj. 
Sillimanite.  ALSiO,. 
Cyauite.  ALSiO^. 
Zoisite.    HCa^ALSiaCs. 
Epidote,   IICao(Al,Fe)3Si30,3. 
Allauito.    (Ca.Di.LaiCa.Fe,Al,Si04. 
IM.'duiontite.    HCa.,(  Al.Mu,Fc)3Si30„. 
Axinite,  II(Ca,Mn,Fe)3BAI,(SiO,),. 
Preiinit.-.   ILC'a,Al,Si,0,,. 
Lawsonito.    HiCiuVLSi^Om. 
Tounimlinp.    Li.Ff.Mjr.B.AlSiO;. 
Duinoi-tierito.  II.  .\.l3BSi30:^. 
Muscovite,    (  II. K  1  AlSiO^. 
Maripositc,    (  H,K)  (Al.Cr)  SiOi. 
Para-onite.    H.XnALSi.O,,. 
Lepidolite,     ( K. Li  I  Al  ( OH.F )  Al  ( SiOj ) 3. 
I'hlogopite,  HJvMgjAl  (SiOJa. 
Biotite.     ( II.K  I ,  ( Mg.Fe ) ,  ( AI.Fe )  ,81,0,^. 
Hoscoelite.    rUs:(Mg,Fe)  (AI,V)4(Si03)3, 
Margarite,  HoCa™Al,Si30^. 
Xantbophyllite,    Hs(Mg,Ca)HAl,cSi30,,;. 
Chloritoid,  H,  {,  Fe,Mg  1  ALSiO:. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


2g7 


ALUMINIUM— Continued. 


Ottrt'lito.   IL(I<V,Mu)ALSinO.,. 
( "liiiochlon'.   II,.M;,',AI,Si,(  V. 
I'ouninite,  lIaM^',Fe)5ALSi30,s. 
rroL-hlorin>.    II.Msr.l-V.Al.SiOo. 
Conindoi.liyllito.    lI.Ms.AI.SiO.. 
(iriffitliitf.   II.  Ca.Mir.Al.Fe.SiO,. 
Chalcwliti'.    li.Fo.Mjr.Al.SiO.. 
Joffcrisitc.  II.Mir.Fi'.Al.SiO,. 
lii'iilaiiditc.    l^(\iAL(Si()3l,.8ILO. 
Phillii)sit('.    ( K„,('a)Al,Si,0,:.4H„0. 
LaiiiiK.ntito.   II.CaALSi^OnSH.O. 
Stilbito.  H^  ( Na„Ca)  ALSi.!0,,.'4H,0. 
Chabazite,  (Ca.Na,)  Al,Si40,,r,IL6.  . 
Aiialcit.-.   \aAISi,0„.ILO. 
Natrolii.'.    Na,Al,Si,()„,.l2II.,( >. 
.Mcsolitf.    .\a.C"a.Al,Si03.n,0. 
Thoinsonite  ( XaX'a )  ALSi30s.2iH,0  ' 
(rnnophyllito.    7Mii().Al,,(X.SSiO,.r.II,0. 
IMazolitc.  .•U'a().Al,()3.-J(  SiO,.C<),).2lLO. 
I'yroph.vlliti'.    ILALSi^O,,. 
Kaolinito.   Al,0n.2Si(Kri,0. 
Ilalloysite,    H,ALSi,0,-II=0. 


.Moutinorillonite,  Il2Al2Si4(),;.HH.jO. 

Ailoi)liniH-.   Al,Si(),..lIL(). 
Ucftoritc.    Al,(),.2Sit),.lI,(). 

Cimolitp.   2Ai,o,.r)Si63.r,ii,o. 
Pilolite.  C^.Al.SiO,.II,0. 
Ainl)IyKonito.  Li  ( AlF )  PO4. 
Tuniuois.   AI1'(),.A1  (011)3. 
Lazulite.    (Fe.M-  I  AL(OII  »,P,(),. 
Varisrito,  A1P0,.21I,0. 
Pluml)osnmmito.     Pb0.2AL0,.P,(),.ir,(). 
Lirufonite.  ('u.AI.As,0,.IL'o. 
Kalinitc.  K„SC\.AI,(SOj3.24HoO. 
'rscbcnuisit.'.     (XII,  »,SO,Al.,(  SO,),. 

24HX). 
.\ron(]ozil(".  \a,SO,AL ( SO, ) ,.241120. 
I'ick.'iin-iif.    .M.i,'S(),.Al(!!!0,),.22n..O. 
Ilalotrichite,   FeSO^.AL ( SO4) 3.24HoO. 
Soiiomaite.    3Mf;SO,.AU(SOj3.33H;0. 
Alunogen,    A1.(S0J3.1SH„0. 
KuoxvillitP.   Fe,Cr,Al.S03.H,0. 
Hediimtoiiitc.  re.Cr,AI.S03.H„0. 
Ahuiitc,    K,O.;5Al,O,.4SO,.0H,O. 


Native  antimony,  Sb. 
Stibnite,  SU-S,. 
Kermesite,  Sb^SoO. 
Xajryai,nte.   AiuPb,,Sb3Te,Si,. 
Perthiorite,  FeSboS,. 
Janit'sonite.   Pb,Sh.,S,,. 
Bbiinumite,   (PbjCu^  1 38^.80. 
Miargyrite,  AgSbSo. 
Py ra a'y rite.  AgsSb^S,. 
Tetrahcdrite.  CiuSb.S;. 


ANTIMONY. 

Ge-ocronite,  Pb^SboSs. 
Stephanite,  Ag^SbS,. 
Polybasite,  Ag„SbS«. 
Cervantite,  Sb203. 
Stibiconite,   SboO^.H^O. 
Stibioferrite,  SboO^.FeA.H^G. 
8tibiotantaIite,   m  (  SbO )  .Xb.Os  + 

«(SbO)3Ta20s. 
Bindheimite,   Pb3Sbo0,.4H20. 
Partzitp.   Sb.  Cu,  O,  ILO. 


Native  arsenic,  As. 
Realgar,  AsS. 
<  )rpiim'iit.  As^Sj. 
Cobaltite,  CoAsS. 
Ai"seuopyrite,  FeAsS. 
Xlccolito.  NiAs. 
Smaltite,  CoAsj. 
Lollingite,  FeAsj. 
Dufrenoysite,  PboAs^S; 
Proustitc,  AgjAsSj. 


ARSENIC. 

I'hiargite,  Cu.fAsS,. 
Arsenolite,   AS2O3. 
Claudi'titc.  AsoOs. 
Mimotite,     (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3. 
Krythrite,   C03AS2OS.8II2O. 
Auuabci-gite.  Xi3A5v.Os.8H2O. 
Scorodite.  FeAsO,.2H20. 
Liroconite,   Cu,Al,As20,H20. 
Pitticite,  Fe,As20r,.Fe,S0,.n20. 


Witlierite.  BaC03. 
Benitoite.  BaTiSivO, 


BARIUM. 

Volborthite  (Cu,Ca,Ba)3(OH)3V04.6H20. 
Barite,  BaSO,. 


288 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


Chrysoberyl,   BeALOi 


BERYLLIUM. 

Berj'l,  BejAljSi^Cs. 


Native  Bismuth.  Bi. 
Bisiiiutliinite,  Bi^S^. 
Tetradymite.  Bi»Te. 


BISMUTH. 

Bisinito.  Bi,0,. 
Bisiuutosphaerite,   BLCOj 
Bismutite.  Bi,CO,.H;0. 


Saj^solilo.  I',,(),.:{ILO. 
Uatolitc,  HC'aBSiO,-,. 
AxiiiK.'.    ir(C'a,Mn,Fe)oB  Alo(Si()^),. 
Tom-iiialiiu',  l/i.Fc.Mg.B.^iO.. 
Diiiiiortifrite.   IlAlsB'SiaC-o. 
Svailrsitt',    \aB'(Si03k.H,0. 
Ludwijiitf,  ;iM!;O.Bo03.FeOFe„0.,. 
\'oiis('iiit(>.    2 ( Fe,Ms) O.Bo03.FeO.Fe,0; 
Burax.   Na,B,O,.l0H,0. 


BORON. 

Colemanite,  ra,BuO,,..5H.O. 
Bricoito.  .'-)(!aO.GB,,O,.0H„O. 
.Meyt'i-iioffei-ito.    ^OaO.HB.Oa.THjO. 
1  iiyoito.  L>0a0.8B,0;,.l)H.C). 
n.'xitc.   NaOaB,,0,.SH.O. 
1  lydroboracite,  CaMgB„0„.6H„0. 
Bakei-ite,   8Ca0.5B,0,.6SiOj.HH,0. 
Ilowlitc.   H,-,Ca2B,SiOn. 


Embolite,   Ag(Br,Cl). 


Greenockite,  CdS. 


BROMINE. 


CADMIUM. 


Fluorite,  CaF,. 
Calcite,   CaCO-. 

Limestone. 

Marble. 
Dolomite,   (CaJVIg)C03. 
Ankerite,   aaCOs.MsCOs.FeCOs. 
Aragonito,  CaOOj. 
Gay-Lussite.   CaCOs.Na,C03.5H50. 
Pirssonite,   CaC03.Na,C03.2H20. 
Oligoclasc.       1 

Andesiin\  (HNaAl.Si30s4- 

Lahradiiritc.     " /'  CaALSLOs. 
T'.ytowiiitf, 

Anorthitc,  C'aAl.,Si,(\. 
Pyroxene,  Ca(Mg,Fe)  (SiOs)-. 
A\'ollastonite.  CaSiOn- 
IVetolite,  HNaCa,(Si03)o. 
Amphiliole,    Ca(Mg,Fe),(Si03)4. 
Grossularite,  OasAL ( Si04) 3. 
Audradite,    Oa3Fe2 ( Si04)  3. 
Uvarovite,  CasCr,(  8104)3. 
Monticellito,  CaMgSi04. 
Iddingsite,  Fe.Mg,Ca,Na,  Silicate. 
Wernerlte,  Ca4AleSi80;3  +  Na^AljSi, 
Gehlenlte,  OajALSi.Oo. 


CALCIUM. 

Menvlnite,  Cas.MgCSiOi):.. 
Vesuvlanite,  HiCaj; ( Al.Fe) cSiioOjj. 
Srnn-rite,  2CaS104.CaC03. 
l>at<)iltc,  HCaB'SlO,. 
Zolslte.  HCaoAlsSljOij. 
Fjl)idote,  HOa, ( Al.Fe ) ,,Si,0,3. 
Allanitc.    (Co.Dl.La)  Ca,Fe.Al, Silicate 
I'ledmontite,  HCa;(Al,Mn,Fe)  SisO^. 
Axinite,    n(Ca.Mii.Fo)3BAL(Si04).. 
I'robnito.   H/XALSi.O,,. 
Ilvaito.  ('aFf',(Fe6lI)Si,(X. 
Lawsoiiitr,  lI^CaALSi.O,,,. 
Maruaiit.'.   lLCaAl,Si,()„. 
Xantlidi.liyliitc.  1I,(  My-Ca't  KAl.oSisO.o. 
(ii-iHithito,   1 1,  ( Mg,Fo,Ca  )  4  ( Al.Fe)  ^SirA. 

,->II,C). 
Houlanditc,    H4CaAlaSi03)c.3H„0. 
Bhillipsite,   ( K,.C« )  AL  ( Si03)4.4H.O. 
r.anmontite,  H4CaAl,Si40,4.2II,0. 
St ilhite.  II4  ( Na„Ca )  Al,SioO,s.4H,0. 
Cbabazite,  ( Ca,Na. )  ALSi404,.GH,0. 
Mosolite,  (Ca.Na,)ALSi30,o.2H,0. 
Thomsonite,  (Na,,  Ca)  ALSioOs.2*H,0. 
0,4C1.       Gyrolite,  H,Ca,Si30„.H,0. 

.Jurupaite,  H2(Ca,Mg)„SioOT. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


289 


CALCIUM-- 

AiHJi)liyllito.    lI^KCiiaSiO,  )..4iII,(». 

lOakloit.-.  II,Ca,-,Si.,0,,. 

Ok.'iiit.'.  lL("!iSi,()„.lI,(). 

Inesite.  2(Mn.('a )  SiO,.!!,!). 

( 'rcstninrcitc,   IlJ'aSiO,. 

KiviM-sideil.'.  ("{i,Si,()„.ILO. 

rinzolitr.    .•{('a().Al,0,-(  >^'<>.-^"<>. » .-IL<>. 

'nuuimasito.    ('aSi(>,,.("a(V),.("aS(),.ir>II,(). 

rilolitc.  Ilydi-oiis  ('a.Al.Sili(Mti\ 

'PitMiiir.-.   CaTiSiO,. 

Apatite     (CaF)Ca4(POj3. 

W i Ikeito,  SCa, ( PO, ) ..CnCO,  +  ;iCa, 

(SiO,SO,)raO.  ■ 
AiiaiMil.'.   (('a.F('i.;l'<),.41L(). 
Autiinit  ■.  ('a().-_'rO,P,0,.-"^H.!0. 
\'..l!.(.rrliit<'.  (('u.C^i.BaVJ  Oil  ),V()..l!II,( ). 
Nitroc.ilcit.'.    (ra.N<)s),./iH,(). 


-Continued. 

('olt'inauitc.   ('a,.B„()„..")lL(). 
Piiceiti'.   .">( •a().(;B,0,,.!>II,0. 
.Mcycrlioffoiitc.    2< "a().;51i,(),.7IlJ). 
I n.voito.  2Ca( ).;}K,(>,.'i:iII.,0. 
rU'xito.   Na( 'aB.-A.-'^H.O. 
Ilydi-ohorat-ite.   (•aMtrl?„()„.(JII,(). 
.Uakcrile.   8("aO.')H,(),.(!Si(K.(;lI,,0. 
Ilowlitf.   II-.Ca.K^SiO.^. 
I'yrochloiv.  Ti.Ca.Ci'.'l'ii.  nioliati'. 
Mi.rolitc.  ('a,Ta,0,. 
Sclu'clilc.  CaWO,. 
CuiU'osclirclitc.    ( ( 'ii.(  "a  )  \\'(),. 
rowi-llitc  Ca.MoO,. 
(ilaubofiti-,  Xa.J«104.('aS(),. 
Aiiliy.h-it.<.   C'aSO,. 
(Jypsuni.    <'aS(),.L'TI,(). 


Diamond,  C. 
(irapliito,  C. 
C'alcitf,  ('aC'0,T 
Doloniito.    { Ca M- )( "(X. 
Aiik.iit  •.    ( 'al  •(  ):;..MirC'(  J^.FeCO,. 
.MaKii  site.    .M};('();,. 
'Sidcril.'.    FK"0,. 
Kliodochi-oslte,   MiiCO;,. 
Sinith.sonite.  ZnCOj. 
Ara-onitc.   CaCO,. 
Sti'oiiiianite.    SrCOj. 
Witli.'iite.   BaCO:;. 
Ccrussite.  PbOO:;. 
I'isinut(:.s])hnorito.  BijCO,. 
PhosKciiiti".    (PI).(Mi,('0,. 
Xorthupitc.  NaX'O.MgCOj.XaCl. 
Tychil.'.   l\M.-('0,.2Xa,('(),,Na,S0,. 
Malachite.  ( "u( "(),.( 'ii((>I 1 1,. 
A/iirile.    2Cu003.Cu(OH).. 
Aiirichalcite.  •JCZii.rtD  CO  ..•1(  Zii.r 
(OH  1... 


CARBON. 

ll.vdrozincite.  ZnrO,.Zii  (Oil),. 

I )a\vsonite,  Xa.;Al ( ( "( ), )  .:2\  1  ( ( » II ) ,. 

Thennonatrite,  Xa.,CO.,.I  L( ). 

(Jay  Lus.site.  ('a('(V.Xa,f '0...-.ILO. 

Xali-on.   Xa,(\):,.l<IIF(). 

Tioiia.    Xa,( '(),.! IXa('().,.2ILO. 

I'irssonite,   ('a(M).,.Xa,00;,.211,0. 

I lydroma.iinesite.  :iMg('(),.M},' (Oil ) ,.:'.H,( ), 

I lydroffiobertite,  2M«O.CO,.3HoO. 

Zaratite.  XiC0,.2Xi  (OH)n.4H,0. 

Bisimitite.  Bi,('0,,lLO. 

SiHirritP.  2Ca'siO,.C'aC()3. 

Plazolite.   SCaO.Al/V-M  SiO,.CO,.)  .2ILO. 

'riiaiiniasite.  ('aSi0,.('aCO3.Ca!?;O4.15II.,O. 

\\' i Ikeite.  BCa, ( PO , ) ,.('«( 'O,  +  3€a, 

(SiO.SO.K'aO. 
Ilanksite.   4Xa,S04.Xa,( "O,. 
Leadliillite.    4 PhO.SO,.2(*0,.H,0. 
I  I\'dro(arl)ons. 


n  ) 


Aliaiiite,   Fe,Ca.Ce,AI,   Silicate. 
ri-aiiiiiite,   I'll.   I',   uianale. 


CERIUM. 

Monazite   (Ce,La,Di)  PO,. 

Pyruelilore.  Ti.("a.("c,Tli.   niohale 


Calomel.  Hk:.('1j. 
Halite.   XaCl. 
Sylvite.  KCl. 
Sal  Ammouiae,  XHiCl. 

Ceraru:yrite,   A.ijCl. 
Cliloriiiaj;ii<''<ite,   MgCL. 
Atacamite.   Cuj  CIH3O3. 
Kfflestonite.  IIs4CLO. 
Embolite.  Ai;(Br,Cl). 
19=  -22132 


CHLORINE. 

Phossenite.    (PbCllX'Oj. 
Xorthupite.  Xa,('03.MffC0,.XaCl. 
Sodalite.  ;^XaAlSi04.XaCl. 
Wernerito,   Ca4AloSi„03.-,  +  Xa,Alp,Si„0,,CI. 
Apatite    (CaCnCa,(POj,. 
Pyromorpliite.    (  PbCl )  Pb.  (  P( ), ) ,. 
\-anadinite.   ( I'bC M )  Pb, ( VO, ) .. 
.Mimetite.   ( I'bCl )  I'b,  ( AsO,) ,. 
Sulfohalite,  3Xa,S04.2XaCl. 


.290 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


Ob  ronii ; e,  FeC nO., . 
Uvarovite  garnet. 
Crocoit  >,  PbCiO,. 


CHROMIUM. 

Kuoxvillilc,  Fe,Cr,   Sulphate. 
IledinRtonite,   Fe.Cr,   Sulphate. 


Cobaltile,   CoAsS. 
Smaltite,  CoAs,. 
Danaite  (Fe,Co)AsS. 


COBALT. 

^  Asbolite,   MnO„Co,H-0. 
*  Erythrite,  CosASoOj.SHjO. 
Biebprite.  CoSO^.THoO. 


Xativc  Copper,  Cu. 
Chalcolite,  Cii^S. 
Stromoyorite    (Cu,Ag)„S. 
Covcllite,  CuS. 
Bornite,  CujFeSa. 
Cubanite,  CuFe^Si. 
Chalcopyrito,  CuFeSo. 
Bouruouite(Pb,Cuo)  Sb^S,;. 
Tetralu'dritc.  Cu^SboS;. 
Euaraite,  CuoAsSi. 
Atacamite,  Cu.ClHA- 
Partzite,  Sb.Cu.HjO. 
Cuprito,  CujO. 
Melaconite,  CuO. 
Creclucrite,  Cu,Mu.,03. 
Malachite.  CiiCO^.Cu ( OH ) ,. 
Azuiilc,   2CuC03.Cu(OH:),. 


COPPER. 

Aurichalcile,  2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zu,Cu) 

(OH),. 
Chrysocolla,   CuSi03.2H„0. 
Torbcruito.  Cu0.2U03.P,0.-..Sn,0. 
Cuprodescloizite,    ( Pb,Zn,Cii )  sV^Oj. 

(PI).Zm.Cu)  (OH  I,. 
^■olborthite.  ( Cu,Ca,Ba )  3  ( OH )  sVO^. 

GH,C>. 
Lirocouite,  Al,Cu,  Arsenate. 
Cuproscheelite    (Ca,Cu)  WO^. 
Caledonite   (Pb.Cu)  S04.(Pb,Cu)  (OH),. 
Brochantite,  CuSO,.3Cu(OH)2. 
Liuarlte   (Pb,Cu)  SO,.  (PbCu)  (OH)^. 
Pisaiiite.     (  F<%Cu  I  SO^.TH.O. 
Boothite,   CuS0,.7H,,0. 
Chalcantliili',  CuS04.r.II,(). 


FLUORINE. 

Fluorite.  CaF,.  hopidollte.     (K,Li)AI(OH.F)  AUSiOj); 

Topaz.  Al(0.F,)AlSi04.  Apatite.   (CaF  )CaJ  PO,),. 

Chondrodite.  fMg(F,OH)  ],Mg,(Si04.  Amblygonite,   Li(AlF)p64. 


Native  sold.  Au. 
Petzite   (Ag,Au)2Te. 
Sylvanite.    (Au,Ag)Te; 


GOLD. 


Calaverite   (Au.Ag)Te;. 
Xagyagite,  Au.Pb^.SbaTejS.j. 


Meteoric  iron.  Fe. 
Awaruite,  NijFe. 
Troilite,  FeS. 
Pyrrhotite,  FenSn. 
Bornite.   Cu^FeSj. 
Cubanite,   CuFe2S4. 
Chalcopyrite,  CuFeS.. 
Marcasite,  FeS,.. 
Pyrite,  FeS,. 
Ar.senopyrite.  FeAsS. 
Liillingite,  FeAso. 
Berthierite,    FeSb.S,. 
Hematite,  Fe^Oj. 


IRON. 

llnienite   (Fe,Ti)203. 

Magnetite,  Fe^O,. 

Chromite,   FeCr„04. 

Turgite,  2Fe,03.H,0. 

Gothite.  Fe.Oj.HoO. 

Linionite,  2Fe,03.3H,0. 

Ankerite.   CaCOs.MgCOj.FeCO,. 

Siderite.  FeCO,. 

Hyperstheue.    ( Fe,Mg )  SiO^. 

Augite.  Ca(Mg,Pe)(Si03),+  (Mg,Fe) 

(Al,Fe),SiO„. 
Acmite.  XaFeCSiOs),. 
Anthophyllite,    ( Mg,Fe)  SiOj. 


MINERALS    OK    CALIFORNIA. 


291 


IRON— 

Tloniblriidr,    Cii(  M^',Fe)3(Al,Fo);SiOs. 
(ilaiu-ophano.  NaAl  (  SiO,  V,.  (  FvMix)  SiO, 
(;'im'id..lit(>,  NaFo  (SiO:;\,I"VSiO,. 
Alnmnilitc   Fo.AhSijO,;. 
Aiulraditf.  CaJ'-i'.SijO,.. 
Oliviap.    (Mfi.F'O.SiO^. 
Iddingsite,  Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,  Silicate. 
lOpidotc.  IT0a,(Al.Fe).Si,0,3. 
Allan itc,  (Cc.Di.La)  Ca.Fo,AlSiO.. 
riedmcntite.  HC}V,(Al,Mu,Fe),,Si30n. 
Axinii.'.    II(('n.Mii.Fot,BAl,(SiO,)^. 
Ilvaitr.    (,'aFe,(Fo()lI)  (Si04)=. 
Blotite.   ( H,K ) . ( Mg.Fe ) , ( Al.Fo ) ,Si,0|,i. 
Chloritoid.    IT,(  Fc.Mir)  ALSiO;. 
(Hlreliti",    H,( F«',MiU ALSioO,.. 
,  Penniuite,  Hs(Mg,Fe)-,Al,Si,0,s. 
Pn.clilorito.   Msr.Fc.Al.Si.lLO. 
( ;riflit  Into.    H^ ( Mg.Fo.Ca ) ,  ( AlFe ) ,«i.,0,o 

.-rij ). 

( 'halciMJito.    -2  (  Fp.Mk  i  O.  ( Fo.Al  t  ,0.v5Si 

ih.'MlX). 
Jefferisite.  2(Ms.Fe)0.(Al.Fe),03.5SiO,. 

5H,0. 
Celadon ito.  Fe.Mu,K.SiOo.H,0. 
C h lor< ) I )a  1 ,   I I,;Fe,S i30,,.2 H ,0 . 
Xeotocite,  Hydrous  Mn.Fe,  silicate. 
X('I)timiti'.  Fe.,Mii,.\a,K  tilano-silicate. 


Continued. 

Triphylito,   LiFePO,. 
Triplite.  ;5(Mu.Fe)().P,0,.MuF™. 
LMzulito.    (Fe,Mff)AL(6lI).lV).. 
Vivianite.  FeaP.Og.SILO. 
I'linim-it.',  (Fe.Mu),03.PA-H20. 
An.i  pa  it .-.   ( Ca,Fe  » :,P0.,.4H„0. 
Salnionsite.  Fo,03.9Mu0.4PoO,.14II,0. 
Stivii-ite.   Fe,03.PAv4H,0. 
Sitkl-'i-ite,    Fe,03.GMn0.4'p„05.3(Li,H)J). 
Scorodite,  FeAs04.2H,0. 
I'iti icite.   Fe,,0,.AsJ),.§03.rL0. 
l.iid\vij;ite,  HMjjO.BoOj.FeO.Fe.Oj. 
A'ouseuite,  2(Fe3Mg) O.B,03.FeO.Fe,,03. 
("oliimhite.    ( Fo.Mn  )  X1>,0„. 
Wolframite.    (Mu.FelWO... 
.Melaiiterite,  FeSC)4.7H„0. 
Pisauite    (Fe,Cu)  S0«.7H„0. 
llalotricliite.     FeS()4.AlJS04)..24II,0. 
Coquimhite,  Fco(SOj3.9H,0. 
I lomerite.   Fe,  ( SO4 )  3. 121LO. 
( 'opiapite,  2Feo03.5SO,.18"H„0. 
Knoxvillite,   Feo03.Cr,03,S04. 
Redingtonite,  Fe.Oj.CivC.SO^. 
FihroFon-ite.  Fe.,03.2SO,,  1(HL( ). 
Rolryosen,    Fe,03-2Ms6.4S03.ir)n.,0. 
Jarosite,  K„0.3FeoOs.4S03.6HjO. 
Diinlenitc.  Fe  (  T.-O.  ),.4ir..(). 


Native  lead.  Pb. 

Galenite.  PbS. 

Altaite.  PbTe. 

NagyaKite,    Au,.   Pb^SbaTeTS^. 

Jainesonite,   PbnSboSj. 

Dufreuoysite.  PbjAs^SB. 

Bournonite   (Pb,Cu:")SboSc. 

Geocronite,  PbsSbjSi. 

Massictit.  PbO. 

Litbars(>,  PhO. 

Minium.  PbjOi. 

Cerussite,   Pb(X)3. 

IMlosK.'Iiite     (PbCn/'O;,. 

Py romorphite   ( PbCl )  Pb, ( PO4) 3. 


LEAD. 

Plumbogummite.    PbO.2ALO3.PoO.vH2O. 
Crocoite,  PbCr()4. 
Vanadinite   (PbCl)Pb4(V04)3. 
Descloizite.  (Pb.Zu  ),V,0,.  (Ph.Zn)  (OH),. 
Mimetite    (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3. 
Bindheimite,   Pb3Sb.O8.4HoO. 
Wtilfenite,  PbMoOi. 
I'lauinite,  lead  urauate. 
Uraconite,  lead  uranate  +  HoO. 
Ansiesite.    PbS04. 
Leadhillite,  4PbO.SO3.2COo.HoO. 
Caledonite    (PbCu)  S04.(PbCu)  (0H)o. 
Linarite  (Pb,Cn)S04.(PbCn)  (OH)^. 


LITHIUM. 

Tourmaline.    Lithia-boro-alumina   silicate.  liithiophilite,  LiMnPO,. 

Lepidolite.    (  LiK)  AHOH.F)  AKSiO;.),.  Ambl.vgonite,  Li(AlF)P04. 

Spodumene.   LiAKSiOj),.  Sirklorite.    FeoO,J>Mu0.4P..O,.3(  Li.H^oO. 
Triphylite,   LiFePO,. 


.292 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


MAGN 

Chlormagnesite,  MgCl;. 
Periclas?.  ^Ig<>. 
Spinel,   MgO.ALO.,. 
Brucite.  M.iiO.ILO. 

Dolomii?,    ((•a,Mg)C03. 
Ankcrito.    (Ca.Mg.Fe)  CO,. 
.Magnesito.  MgCO,. 
.\orIluii)iti'.   Xa,CO,..M!,K'0,.N:i('I. 
Tycliitc.  2.M«( "Oj.L'Na.CC ),.Na,S( ^. 
Hydromagnesite,  SMgCOsMg (OH ) „.3H„0. 
Hydrosiohertite.  2>rg0.rO,.8ILO. 
Enstatitc.  MgSiOj. 
Hypersthene.   (FcMglSiOj. 
Pyroxone.  Ca(Mg.Fe)  (SiO,K. 
Autliuphylliti'.   (Mg.Fo)SiO:;. 
Amphiholo,  Ca  (  Mg.Fe ) ,  ( SiO, ) ,. 
Glaucophanc.  NaAl  (  SiO,),.(Fe.Mg)  SiO,. 
Pyrop-.    MgjALlSiO^).,. 
Alonticellite.   CaMgSi04. 
Olivine.    ( Mg.Fe ),Si()_,. 
Iddinusite.    Fe.Mg.C 'a. Na. Silicate. 
Menviuite.  ('a,Mg(  SiO,),. 
("hoiidrodite    I  Mg(  F.OII )  13Ig,(Si04),. 
Pldogoiiite.    ILKMg.AK  SiOj) ... 
P.iotire.   ( I I.K  K  (  Mg.Fe ) ,  ( ALFe) , 

(SiO.h. 
Kosfoelite.   HJv( Mg.Fe)  (Al.V  14!  SiO,),2. 
Xaut hopliyllite.  H:, ( Mg.Oa ) „Al„iSi,0,... 


ESIUM. 
Cldoiitoid.    H,(  F:>.MgK\LSiO,. 
( 'linochloi-e.  II,Mg,Al.,Si,0,H. 
Peimiuite,    IMM^.FeJ.ALSisOis. 
I 'i-ochlorite.   II ,„ (  Fe.:Mg )  ,,Al,,Si,30,«. 
("onindophyllite.  II,„(Mg,Fe  luAlsSigOis. 
(h-ilKitliite.  II.(Mg.Fe.Ca)4(Al,FeK 

Si,,0,9."»H,0. 
Clialcodite.   -2  (  Fe.Mg  >  O.  (  Fe. Al )  ,0,. 

.')Sio,.:jiLo. 

.Teflferisite.  2  ( .Mg.Fe )  O.  (  Al.Fe  I  .,0,. 

.-.SiO,.."ILO. 
.hirupaite.  ri.,(  CV^gl-jSioO,. 
Seri>eiitiue,  H4Mg:,Si:.0(,. 
Deweylite.  4:Mg()..'',Si0,.tiIT,0. 
(iariiierite.  H,(  Xi.Mg)  SiO^.oH.O. 
'I'alc.   ILMg.Si^O,,. 
Sei)iolite.  II,Mg,Si,0,„. 
("eladonite.  Fe.^Ig.K.  silicate.- 
Lazulite.    ( Fe.Mg )  AL  ( OH )  ,P.,0.. 
laidwigite.    :jMgO.B',0>FeO.Fe,0,. 
Voiiseuite.  2  (  Fe.Mg)  O.B.OjFeO.FeoO,. 
I  lydroboracite.    C'aMgB,(  )i,.0ILO. 
Fpsomite.   MgSO,.7II,(). 
Bl(jdite.   MgSO,.Na,.SO,.4H„0. 
Boiissiugaultite,    (NHJ.SO^.MgSO^.GH.O. 
1  'ickei-iugite.   MgSO,.AL (  8( ), )  ,,22II.X). 
Sonomaite.  .SMgSO,.Al,  ( SOJ  3.33H,b. 
I'.otryogeu.   Fe,0,.2M!rO.-l,S03.1oH„0. 


Alabandite.   MnS. 
Hausmannite.  Mn304. 
Creduerite.    Cu3Mn409. 
Braunite,  SMn.OsMnSiOj. 
I'yrulusite,   MuO,. 
-Mangaiiite.    Mu.Oj.H.O. 
Pyrochioite,  Mu(OII).,. 
Psildiuclane.  MiiO,.Mn,0,,TI,0. 
Rhoduehi-osite,   MnCOj. 
Rhodonite.  MnSiOi. 
Spessartite.   Mn,A!,.Si..O,... 
Tepliroite.  Mn.SiU^. 
Piedmontite.  IlCa,  ( Al.Mn,Fe )  sSi.O,,. 
Axinite.    IKCa.Mn.Fe)  ,B  AU(SiO,)4 
Ottrelite.  TL  ( Fo.Mn  )  Al,Si.,09. 
Inesite.  2(Mn.Ca  I  SiOj.H.X). 


MANGANESE. 

Oanophyllite.  TMuO.ALOs.SSiOo.OILO. 
Bcinentite.   2.MnSi(),.ILO. 
Ntotocite.    Hydrous  Mu.Fe.  silicnite. 
Xeptunite.  B'e.Mu.Xa.  titano-silicate. 
Triphylit.>.  Li(Fe.:\In)P04. 
Lithiophilite,  LiMuPO^. 
Triplite.   3  ( Mn.Fe )  O.P.O,.MnF,. 
Purpurite    (Fe.Mn),03.R0,.H„0. 
Huivaulite.    .".Mu0.2PX),..">H.,0. 
Palaite.  .■Mu0.2P,0,.4IL0. 
Stewartite.    Hydious  Mn  iihospliate. 
SaJmonsite.    Fe,03.1>MuC).4P,(),,.I4IL0. 
Sickleiite.    Fe,0,.()Mn0.4P„0,.3 ( Li.fl ) ,0. 
( 'olumbite.    ( Fe,Mn  )  Xb,0„. 
Ilnhnerite.  MnWO,. 
Wolframite.    (  Mu.Fe  t  W04. 


Native  Mercury.  Hg. 
.Metaciunabarite,    IlgS. 
Cinnabar.  HgS. 
Tiemannite.   HgSe. 


MERCURY. 

Coloradoite.  HgTe. 
Calomel.  Hg.CL. 
Kglestonite.   Ilg.Cl.O. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


293 


Molybdi'nite.  MoS,. 
Molybditc.   M0O3. 


MOLYBDENUM. 

Wulffuite.  PbXIoO^. 
I'owellitc.  (.'aMoO^. 


Awaniile.  Ni,Fe. 
.Millorito.  NiS. 
rolydymitc.  Ni^S,. 
.Niccolitc.   XL\s. 
Mclonite,  NioTej. 


NICKEL. 

Zaiatito.   NiC03.2Xi  (OII)j.4H30. 
(Jarnuniti'.    II,,(  Ni.Mj;  >  SiO,.wHoO. 
Aniialioriiit.'.    Xi^As.Os.SHjO. 
Muiouositc,  XiSO^.THoO. 


NIOBIUM— TANTALIUM. 

ryrochloro.   Ti.ra.Ci'.Tli.  niohatc.  Stibiotautalite,  m(SbO)2.Xb.06  with 

Microlite.  C«,Ta...O;.  h  ( SbO )  .Ta^Oo. 

Columbite    (Fe.Mu)  Nb,0„- 


Sal   Ammoniac.  .\11,<'1. 

Soda  niter,  NaNOj. 

Niter,  KNO3. 

Nitrocalcite,  Ca(N03)2.nH20. 

Darapskite,   NaN03.Na,S04.H„0. 


NITROGEN. 

Nit loglaube rite,  (;)NaN03.2Na,S0..3H20. 
Mascagnite,   (NH4)oS04. 
Boussinfraultit.v  (NII,),S(),MgSO^.(HLO. 
Tschermigite,   ( NH,) ,SO,.AL ( SOJ 3- 
24Hs,0. 


PHOSPHOROUS. 


Mouazite,   (Ce,Di,La)I'04. 
Tni)liylite.   Li(  Fo.Mn)rO,. 
Lithiophilito.  Li.MnPO,. 
Triplite.   3 (  Mm.F."  i  ( ).r,(),.MuF,. 
Apatite,    (("aF)('a,(  PO,  K. 
I'yromorphite.    ( PbCl )  Pb, (POJ 3. 
Aml.ly^'onite.    Li(  AlFtPO^. 
La/uliti'.    (  Fi-.Mi;)AL(()II)„P.O,. 
Wilkeite.  3Ca,(POJ,.CaC03+3Ca3 

(SiO.SOj.CaO. 
Vivianitc,   FesP^CSFLO. 
Purpurite.    ( Fe,Mn  1 ,63.P,0,.H,0. 


Tuniuoi.s.  A11'04.AU0II),.H/). 
Varisr-ite.  A1P0,.2II,0. 
]'lumbo.iiun-..mite.    Pl)( ).:2AI,( ),,l',05.H.O. 
Aiiapaitt'.   (C'a.Fe)3P04.4H,0. 
Torbornite.  Cii0.2r03P,0,.8H,0. 
Aiitunite.    ('a().2r(),.P,(),.SlI,0. 
lluroaulite.   r,Mn().-_'PJ),..")ILO. 
Palaitp.   r,.Mn().2IM),,.4II.O. 
Stewartite,   Hydrous  Mii-pbosphate. 
Salmonsito.     Fe,(VLMii().4P,( ),-,.!  41 LO. 
Streiiiiitp.    Fe,0,-iy >.-,.4ILO. 
Sicklorite.    Fe.O,.(iMn().4P,03.3(Li.H),0. 


Platinum,   Pt. 
Platiniridium,  Ptir. 
Iridium,   Ir. 
Osmium,   Os. 


PLATINUM    GROUP. 

Iridosmine,   IrOs. 
Palladium,  Pd. 
Rhodium,   Ro. 
Ruthenium,  Ru. 


294 


STATE    MINJXG    BUREAU. 


POTASSIUM. 


Sylvite,  KCl. 

Orthoclaso,  KAlSiaO.,. 
Microclinc,  KAlSi-A- 
Aiiorthoclaso.  (K.Na)  AlSiaO;,. 
Muscovite,    (H,K)AlSi04. 
.Maripositc.     (II.K)  (Al,Cr)SiO  . 
Lepidoli to,     (K.Li )  Al  ( OH,F I  Al ( SiO, ) ,. 
Phlogopite,    HJvMgjAl  ( 8104)3. 
Riotite,    ( II.K  i,(Mg.Fe).,(Al,Fe), 
SijOjo. 


Kospoeliti'.    HJv(Mjr.Fe)  (Al,V)a8iO,): 
Phillipsite.   (K,,Ca)  ALSi40,;.41J;0. 
Apophyllitp.  H;KCa,(Si03)s.4JH,0. 
Niter,    KNO3. 
Ai)bthitalite,    (K,Na)2S04. 
Aroauite,  K.SOi. 

Kalinite.  K,*SO,. AL ( SO,) 3.24H,0. 
Alunite.  K„6.3ALO'3.4S03.6H„0. 
Jarosite,  K\o..3Fe„03.4S03.6H,0. 


Tiemanniie,  HgSe. 


SELENIUM. 


SILI 

(Jiiartz,  SiO,.. 

( 'iijilci'tlony,  i>,\0... 

Tridyiuite,   SiO-. 

Cristobalite,  SiO,. 

<)p:il.    Si(),.;/ILO. 

(Jrthoclasc,  KAlSijOs. 

Microcline,   KAlSisOg. 

Anoi-tlioclase.    ( K.Na ) AlSijOs- 

Albite.    NaAlSisOs. 

Olisoclase,     " 

Andesine.  y;iXaAiSi30s  + 

Lnhradorite.  [  i,CaAl,Si,.0s. 

P>yt(i\\nit<', 

Anortliite.  CaALSioOs- 

Kiistatite,   MgSi'03. 

Ilypfistheui'.   (Fe,Mg)  SiOj. 

Pyroxene.    Ca  ( M>,Fe )  SioOo  +  ( Al.Fe ) 

SiO„. 
Acmite.  NaFe(Si03);. 
Si>odumene,  LiAl  ( SiO, )  2. 
Wollastonite.  TaSiOs. 
Pectolite.  HNaCa.CSiOj),. 
Rliodonite.   MuSiO^. 
Antlmpliyllite.     (  Mir.Fe  )  SiOn. 
Ampliibole.  Ca  ( Mg. Fe  )  3  ( SiO. )  4  + 

(Al.Fe)  oSiOo. 
Olaiuophanc.    XaAl  ( SiO,~l .  (Fe.Mg)  SiO,. 
Crofidolitp.  XaFe(Si03),FeSi03. 
Beryl.  Be,ALSi„0„. 
>>>plv?line.  K^NacAKSi.jOa^. 
Sodalite.  :iXaAlSiO,.NaCl. 
Xoselite.    Xa^  (  XaS04.Al )  Al,  ( SiO,)  3. 
Lazuri te,   Xa,  ( XaS. Al )  AL  (8104)  3. 
Oarnet.  Ca3AL(Si04),,  etc. 
Montif-ellite,  CaMgSiO^. 
OliWne.    (Mg,Fe)2SiO,. 


CON. 

Tcphroito,  Mn^^^SiO.,. 

Iddingsite.    I-V..Mg,Ca,Xa.Si(),. 

Willeinite.  Zu,Si(),. 

Wernerite.  »iCa4AloSicO;;  +  HXa4AljSi„ 

0,4C1. 

(iehlenite,  CaaALSi.Oo. 

Merwiuite,  Ca,Mg(Si04)2. 

Vesuvianite,    H^Ca,,  ( Al.Fe )  r,!^i,„U43. 

Zircon,  ZrSi04. 

Topaz.  Al(0,F„iAlSi04. 

Audalusite.  Al,SiO,. 

Sillimauite.  ALSiO;. 

Cyanite.  ALSiO,. 

Spnrrite,  2CaSi04.CaC03. 

Datolite,    IICaBSiOr,. 

Zoisite.  Iiai,Al,8i30,3. 

Kpidoio.  Iira,(  Al.F<>>,8i30,3. 

Allanite.    ( (\\Di,La )  Oa.Al.Fe.  silicato. 

Piedmontite.  HCao(Al.Mn.Fe)  381,0,,. 

Axinit,\  ir (( "a. Mn.Fe),BAl,( 8104)4. 

I'rehnite.   lLCa,AL(8i04 )> 

Chondrodite,  [ Mg  ( F.(  )H )  J ,Mg„  ( 810*) ,. 

Ilvaitc.    ("al-V.d-VOin  (SiOJ,. 

( 'alainine.  PLZn.jSiO-. 

Lawsonlte  H4CaAL.Si;Oio. 

'rournialiiu',    (  Xa.Li.K  ) .  (  Mg.Fe.Ca ) . 

(B.Al.Fei.8iO,. 
Dnmortierite.  IIAls-B"  SisO,,,. 
Muscovite.  H,KA1,(  8104)3. 
-Mariposite.    ILK  ( Al.Cr)3(S10^).,. 
Paragouite.   H^XaALiSijO,™. 
Lepidolitf.    K.Li[Al  (  OH,F),]Al(8iO.)3. 
I'hlogopite.  H  Jv  Mg.AJ  ( SiO, » 3. 
Biotite.     (H.K)„(Mg.Fe),(  Al.Fe), 

(810413. 
Koscoelite.   HJvlMg.Fe)  (Al,V)4(8i03),,, 
.Margarite.  H^CaAUSi^Oi,. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


295 


SILICON- 

Xanthophyllitc,   II, ( Mjr.Ca )  ,4Al,„Si50„. 
Chloritoid.   II,(Fc.Mj;)  AI,Si(K. 
Uttrelite.  IL (  Fe.Mn )  ALSi.CV 
riinochohv.  IIsMjr,ALSi,0,»- 
renninito.   IIs(Ms:.Fo  ijALSi^O,.. 
Prochlorito.    II„,iFe,M?:)2iAlnSi,,(),H,. 
Corundophyllito.  Hoo( Fo,M}r> „AIsSi„045. 
Griffithite.  II,(Mg,Fe,Ca)4(Al,Fe)  = 

Si,(l„.r>ILO. 
( 'ha loud i to.  2(Fe.M.2:)0.(Fe.Al),03. 

5SiO-,.3H,(). 
.TofTcrisito.  2(  Fc.M.uO  ( ».  ( I-V.An,0,. 

rjSi(),.r,iLo. 

Heulandite,    H^CaAl, ( SiO,) «.3H„0. 
rhillipsite.    ( K^.Ca)  Al,Si,0,,.4pi,0. 
I.aumontite.  Il4CaAKSi40,,.2IL'0. 
StiII)ite.   ( Na,.Ca )  Al,Si,Ar.OH,b. 
Chabazite.    ( Ca,Na., )  Al,Si,O,;.0n,,O. 
Auak-ite.  XaAl  ( SiOJ ^.II.O. 
Xatrnlitc.    Xa;ALSi,,0,„.2IL0. 
Mesolite,   ( Na,,Ca)  Al,,SiAo.3IL(  >. 
ThomsonitP.   (Na,,Ca) AL(SiOJ;.2iU,0. 
Gyrolite,  HX'a.Si^Oo.tLO. 
Jurupaite,  H,  (Ca.M?)  „Si.OT. 
Apophyllitp.    II;KCa,(Si03)s.4iH,0. 
Eakloite,  Il^Ca^^Si/J,,,. 
Okenite,  HoCaSi;Oe.H;0. 
Inesito.  2(Mn.ra)  SiO,.II,0. 
Ganophyllitp.  7MuO.Al,(J,.8SiOo.GH,0. 
Crestmoreite,  H2CaSi04. 


-Continued. 
Kiversideite.  Oa;Si;0„.II;0. 
Plazolite.  3('a( ).A1,(K.2 ( SiO^-CO.) .2H„0. 
■Serpentine.    II,"M},',Si;Oo. 
Deweylite,  4M.:r( ).:iSiO;.6n,0. 
Garnierite.  IL(Ni,Mg)  SiO,.HlLO. 
Tale.   II,M!J,Si,0„. 
Sepiolite.  II^lMsoSiaOjo. 
Celadonite.  Fe.Ms.K,  silicate -|-H;0. 
Pyr<t|)liyllite.    II,,Al;Si,0„. 
Allophane.   Al,yiO,.r)ILO. 
Kaolinite,  Al;63.2SiO..HoO. 
Ilalloysite.   li,Al,Si,,(VII,(). 
.Montmoiillouite,    IL.AUSi,(J,2-"II;0. 
Kectorite,  AL03.2SiO,.lLO. 
Cimolite,  2ALO,.t)SiO,.6H,0. 
Thaumasite,  CaSiO,.CaC03.raS04.15n,0. 
Chrysoeolla.  CiiSiO,.2I-LO. 
Chloropal,  H„Fe„Si,(),,.2II,0. 
Bementit<\  2MnSiO,.ILO. 
Xeotocite,  Hydrous  Mn.Fe.  silicate. 
I'ilolite,  Ilydi'ous  Ca,Al, Silicate. 
t<earlesite,   NaB(SiO,),.n,0. 
Titanitc,  CaTiSiO.,. 
Benitoite,  Ba,TiSi,,0„. 
Xrptnnito.  FK,]\In,K,Xa.  titano-silicate. 
Wi Ikcite,  3Ca3  ( PO^ )  „.O.iC0,  +  SCa. 

( 810^.804  )..CaO. 
Bakerite,  8Ca0.5B,0,.GSiO,.6H.O. 
Ilowlite.   IT,Ca.B,Si04. 


SILVER. 


Native  silver,  Ag. 
Argentite,  Ag.S. 
Stromes'erite   (Ag,Cu)2S. 
Hessite,  AgnTe. 
Pctzite  (Au,Ag)jTe. 
Sylvanite    (Au,Ag)Te,. 
Calaverite   (Au,Ag)Te;. 
Xagyagite,   Au,Pb,4Sb3Te;S,7. 


Miargyrite.  AgSbS.. 
Pyrargyrite,  AgjSbSs. 
Proustite,  AgjAsSj. 
Stephanite,   Ag^SbS^. 
Polybasite,  Ag^SbSe. 
Cerargyrite,  AgCl. 
Embolite,    Ag(Cl,Br), 


Halite.  XaCl. 

Northupite,  NajCOjMgCOs.NaCl. 
Tychite,  2Mg.C03.2NajC03.Na,S04. 
Dawsoni te.  XajAl  ( CO, )  3.2AI  ( OH )  g. 
Thermonatrite,  NajCOj-HjO. 
Gay-Lussite.   CaCOs.Xa^cbg.SH.O. 
Natron.  Xa.COj.lOH.O. 
Trona.    Xa,C03.HNaC03.2H,0. 
Pirssonite,  CaCO..Na,C03.2H,0. 
Anortboclase,    (K.Xa)  AlSijOs. 


SODIUM. 

All)it< 


)(XaAlSi,r)s  + 
wraALSi..O,. 


NaAlSi:A. 
Oligoclase, 
Andes!  ne. 
Labradorite, 
Bytownite, 
Acmite,  XaFe(SiO,),. 
Pectolite,  HXaCa^(Si03),. 
Glancophane.   XaAl(Si03);.(Fe,Mg»  SiO, 
Crocidolite,  XaFe(Si03),FeSi03. 
Xepheline,  K2XaeAlsSi9034. 


296 


STATE    .MIXING    BUREAU. 


SODIUM- 
Smialite.  3NaAlSiO,.NaCl. 
Xosclitc.    .\a,(XaSO,.Ar)Al,(Si04),. 
Laziiritc.    \iu(  \aS:;.Al )  (Si04i3. 
AVern»'rit»',  »iCa4AluSieO:.-,  +  HXa4Al.,Si„0.4 

CI. 
Pjn-ajiouite.   H.\aAl;,Si.O,o. 
Stilbit»>.  II,  ( Na,Ca )  ALSi„0,s.41L0. 
("liahazitc.    (Ca.Xa,)  ALSi.O.o.CH.O. 
Aiialcitc.    XaAlSi,()„.lLO. 
Xatrolit.".  Xa,ALSi,0,„.2H,0. 
Mosolite.   ( Ca.Xa,) ALSi,0,„.2H,0. 
Thunisonite.   ( Xa,( 'a  •  Al.Si,0,,.2AIL(). 
Soarlpsito.   XaB  ( SiO;/l  „.H,0. 


-Continued. 
Soda  niter,  NaNOj. 
Darai.skite.  NaXC.Xa.SO^.H.O. 
Xitroglauberite,  6NaNb3.2Na„SO,.3HA 
Horax.   Xa.B.O^.lOILO. 
ricxitc.   Xa('aB-,0„.SIl,(). 
'riiiniarrlite.  Na-jSO,. 
Aphthitalite.    (K.Xa),,S04. 
(Jlaiihcrite.   Xa.SO^.CaSO,. 
Sulfohalite.  3Xa,S0..2XaCl. 
Hanksite.  4XaS(),.Xao(;'0,. 
Mirahilite.   Na„SO,.10II„O. 
BirKlire.  MgSO,.Na,S04.4H„0. 
M.Mirlozitc.    Xa.,S(),.Al,(S()J,.24,ILO. 


Stroutianite,  SrCOj. 


STRONTIUM, 

Celestite,  SrSO,. 


SULPHUR. 


Xativi"  Siilpluir,  S. 
liealsiar.  AsS. 
Orpiinent.  As.S-;. 
Stihniti'.   .S1),S;;. 
Uisimnhinito.  KLS,. 
MolylxU'uite.  MoS.j. 
Ars:entit{\  A&jS. 
(ialpuito.  PbS. 
('hak'oc'ite,  ('ii„S. 
Stronieyeiito.    ( ("u,A.ii)._.S. 
SchaIorit<^   ZiiS. 
Alabandite.  MnS. 
Aletaeinnabarite.   HgS. 
Cinnabar.  IIuS. 
(ireent)i-kite,   (\1S. 
Covellite.   CuS. 
Mill.'Hto.  XiS. 
Troilite.   FeS. 
Pyrrhotite,   FenSn+i. 
Polydymite.    Xi4S.-,. 
Buinitc,   CusFeSn. 
Cubanite.  CuFe,.^,. 
( 'Iialcopy rite.   ( 'uFeSo. 
Maieasito.  FcS;. 
Pyrite.  FcS,. 
Keruu'sitc.   Sb.S.O. 
Voltzite.  Zn-.S^O. 
Cobaltite.  CoAsS. 
Arseuopyrite,  FeAsS. 
Xajryasito,  Air.Pb.^Sb.To^S,,. 
B'.M-thi.M-itP.   I'VSb.S,. 
•Jameson iti'.   Ph.SboS-,. 
Bonrnonitc.    (  r'b.Cii.)3Sb2S,.,. 
Mia rgy rite,  AgSbS,. 


Pyrargyritc.  Ag^Sb.S:. 

Tetrabedrite.   ( 'ii,,Sl),,S;. 

(reocronite.    I'lir.SboSs. 

Stephanite.  Ag.Sb.S,. 

I  )ufreuoy.site,  PboAs.S-. 

Proustite.  AgoAsS-. 

Ena  rgi  tc  ( 'n., AsS^. 

Tychite.  2MgCO.v2Xa,(  •(|..Xa,S04. 

Xoselite,  Xa, ( XaS04.Al ) Al, ( SiO, ) ,. 

Lazurite.   Xa^lXaS^.A!)  (SiO,).,. 

Thaumasite.  CaSiO,.CaCO:,.CaS04-ir>H,0. 

W i  1  kei te.  :;( 'a,  (  PO4 ) ,.( 'aCO,  +  .''.Ca, 

(Si04.S(),).CaO. 
Pirticile.    F(",(>,.As,0,.S();.ILO. 
I )arapskite.   XaXCK.Xa,S04.IL(). 
Xitroglauberite.   ( JXa XO,.2Xa,S04..3H,0. 
-Mascauniti'.    (Xri4l,S()4. 
'I'henanlilc.    Xa.ySO^. 
Ai)lithitaliti>.   (  K.Xa  t.SOj. 
Arcanite.    K..S()4. 
Glaulwrite.    Xa,S()4.CaS( ),. 
Barite.  BaSO,. 
Celostite.  SrSO,. 
Anglesite.   P1>S04. 
Ai.hydrile.  CaS04. 
Sulfohalite.  3Xa,S(),.2XaCl. 
Hanksite.    4Xa,SO,.Xa,CO:,,. 
Liadbillitc.   4PbO.S(),.2CO,.H,0. 
Caledonite.    (  Pb.ai)  SO.,(Pb.Cu)  (OH),. 
BroHiantite.  CuS04..'?Cn(0H),,. 
r.inarite.     (  Ph.Cu  1  SO4.  (  Pb.Cn)  (OH),. 
Mirabilite.   Xa,SO4.10H,O. 
(Jypsum.   CaS04.2H,0. 
Kpsomite.  .AlgSOj.TH.O. 


MIXRIJAI.S    OF    CAI.IFdRXIA. 


297 


SULPHUR— Continued. 


(ioslarito,    lZu!Sui )  71I.O. 
Morcuositf.  NiSO,.7ILO. 
.M.'lniil.-ntc.   1m-S()..TH,(). 
risMiiii.'.   (Im'.("u)S(),.TI1,(). 
HicluTitc.  ('oS(),.TII,(). 
Koothitc.   t'uS(),.7IIJ). 
CliakMnthit.'.    ('iiS(),..")H,( ). 
ISirKlitc.   MsS0,.Na,S(),.4H,0. 
Boiissin^'aultitc.    ( Xir.  ),s6j.MgSO^. 

(51 1, 0. 
Kaliiiito.    K,S(),.Al,{SO,),,.24II,(). 
Tsclicrmiuitc.   (  .\IIJ,S(),.AI,(S0,1 ;. 

24II,(X 
M.'Iiiln/.it^-.    .\;l,S(),..\l,(  SO.  I, .1:411,0. 


I'lcki'iiii-it.'.   .M.uS()...VL(  S«»,I,.L'1'I1J). 
Ilalotrichitc.   FcSO^. Al, ( S( ) J .,.L'4II,( ). 

Sonoiiiait.'.  rtMuSo^.-Mj  SO, »  .:'.:;n,<  >. 

('<K|iiiiiil.it.'.    Ft'.,(SO,i:,.lHi.,0. 
AIiiiioj,M'n.  AL(SO,):.1SH,(). 
n.lmerito.    Vo., ( SO^  I  ,.1  lil  \,(  K 
('oi»iai)it.'.  •JF(',0:..'.SO:,.1SH,0. 
Kiio.willitt'.  ll.vdroii.s  Fe.Al.Cr.  siilpliali-. 
rie(linH:tonite,  Hydrous  FcAl.Cr.  sulpliaic 
Fil.rofon-iti'.    F.',0,(  SO..),.l(HlJ  >. 
I5otiyn-(Mi.  F.',0:..2M:r0.4SO,.ir>II,0. 
.Muni I.'.    K,0.;!AI,0;.4SO...(HI.,0. 
Janisiir.    K-O.-^Fi-.O  .4S(),.f;iI.O. 


Nativo  iclliiriuiii,  Te. 
Tctradymite.  Bi.,Te. 
Ilossilo.    A?,'r(>. 
IVtzito    (A?;.An).,Te. 
Altaite.  TbTe. 
Coloradoite.  H.tjTe. 


TELLURIUM. 

^Iclouilo.  NioTe.T 
Sylvaiiite    (Au,Ag)Te.. 
ralaveritc   (An.As)T.v. 
Najryastito,  Au:.l'bj4Sb.:T(';S|;. 
DurdcDito,  Fe  (Te05),.4ILO. 


Monazito.   (CV.La.Di.Th)P04. 


THORIUM. 

Pyrofliloro.  Ti.Ca.Ct\'rii.   niuhate. 


Xativi'  tin.   Su. 


TIN. 

( 'as.siteriti'.  Si)( ).. 


TITANIUM. 


Ilmciiitf.    (  Fi'.Ti  ).X).. 
Until.".  TiO,. 
Hrookite,  TiO,. 
Anatas<".  TiO,. 


Titanite,  CaTiSiO,. 

T'.enitoitc.    P.aTiSi,0,;. 

Xeptunite,    ( Xa.K)„( Fe.Mu ) TiSuO,, 

Pyrocliloie.  Ti.Ca.CV.Tli.   niobat.'. 


Iliibncrii.'.   MnWO^. 
Wolframite.    (Mn.FelWO, 


TUNGSTEN. 

Schpoliti'.  ('«W(),. 

<  iiiirosclu'olit*'.    (  Ca.Cn  I  WO, 


URANIUM. 

'lOrbrinitc.  (•u0.2I'03.P,0,,.8H.,0.  Uraninite,  Uranate  of  lead. 

Amnniic.    ('.•iO.i:ro,.P30,-*^n/).  Uraconite.  TVanate  of  lead,  H,0. 


298 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


KoswK'lito,   IIsK(Mg.Fe)  (Al.V)^. 

(SiO,)„. 
Pucherite,  BiVOi. 


VANADIUM. 

Vanadinite    (PbCl)Pb,(V04)3. 

VolI)orthit(',   Pn.B'a.Ca,  vanndato. 
Desfloizite,   l'l),Zn,('u,  vanadate. 


Native  ziuc,  Zn. 
Sphalerite,  ZnS. 
VoltKite,  Zn.S^O. 
Siiiitlisoiiitc,  ZnC'Os. 
Anrichalcil e,    2  ( Zn,Cu )  CO3.3  ( Zn,Cn ) 
(0H)». 


ZINC. 

IJydroziucite,  Basic  zinc  carbonate. 

Willoniite.  ZiuSiO^. 

Calamine,  H^ZnoSiOB. 

Desoloizite.   ( Pb.Zu ) .  ( VO4 ) ..  ( Pb.Zn ) 

(Oil),. 
(Joslarito.  ZnSO,.7ir..O. 


Zircon.  ZrSi04. 


ZIRCONIUM. 


Agate. 

Amethyst. 

Axinite. 

Iieniloitc. 

Beryl. 

Oalifornito. 

Carnelian. 

Chalcedony. 

Chiastolite. 

Chrysoberyl. 

Chrysolite. 

Chrysopal. 

Chrysoprase. 


GEM  MINERALS. 
Crocidolite. 
Diamond. 
Dnmortierite. 
Kni;n'ald. 
(rai'uet. 
Hiddenite. 
•Tasper. 
Kinradite. 
Kunzite. 
Lapis  Lazuli. 
Moonstone. 
Myrickite. 
Opal. 


(,)uarfz. 

Rhodonite. 

Ruby. 

Sapphire. 

Satelite. 

Rutile. 

Spinel. 

Titanite. 

Topaz. 

Tourmaline. 

Turquois. 

A''esuvianite. 

Zircon. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  "  299 

MINERAL   DIS'IRIBL  riOX    BY   COUNTIES. 

All  of  the  minerals  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  pages  are  listed  by 
counties  in  order  to  show  their  distribution.  The  particular  locality 
or  description  of  any  mineral  can  easily  be  seen  by  reference  to  the 
mineral.  There  are  many  scattered  localities  and  several  which  are 
noted  for  the  great  variety  of  associated  inincrals.  The  desert  counties 
lead  in  number  of  species  because  tliey  luive  minerals  not  only  typical 
of  mountainous  regions,  sucli  as  vein  iiiiiicrals,  contact  metamorphic 
minerals  and  secondary  luiueinls  in  the  oxidation  zones  of  veins,  but 
in  addition,  minerals  typical  of  the  dvy  ])Iains  and  former  imirshes  and 
lakes,  such  as  the  borates,  sulphates,  carbonates,  nitrates  and  chlorides. 
Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  counties  therefore  lead,  and  the  Cerro  Gordo 
district  and  Death  Valley  in  the  former,  and  the  Searles  Lake  and 
Calico  district  in  the  latter,  aie  tlie  most  fa)uous  single  localities. 

San  Diego  County  ranks  as  the  gem  county  of  the  State.  The  great 
series  of  lithia-bearing  pegumtites  which  intersect  the  diorites  at  Pala 
and  Mesa  Grande  contain  the  beautiful  pink  tourmaline  and  pink  kun- 
zite  with  many  associated  minerals. 

The  limestone  quarries  at  Crestmore,  Riverside  County,  have  yielded 
many  interesting  lime  minerals  as  products  of  contact  metamorphism, 
and  several  of  them  ai-e  new  minei-al  species. 

The  minerals  occurring  in  the  gold  regions  of  the  Sierras  are  in 
general  the  common  sulphides  and  rock-forming  minerals.  Carson  Hill 
in  Calaveras  County  and  the  mines  near  Jamestown  and  Tuttletown  in 
Tuolumne  County  were  noted  for  tlie  rarer  telluride  minerals  associated 
with  the  gold. 

Soine  of  the  cinnabar  mines  have  also  ])een  noted  for  rare  and 
interesting  niineral  associations.  Several  new  species  came  from  the 
old  Redington  mine,  afterwards  named  the  Boston  mine,  at  Knoxville, 
Napa  County.  The  Sulphur  Bank  mine,  on  Clear  Lake,  Lake  County, 
and  the  New  Alnmden  mine,  Santa  (/lara  County,  have  produced  several 
rare  minerals. 

Other  localities  are  known  for  their  mineral  associations,  but  it  is  only 
of  those  districts  which  have  been  studied  by  men  who  have  known  the 
minerals,  that  we  have  fairly  complete  lists. 

Alameda  County. — .Votiuolitc.  albite.  alunofcen,  aualeito.  beinontitP.  hootliitf,  (•a](?ito. 
chalcanthite,  chalccdouy.  rhalcopyrite.  chromite,  cinnabar,  coal,  copiapite.  cop- 
l(pr,  cuprite,  dolomito.  enstatitc.  cpsomite.  halite,  halotrichitc,  hematite,  hydro- 
niasnesite,  iuesite.  kamniereiito,  linionite,  matrnesite.  maanetite.  manganite, 
raelanterite,  natrolite,  petroleum,  pisanite,  psilomelane,  pyrite,  pyrolusite,  pyro- 
phyllite,  quartz,  rhodochrosite,  rhodonite,  serpentine,  talc,  vivianite,  wollastonitc, 
zaratite,  zircon. 

Alpine  County. — ^Argentite,  arseuolite,  barite,  biotite,  calcite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite, 
enargite.  epidote.  famatinite,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  gyjJsuni,  hematite,  jaspei-.  kal- 
inite.    marcasite.    polyliasite.    pyrargyrite.    pyrite.    realgar,    rose    quartz,    silver, 
^sphalerite,  stephanite,  stromeyerite,  tetrahedrite,  tourmaline,  wood  opal. 


300  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Ammlor  Colt iiti/.— -Amethyst,  areenopyrite.  asbestos,  liiuiitc,  calcite,  chalcaniliite. 
clialoodony.  chalfopyrite.  cliromitc.  c-lirysocolla.  c-hiy.  roal.  copper,  cuprite,  dia- 
mond, epsoniite.  galena,  sold,  ilmenite.  ionite,  limonite,  loUinjrite,  magnetite, 
malachite,  melanterite,  niendozite.  psilonielane.  pyrite.  pyrolusito.  rectorite, 
rli(>(l:ichrosite.  rock  crystal,  losi'  (juartz,  rutilc.  serpentine,  talc,  tellurium, 
',  rrmolite.   wood  opal. 

lUiili  ('oiiiitii. — Asbestos,  azurite.  barite.  californite.  chalcopyrite.  ehromite.  clnyso- 
beryl,  diamond,  epidote.  salena,  Kiii"aet.  '^oM,  gy]jsum.  hematite,  hornblende, 
ilmenite.  lead,  limonite,  magnetite,  marble,  monazite,  olivine,  platinum  minerals, 
jtrochlorite.  ])silomelane,  pyrolusite.  ])yrophyllite.  rhodochrosite.  rhodonite,  rutile, 
smoky  (juartz.  talc,  topaz.  vesu\ianite,  wood  opal,  zircon. 

('aid  i(  Ids  Count!/. — Actinolite,  albite,  altaite,  ankerite.  arasouite,  arsenopyrite, 
azurile.  barite.  boothite.  bornite.  brochanrite.  calcite.  calaverite.  chalcanthite, 
clialcedonj'.  clialcDcite.  chalcopyrite.  cliloritoid.  ehromite.  chrysocolla.  chrysotile, 
cinnabar,  clay,  copper,  coquimljite.  covellite,  cuprite,  dolomite,  durdenite,  epi- 
dote, galena,  garnet,  gold,  graphite,  hematite,  ln'ssite,  hyalite,  ilmenite,  jameson- 
ite.  jasi>er,  kalinite,  kotschuln-ite.  limonite.  lithomarge,  magnesite,  magnetite, 
malachite,  manganite,  margarite,  mariposite,  melanconite,  melouite,  millerite, 
opal,  orthoclase,  petzite.  i)latinum  minerals,  psilomclane,  pyrite,  pyromorphite. 
pyrolusite,  i^vrrhotite,  quartz,  ri'ctorite,  siderite,  silver,  sphalerite,  stibnite, 
sylvauite,  talc,  tellurium,  tetradymite.  tetrahedrite.  tourmaline,  uraconite.  ura- 
ninite.   valenciauite.   vivjanite,    wood   oi>al.   zircon. 

Culiixd  CdKiiti/. — Alunite.  aragonite.  chalcocite.  chalcoijyrite,  ehalcotrichite,  coal, 
ehromite,  cinnabar,  copper,  cuprite,  electrum.  epidote.  gyi)sum.  halite,  hema- 
tite, lignite,  limonite.  manganite.  melanconite,  metacinnaliarite,  jiyrite.  pryo- 
lusite.  sulphur,  quartz. 

Contra  Costa  County.- — Actinolite,  albite.  aualcite.  anthophyllite.  apatite,  chalcopy- 
rite, cinnabar,  clay,  coal,  crossite,  diopside,  cnstatite,  epidote.  fluorite,  glau- 
cophane.  gyjisum,  hyalite,  lawsonite.  manganite,  opal,  petroleum.  i)rochlorite, 
psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  serpentine,   talc,   titanite.  tremolite,  zircon. 

Dil  Xoite  Count!/. — Agate,  arsonopyrite,  awaruite.  bornite.  chalcedony,  chalcocite, 
chalcoi)yrite.  ehromite.  cinnabar,  copper,  cuprite,  diamond,  enstatite,  garnet, 
gold,  grai)hlte,  hematite,  ilmenite,  jasper,  kiimmerorite.  magnetite,  malachite, 
melanconite.  molybdite,  monazite.  olivine,  penninite,  platinum  minerals,  pyrrho- 
tite.    tetrahedrite,    tremolite,    troilite.   ^vollastonite.    zircon. 

El  Dorado  Count!/. — Actinolite,  adularia.  agalmatolite,  anatase,  antimony,  arsenopy- 
rite, asbestos,  axinite.  azurite.  barite.  beryl,  bismuth-gold,  bornite.  brookite, 
calaverite.  calcite.  chalcedony,  chalcocite.  chalcopyrite.  chloropal.  ehromite. 
cinnabar,  clay,  copper,  coquimbiic.  covellite.  cubanite.  cuprite,  diamond,  diopside. 
dolomite,  enargite,  ejiidote.  galena,  garnet,  gold,  grossularite.  hematite,  hessite, 
hornblende,  ilmenite,  limonite,  ludwigite.  magnetite,  mariposite,  meteorite,  molyb- 
denite, monazite,  nontronite,  orthoclase,  petzite.  platinum,  pyrite,  pyrolusite, 
pyromorphite.  pyrophyllite.  pyrrhotite.  quartz,  roscoelite,  serpentine,  siderite, 
sphalerite,  talc,  tin,  titanite,  tourmaline,  variscite,  vesuvianite,  wulfenite,  zircon. 

Fresno  Count!/. — Andahisite.  aiiatiie.  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  barite.  beryl,  bindheimite, 
bismuthiuite.  bismutite.  bornite,  calcite,  californite,  chiastolite.  chalcoityrite, 
ehromite.  chrysocolla.  chrysoprase,  chrysotile.  cinnabar,  coal,  columbite.  copper, 
cuprite,  diamond,  diatomaceous  earth,  enstatite.  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  glauco- 
phane,  gold,  graphite,  gypsum,  hornblende,  ilmenite,  kalinite,  magnesite,  mag- 
netite, molybdenite,  moss  opal,  ortlioclase.  petroleum,  psilomelane,  pyrrhotite. 
rhodonite,  rutile,  scheelite,  sphalerite,  stilbite.  talc,  tantalite.  topaz. 

Glenn  Count!/. — Calcite,  ehromite,  cinnabar,  copper,  cuprite,  halite,  psilomelane, 
(piartz.   rhodonite,   talc,  volboi-thite. 

Humboldt  Count!/. — Actinolite.  agate,'  albite.  apatite,  bementite.  carnelian.  chal- 
cedony, chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  ehromite,  cinnabar,  coal,  copper,  covellite,  cup- 
rite, epidote,  garnet,  glaucophane.  gold,  graphite,  hematite,  hornblende,  ilmen- 
ite,  jasper,  jet,  magnetite,  malachite,  monazite,  neotocite,  olivine,  petroleum, 
platinum  minerals,  prase,  psilomelane.  pyrolusite.  pyrrhotite.  rhodonite,  rutile, 
tiphalerite,  spinel,  vivianite.  zirt^n. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  301 

/wpcrial  Coiiiifii. — A^ato,  nrsi'iioi).vrite.  hliiditc,  caleite,  oeriissite,  r-halcopyrite,  cyan- 
ite.  diaiuoiul.  duiiiorticrite,  (dci-trum,  cpsxiniitt',  jraleua.  jrarnientc,  graphite, 
gypsum,  halite,  iliiu-uite,  ma.uuetite.  mirabilite.  iKsilomehiin-.  siderite,  sulphur, 
tetrahedrite.  thenardite. 

Iiii/o  County. — Analeite.  audradite.  anglesite.  anhydrite,  argentite.  ashesto-s,  ataca- 
inite,  aurifhakite.  axinite.  azurite,  barite.  bindheimite.  bismuthinite.  bismutite, 
i)oracite.  borax,  liornite.  botryogeu.  Iiournonite.  brochantite.  calamine,  ealcite. 
caledonite.  celcstite.  cerargyrite.  eerussite.  cervantite.  chalcocite,  chalcodite,  chal- 
cop.vrile.  (■hrys()c(dla.  i-inuabar.  f(deniaiiite.  copper.  c()(iuiuil)ite.  covellite.  crucoite, 
cuprite,  darapskite.  datolite.  dawsouite.  diatomaceous  earth,  dolomite,  dufrenoy- 
site.  embolite.  epidote.  fluorite.  galena,  garnet,  gay-lussite,  geocronite,  giithite,  gold, 
urr-phite.  gypsum,  halite,  halloysite.  hanksite,  hematite,  howlite.  hydrohoracite. 
hydroma^nesite.  hydrozincite.  inyoitr,  jamesonite,  jas|K'r,  kalinite.  leadliillite, 
lenzinite.  lepidolite.  limonite.  linarite.  lirocouite.  magnetite,  malachite,  malaco- 
lite.  marble,  melacouite,  mendozit(\  metacinuabarite,  meyerhofferite,  mimetite, 
molybdenite,  montmorillonite,  mountain  cork,  muscovite,  natrolite,  natron,  niter, 
niiroglaulierite.  orthoclasi-,  jietzite.  i>hlogoi)ite.  phosgenite,  pickeringite.  plat- 
inum, i)lumbogummite,  priceite,  psilomelaue,  pyromorphite,  pyrophyllite,  pyrrho- 
tite,  rock  crystal,  sal  ammoniac,  scheelite,  .«corodite,  sei)iolite.  sen)eutine,  siderite, 
silimanite.  silver,  smithsonite,  .soda  niter,  .sjihalerite.  .'^tibnite.  strnmeyerite.  stron- 
tianite,  sulphur,  sylvite.  talc,  tetrahedrite,  thenardite,  thermonatrite,  titanite, 
tourmaline,  tremolite,  trona,  turgite,  ulexite.  vesuvianite.  willemite.  wolframite. 

wulfenite. 

• 

Kriii  ('mint I/. —  Act inolitc.  alhiie.  auglesite.  antimony,  argentite.  arsenop.yrite, 
Msjilialt.  aznrite.  l)arite,  bon^.x.  cerarg.vrite.  cerussite,  cervantite,  chalcedony, 
chalcocite.  chalcopyrite,  chiastolite,  chloropal,  chromite,  chrysotile,  cinnabar. 
cla.v,  coccinlte,  colemanite,  cuprite,  ciiproscheelite,  enstatite,  epidote,  galena, 
garnet,  gilsonite,  gypsite.  hr.lite,  halloysite,  hematite,  hessitf.  ilmenite.  jarosite, 
kennesite.  lead,  lepidomelane,  magnesite,  magiu^tite,  malachite,  mangauite. 
iiiai-ble.  maripositt'.  massicot,  metefjrite,  minium,  molybdenite,  mountain  cork, 
mountain  leather,  opal,  orthoclase.  petroleum,  platinum  minerals,  proustit.'. 
pyrargyrite,  pyrolusite,  quartz,  scheelite,  s^piolite,  silver,  smithsonite.  sphaler- 
ite, stibiconite.  stibnite.  suli)hur,  talc,  tourmaline,  tremolite.  ulexite,  vanadinite. 
vesuvianite,  wolframite,  wulfenite. 

KiiiijH  Connti/. — Chromite,  cinnabar,  gypsite,  magnesite.  malachite,  mercury. 

Lnkt  Count!/. — Barite.  borax,  caleite.  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite.  chromite,  cimolite, 
cinnabar,  clay.  c()i)iapite.  copjier.  crocidolite.  epsomite.  glaucophane.  gyi)sum, 
hornblende,  kalinite.  linionite.  malachite,  melauterite.  mercury,  metacinuabarite. 
neotocite,  opal,  orpiment.  posepnyte.  psiloraelane.  pyrolusite.  pyrrhotite,  realgar, 
sassolite,  serpentine.  stii)nite.  sulphur,  tiemannite.  tschermigite.  violan.  wollas- 
tonite,  zoisite. 

LiisKin  Count !i. — Annabergite.  azurite.  bernardinite.  bornite.  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite, 
copper,  cuprite,  epidote,  garnet,  gypsum,  halloysite,  hematite,  jefferisite, 
malachite,   mesolite.   muscovite.  smaltite.  sulphur,   tourmaline,  wood  opal. 

I, ox  A  nt/t  l(  .s  Coinitji. — Anhydrite,  annabergite,  argentite.  asbolite.  asi)halt.  barite. 
bismutite.  bornite.  caleite.  chalcedon.v.  chalcocite.  (■halcoi)yrite.  chromite.  chryso- 
colla,  clay,  colemanite,  copper,  corundum,  cyanite,  diatomaceous  earth,  diopside, 
ei)idote,  erythrite,  fluorite,  galena,  garnet,  graphite,  griffithite,  gypsum,  how- 
lite,  iddingsite.  ilmenite.  kalinite.  labradorite.  lapis  lazuli,  lazulitf.  leucopyrite, 
magnesite,  magnetite,  malachite,  olivine,  orthoclase.  petroleum.  i)yrolusite,  sal 
ammoniac,  siderite.  silver,  smaltite.  sodalite.  sphalerite,  stibnite.  talc,  tetra- 
hedrite,   tremolite,   ulexite,   vesuvianite.    vivianite. 

Madera  County. — Actinolite,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  azurite,  bismuthinite,  chalcocite, 
chalcopyrite.  chromite,  covellite,  electrum,  galena,  garnet,  hematite,  ilmenite, 
lazurite,  magnetite,  molybdenite,  orthoclase,  pyrolusite,  pyrrhotite.  rhodochrosite, 
rhodonite.  sphal(>rite.  talc,  tourmaline,  vivianite.  wolframite,  zaratite. 

Mat  ill  County. — Actinolite,  agate,  albite.  asbestos,  chalcedony,  chalcopyrite,  chro- 
mite. cinnabar,  epidote,  garnet,  glaucophane.  hematite,  hornblende,  jasper, 
kiuradite.  lawsonite,  manganite.  margarite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  pyrophyllite, 
pyrrhotite,  quartz,   talc,   titanite,  wolframite,  zircon. 


302  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Muriixisii  Coll  III II. — Alunito,  andalusite,  aiikorite,  argentite,  nrseuopyrito,  asbestos, 
azurite,  harite,  biotito,  bronzite.  calcite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chloropal, 
( lirysDcolla,  (•innnhar.  cobaltitc.  coiipcr.  cdvcllitt^,  danaite,  cpsomitt',  orythrit", 
i'l»i(l(it<\  jjali'iia.  sai'iK't,  «(>1<1,  .uobl  anialuaiij,  s'"'thit(\  iryiisuin,  lioniblciidi'.  ilnuni- 
itc.  labradoritc.  limouito,  iiuiRuetitc.  inalachitc,  inariposiU'.  iiudautprilr,  molyb- 
denite, orthoclase,  pitticite,  platinum,  proustite,  psilomelane,  pyrargyrite,  pyrite, 
pyiohisitc,  ])yr()nniri>liit('.  pyrrliot  id'.  |>yii>i)liylli1,(',  rliodocluosito,  rock  crystal, 
scoroditi'.  serpentine.  s(>iii(>iit(>.  sidcrih'.  sillinianiti'.  splialcrite,  stiiniite,  snlplnir, 
tale,    lelraliedritc.    tournialiiii'.    witbi'ritr.    wulf  raniite. 

l\fcnd(H-'nio  County. — Barite,  bementitc.  ebaleopyrito,  chromito,  copper,  garnet, 
glaucopliane.  bematite,  inesite.  jasprr.  jefferisite.  masnesitc.  nialacliite.  man- 
ganite,  neotocite,  olivine,  platinum  minerals,  psilomelane,  pyrite,  pyrolusite, 
tetrahedrito.  nvarovite,  zircon. 

Merced  Vouniy. — Barite,  calcite,  cinnabar,  copper,  diatoniacoous  earth,  psilomelane, 
soda    niter,   stibnite. 

Mmliic  (iiiiiitii.  A'/.urite.  ealcit^'.  cbry.sornlla,  cinnabar,  cbty.  ca])[n'r,  cuprite,  diato- 
niaci'oiis  carlb.  lieniatitc.  labra<Ii>rite,  nianuesitc.  iiia;rnc(it<',  natrolite,  niter, 
<ili\ine,    orlboclase,    slilliile,    luurmalinc,    \-esu\ianite. 

Moiii)  ro»/////.-  -Vnilaiusiie,  anglesite,  anh\-drit.'.  ankerile,  argentite,  ai'senopyrice, 
aurichalcite.  azurite,  barite,  bismite,  bisnuitiiinite,  Idsniutite,  bornite,  calcite, 
colestite.  cerargyrite.  cerussite,  cbali-edony.  cbal^'opyrite.  chrysocolla.  cinnabar, 
clay,  cobaltite,  copi>er,  cuprite,  diatomaceous  earth,  embolite,  epidote,  fluorite, 
galena,  geocronite,  gold,  greenockite,  gypsum,  halloysite,  hematite,  hornblende, 
kalinite,  lazulite,  magnetite,  malachite,  melaconite,  melanterite,  molylxlenite, 
molybdite,  orthoclase,  partzite,  proustite.  pyrargyrite,  pyi'olusite,  pyrrhotite, 
quartz,  rutile,  siderite,  silver,  sphalerite,  stephanite,  stetefeldtite,  stibnite,  tetra- 
hedrite,  tourmaline,  travertine,  tridymite. 

Monti  icy  County. — Actinolite.  arsenite.  arsenopyrite.  barite.  bitumen,  calcite,  chal- 
cedony, chromite,  cinnabar,  coal,  copper,  crocidolite,  diatomaceous  earth,  galena, 
garnet,  glancophane.  graphite,  gypsum,  iddingsite,  magnesite.  magnetite,  mala- 
chite, metacinnabarite,  molybdenite,  orthoclase,  pisanite,  psilomelane,  pyrope, 
quartz,  serpentine,  stibnite,  zaratite. 

Xdliii  County. — Asbestos,  azuriie.  barite.  botryogen,  calcite,  calomel,  clialcedony. 
chalcocite,  chrysotile,  cinnabar,  copiapiti-,  coi)per,  c(K|uimbite,  covellite,  credner- 
ite.  cuprite,  diatomaceous  earth,  epsomite,  erytlirite,  glancophane,  gypsum,  hema- 
tite, hydrogiobertite,  jamesouite,  jasi>er,  kalinite,  knoxvillite,  limonite,  litho- 
marge,  magnesite,  magnetite,  niarcasite,  melanterit(>,  mendozite.  mercury,  meta- 
cinnabarite. millerite,  niirabilite,  molybdenite,  morenosile,  napalite.  psilomelane. 
pyrolusite,  redingtonite.  rock  crystal,  serj)entini',  smalt iti\  stibnite,  sulphur, 
talc,  tremolite,  wornerite,  wollastouite,  wood  opal. 

ycvadn  County. — Agate,  albite,  altaite,  alunogeu,  andaUisile,  auorlhito,  auortho- 
clase,  argentite,  ai-senopyrite,  asbestos,  axinite,  barite,  biotite,  bismuth,  calcite, 
chabazite,  chalcanthite,  chalcedony,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chryso- 
colla. cinnabar,  clay,  cobaltite,  copper,  cuprite,  danaite,  diallage,  diamond,  dolo- 
mite, enstatite,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  gold  amalgam,  gypsum,  hematite, 
he.ssite,  hornblende,  ilmenite,  Jasper,  kiimmererite,  labradorite,  limonite,  mag- 
nesite, magnetite,  marcasite,  mariposite,  melaconite,  microcline,  mol.v'bdenite, 
molybdite.  olivint',  orthioclaso.  picmlite,  platinum,  ])silonielane,  pyrargyrite. 
pyrite,  pyrolusite,  pyrrhotite,  rhodochrome,  rock  crystal,  scheelite,  sericite,  ser- 
pentine, smaltite,  sphalerite,  stephanite,  stibnite,  talc,  tetradymite,  tetrahedrite, 
tourmaline,  uralite.  u\arovite.  werneritc.  wollastonite,  wood  opal,  zircon. 

Oninyc  County. — Arcanite,  anJiydrite.  liarite,  calcite.  cinnabar,  diatomaceous  earth, 
drdomite.  fuchsite,  galena,  garnet,  gypsum,  hematite,  ilmenite.  magnetite,  mer- 
cury, metacinnabarite,  petroleum,  quartz,  sphalerite,  tiemannite,  tourmaline. 

J'lacrr  County. — Andradite,  anthophyllite,  apatite,  aragonite,  arsenopyrite.  asbestos, 
augite.  azurite.  Imrite.  calcite,  eassiterite,  cerargyrite.  chalcedony,  chalcocite, 
chalcopyrite,  eliromite,  chloropal.  clay,  clinochlore,  coal,  cobaltite,  copper, 
cni)rite.  elect  rum,  ei)id(ile.  galena,  garnet,  gold,  hematite,  ilmenite,  kalinite, 
Uiiinnicreril*'.  kotschuiicitc.  limonite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  malachite,  manganite, 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  303 

marlilp,  iniirii)()sit(',  inassicol',  inilloritf,  niolybdouitc,  nioniizitp,  i)latimiin  min- 
erals, psiloini'laui'.  pyrito,  pyrolusitt'.  pyrrliotito,  rhodochrosito.  rhodochromo, 
rhodonito,  rock  crystal,  rutilo,  serpentiuo,  silvpv.  sphalerite,  stibnito,  talc,  tetra- 
hedrite,  toiinnaliin',  treiiiolito.  wood  opal,  zircon. 

I'hiniun  Count!/. — Actiuolite,  alhito,  aualcite.  audeslue,  apatite,  apopliyllite,  arseno- 
pyrite,  asbestos,  azurite,  bornite,  braunite,  brochautite.  bronzite,  calcite,  cas- 
siterite.  chabazil'-.  chalcocite.  chalcoi)yrite,  chroniite,  cho-socolla.  copper,  corun- 
dum, covellite.  croci  lolite,  cuprite,  diallase.  dolomite,  edenite,  eiiarKite,  ensta- 
tite,  pp'idc'te,  jraleua,  garnet,  gold,  liausmannite,  liematite.  lieulandite.  born- 
blende,  hypersthene,  ilmeuite,  jasper,  labradorite.  laumontito.  Icucoxene.  limou- 
ite.  magnetite,  malachite,  manganite.  millerite.  molybdenite,  nionazite.  natrolite, 
oligoclasp,  olixine.  ])liil]ipsite,  platinum  minerals.  i)relinite,  psilomelane,  pyro- 
lusite,  ityroiiliyllile.  pyrrliD.ite,  quai'tz,  rhodonite,  serieile.  seri)entine.  sideritc, 
silver,  sphalerite,  stilliite,  stroiitianiti',  tetrahedrite,  thomsonite,  titanite.  tour- 
maline, tremolite,  wood  opal,  wulfeuite,  zircon,  zoisite. 

Riverside  Coiintj/. — Actiuolite,  allauite.  andalusite,  anglosite.  authopliyilite,  ai)atite, 
aiK)phyllite,  aragonite,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  augite.  axinite,  azurite,  bauxite, 
beryl,  hiotite,  bisnuithinite.  borax,  bornite,  brucite,  calcite,  cassiterite,  cerus- 
site,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chondrodite,  chrysocolla.  clay,  clinochlore,  eole- 
mauite,  copiapite.  copper,  coruudophyllite,  crestmoreite,  crocoite,  cuprite,  dato- 
lite,  diopside.  dolomite,  dumortierite.  epidote,  essonite.  galenite.  garnet,  gehlen- 
ite,  goethite,  graphite,  greniockite,  gyjisum,  halite,  hematite,  hyalitp,  hydro- 
magni'sitc.  jtirupaite.  kunzite,  laumoutite.  lepidoHte.  limonite.  magnesite,  mag- 
netite, malachite,  manganite,  .merwinite,  monticellite,  muscovite,  niter,  okenite, 
olivine,  orthoelase.  periclase,  plazolite,  prehnite,  prochlorite,  psUomelanp,  p.yritp, 
pyrolusite,  i)yromorphitp,  riversideite,  rhodonite,  saussurite.  serpentine,  sphal- 
erite, spinel,  si)urrite,  stil)nite.  stromeyerite,  talc,  tetrahedrite,  thauniasite,  titan- 
ite, tremolite,  tournialiue.  vonsenite,  vesuvianite,  wernerite,  wilkeite,  wollastonlte, 
wulfenite,  xauthophyllite. 

t^aeramcuto  County. — Chroniite,  galena,  hornblende,  linionite,  magnetite,  rock  crystal, 
splialerite,  talc,  vesuvianite,  zircon. 

.SV/H  liciiito  (foiniti/. — Aemite.  actinolite,  aegirite,  albite,  aragonite.  azurite,  barite, 
benitoite,  calcite,  chalcedony,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chrysoeolla, 
cinnabar,  coal,  crossite,  dolomite,  epidote,  ep.somite,  fluorite.  garnet,  glauco- 
l)hane.  gypsum,  hematite,  hydromagnesite.  jarosite.  kiimniererite.  magnesite, 
magnetite,  malacliite,  mercury,  metacinnabarite.  natrolite.  neptunite,  penninite, 
psilomelaue,  rhodoclironie,  rock  crystal,  serpentine,  stibiconite,  stibnite,  talc, 
tourmaline,   uvarovite,   valentinite,  zaratite.  zircon. 

San  Bernardino  County. — Albite,  anglesite,  anhydrite,  authopliyilite,  apatite,  aph- 
thitalite,  aragonite,  argentite.  arsenolite,  asbeferrite,  a.sbestos,  asbolite.  augite, 
autunite.  azurite,  bakerite.  i)arite.  bernardinite.  beryl.  l)isniuthinite.  bisnuitite, 
borax,  bornite,  brochautite,  calamine,  calcite,  cassiterite.  celestite,  cerargyrite, 
cerussite.  chalcedony,  chalcocite,  chalcoiiyrite,  rhlorinagnesite.  chrysoeolla,  cinna- 
bar, clay,  colemanite,  cookeite,  corundum,  cummingtonite,  cuprite,  cupro- 
descloizite,  darai)skitp,  dolomite,  embolite,  enstatite,  epidote.  fluorite.  galena,  gay- 
lussite.  glaul;erite.  graphite,  gypsite.  halite,  halloysite.  hank.^^ite,  heliotrope, 
hematite,  howlite,  hiibuerite,  hyalite,  hydroboracite.  ilmeuite,  kalinite.  lapis 
lazuli,  laumontitf,  lepidolite,  litharge,  magnesite.  magnetite,  malachite,  marble, 
massicot,  mendozite,  meteorite,  niiargyrite.  mimetite,  niirabilite.  uu)ntmorillonite, 
moss  agate,  muscovite,  myrickite,  niter,  nitroealcite,  nitroglauberite,  northupite, 
nosean,  olivine,  opal,  orthoelase.  i)iedmontite.  pirssonite.  i)riceite.  jjroustite, 
psilomelaue,  i)yrolu.«ite,  cjuartz,  realgar,  rhodochrosite,  sal  anuuouiac.  sassolite. 
scheelito,  searlesite.  sillimauile.  silver,  sinithsonite.  soda  niter,  si)halerite,  si)inel, 
stibnite,  stromeyerite,  strontianite,  sulphohalite,  sulphur,  talc,  tetrahedrite, 
thenardite,  therinonatrite,  torbernite,  tourmaline,  tremolite.  triplite.  trona.  tur- 
quois,  tychite,  ulexite,  valentinite,  vanadinite.  voltzite.  wolframite,  wulfenite, 
zinc. 

San  Diego  County. — Agalmatolite,  albite.  nlniandite,  ambl.vgonite,  anhydrite,  anor- 
thite,  apatit(>,  ar.--euopyrite,  asbestos,  axinite,  barite.  beryl,  biotite.  bismite. 
bismuth,  bismutite,  bisniutospiiaerite,  calcite,  cassiterite.  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite, 
columbite,  corundum,  cyanite,  diatomaceous  earth,  dumortierite.  epidote,  essonite. 


304  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

crytliritc.  Muoiitc.  ;;ali'iiii.  jtaniet.  j;i-ai»liitf.  jii.viisitf.  halloysiic.  ln'iilaiidiii-.  hema- 
tite. Iiifl<lcnite.  hornlilende.  hyalite,  hyperstheuo.  huioaulite,  kunzite,  hiiiiuontite. 
hizulite.  lci)i<lolit('.  lithiojjhilite.  inahichite.  inariposite.  microcline.  niicrolite, 
iinjlyhdeuite.  nioiitniorillDiiite,  imisi-ovite.  uiccolite.  olivine,  orthoclase.  palaite, 
l)ie<lmontite.  pi>ly(l\inite.  prehuite.  psilonielano,  piicherite.  purpurite.  i)yrochlore, 
))yrophyllite,  pyrrhotite.  rock  crystal,  rock  soap,  rose  ciuartz.  rntile,  salinousite, 
scheelite.  scorodite,  sicklorite,  siliimanite.  sinaltite.  sphalerite*,  sjjinel.  spodumene, 
sti'wartite.  stil)i()tantalite.  stilinife.  stilliite,  streny:ite.  talc,  litanite.  toiiriualiiip. 
topaz.  trii)liylite.  vesuvianite.  wollastonite.  zircon. 

San  FniiKisco  ('(iiiiiti/. — Actinolite.  apatite,  apophyllito,  ara^onite.  barite.  hrucite, 
calcite.  cinnabar,  ilatolitc,  diallaur.  diopside.  enstatite.  .ijlanco])hane.  .u:ypsnm, 
^lyrolite.  liydrodoloniile.  liy(lr()niai;iirsite.  liypersthene.  ilnienite,  Jasi)er.  kinradito, 
lij::nile,  niaj?nesite.  niasnetite.  mercury,  olixiui'.  (i|)m1.  pectolite.  pyrohisite.  ser- 
lientine.   titanite. 

Sun  ■/(/(Hiiiiii  ('(tiiiitji. — IJcmentite,  diaioniaceous  earth,  trypsuin.  hematite,  inosite, 
nianiianite.  psilomelane.   i)yrolnsite.  rhodochrosite. 

Sail  Luis  OhisjKt  Coitiitii. — Alloiihanc.  alnuoucn.  as|ilialt.  bitumen,  calcite.  chalcoi).v- 
4'ite.  chroniite.  cinnaliai-.  copper.  (•ni)anite.  diatoniaccous  earth,  dolomite,  ensta- 
tite. epidote,  ^laucophane.  iryjisnin.  halite,  iiematite.  hydrorr.a^inesite.  ilmenite. 
lawsonite.  limonite.  majrnesite.  niairnetite.  malachite,  manganite.  marble,  nieta- 
cinnabarite.  mirabilite.  onyx,  platinum  sands,  prehnite.  ])yrolusite.  i>yrophyllite. 
quartz,   spinel,   stibnite.   thenardite.   tourmaline,   wulf.'uite.   zircon. 

San  Mateo  County. — Agate,  barite,  calcite,  calomel,  celadonite,  chalcedony,  chromite, 
cinnr.bar.  diallaue.  diatouiaceous  earth,  e^b'stoiiite.  jasjn'r.  mau:nerit<'.  mar^arite. 
mercury.  <di\ine.  pyroiusite.   zircon. 

Santa  Barbara  County. — Agate,  allanite,  analcite,  asphalt,  augite.  barite,  calcite, 
chalcedony,  chalcodite.  chalc.)pyrite.  chromite.  cinnabar,  dolomite,  eakleite,  Huor- 
ite.  gaiTiet.  gilsonite.  .uypsum.  hornblende,  ilmenite.  labradorite.  magnesite,  mag- 
netite, petroleum.  i)latinum  minerals,  prehnite.  rock  .'wap.  sal  ammoniac,  stib- 
nite. stilbite.  serpentine,  vivianite,  wollastonite.  zircon. 

Santa  Chini  Comity. — Actinolite.  apojihyllite.  aragotite,  augite,  baiite.  l)ornite.  cal- 
cite. carauthine.  catai)horite.  ciiromite.  chr.vsocolla,  cinnabar,  clinozoisite. 
crocidolite.  deweylite.  diallage.  dolomit.\  epidote,  epsomite,  ganoi)hyllite,  garnet, 
glaucophane.  gyi)sum.  gyrolite.  hausmannite.  lawsonite.  limonite.  iotrite.  magne- 
.site.  magnetite,  manganite.  margarite.  mercury,  metacinnabarite.  oligoclase. 
nmphacite.  paragonitc.  paragasit(>.  petroleum,  picrolite.  i)ilinite.  psilomelane. 
pyrite.  pyrochroite.  iiyrolusiie.  rhodochrosite.  rhodonite,  rntile.  serjientine. 
siderite.  sniaragdite.  soretite.  sidialeiite.  stiliiconite.  stibioferrite,  stil)nite.  talc, 
teiihroite.  tiemannire.  titanite.  tremolite.  zoisite. 

Snnt'i  f'niz  Count y. — B'itumeu,  calcite.  coal,  graphite,  gypsum,  ilmenite.  magnetite*, 
melanterite.  olivine.  i)eti*oleuni,  platinum  sands,  talc,  tremolite,  vesuvianite. 
zircon. 

Shnxtii  Coiiniy. — Andesine.  anhydrite,  asbestos,  barite.  bornite.  calcite.  chabazite, 
chalcanthite.  chalcocite.  chalcojiyrite.  chromite.  cinnabar,  copi>er,  covellite,  cup- 
rite, deweylite,  diatomaceous  earth,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  greenockite. 
gypsum,  halite,  hedenbergite,  hematite,  hi^site.  ilmenite,  ilvaite,  kiimmererite. 
limonite.  magnesite.  melanconite.  melauterite.  mesolite.  molybdenite,  molylxlite. 
natrolite.  orthoclase.  i)latinum  minerals.  i)roustite.  psihunelane.  pyrargyrite, 
1).\  rite,  iiyrobisite.  pyrrhotite.  siderite.  silver.  si)halerite.  siiinel.  stephanite. 
talc,  tellurium,  terrahe  Irite.  tremolite.  iridymite.  witherite.  zaratite.  zinc,  zircon, 
zoisite. 

Si(  rrti  County. — Arsenopyrite.  asbestos,  chalcocite.  chalcopyrite.  chromite.  chr.vsotile. 
covellite.  galena,  gold,  hessite.  magnetite,  mariposite.  natrolite.  platinum  min- 
erals, pyroiusite,  pyrrhotite.  (piartz.  serpentine,  si)halerite.  stibnite.  stromeyer- 
ite,  talc,  wood  opal. 

Sinkiyou  County. — Asbestos,  azurite.  Imrite,  calaverite,  californitc.  cassiterite.  chal- 
cocite, chalcoi)yrite,  chromite.  chrysocolla.  chr.vsotile.  cinnabar,  clinochlore. 
copper,  covellite.  deweylite.  diamond,  epidote.  galena,  garnet,  gold,  graphite, 
gypsum,    hematite,   hypersthenc.    ilmenite.    limonite,   .iasjier.    marl)li'.    molybdenite. 


iUNERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  305 

oliviue,  opal,  oitivlito,  petzite,  platiuum,  pluliuiridium,  psilomelaue,  pj'rite, 
pyi'olusito,  pyrrliotitc,  rhodonite,  schoclitf,  sphalorite,  spinel,  talc,  tin.  tounna- 
line,  uvarovite,  vosuviauito,  wolframito,  wollastouito,  zaratito,  zircon. 

Solano  Count;/. — Aragouite,  calcito,  cinnabar,  chromllc,  clay,  halite,  inetacinuabar- 
ite.  onyx  marble,  sulphnr. 

.s'onomfl  County. — Actiuolite,  ahnandite,  aragronite.  aznrite,  bonssinfraultite,  bronzite, 
calcite,  chalcopyrite.  diromite,  chrysotile,  cinnabar,  clay,  coal,  diatoniacewas 
earth,  epidote,  ei)soinile.  sarnet,  jieyserite,  ^^laiicopliane,  jirahaniite,  frraphite. 
grossularite,  gypsum,  liematite,  ilvaite.  jasper,  kalinite,  limonite,  magnesite,  man- 
ganite,  marcasite,  margarite,  mascagnite,  melanterite,  mercury,  metacinnabarite, 
natrolite,  psilomelaue.  jjyrite.  pyrolnsite.  realgar,  seriM>ntiue,  siderite,  smaragdite, 
sonomaite,  stibnite,  stratopeite,  sulphur,  talc,  wood  opal,  zircon,  zoisite. 

Stanislaus  Countij. — Actiuolite,  asbestos,  l)cmentite,  cinuabar,  clay,  enstatite,  epi- 
dote, glaucophane,  gypsum,  hematite,  inesite.  limonite,  magnesite,  psilomelane, 
pyrolnsite,  quartz,  rhodochrosite. 

Sutter  County. — Clay,  coal. 

Tehama  County. — Arseuopyrite,  chalcopyrite.  chrumite.  copper,  cristobalite.  diato- 
maceous  earth,  galena,  garnet,  graphite,  magnetite,  i>ectolite,  platinum  minerals, 
psilomelane,   pyrolnsite,   siderite,   sulphur,   talc,    wollastonite. 

Trinity  County. — Andradite,  arseuopyrite,  asbestos,  aznrite,  baritc,  bieberite,  born- 
ite,  calcite,  cassitei'ite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chix)mite,  cinnabar,  claudetite, 
cuprite,  diamond,  enstatite.  epidote.  fil)roferrite,  galena,  garnet,  glaucophane, 
uold,  goslarite.  gypsum,  hematite,  hessite.  hornblende,  ilmenite,  jasper,  magnet- 
ite, malachite,  mercury,  meteorite.  niolyb<lenite,  olivine,  orpiment,  platinum 
miuerals.  pyrite,  pyrrliotite.  realgar,  riimerite.  serpentine,  sphalerite,  stibnite, 
sulphur,  sylvanite,  talc,  titanite.  tourmaline,  wollastonite,  zircon. 

Tiilaie  County. — Agate,  alexandrolite,  allanite.  anuabergite,  arseuopyrite,  asbestos, 
asbolite,  calcite,  californite,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chrysopal,  chrysoprase,  coi> 
l)er,  cuprite,  diatomaceous  earth,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  graphite,  gypsum, 
ilmeuite,  jefferisite.  lininnite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  mnlacolite,  minium,  molyb- 
denite, nepheline,  oital.  orthoclase.  perthite.  p.vromorphitc,  quartz,  rhodonite, 
rock  cr.vstal,  rose  (luartz.  satelite,  scheelite,  soda  niter,  sphalerite,  stibnite, 
stilbite,  sulphur,  talc,  tourmaline,  tremolite,  wollastonite,  wood  opal. 

Tuolumne  County. — Albiti".  altaite,  aukerite.  aragouite,  ai"seuopyrite,  asbestos, 
aznrite,  Ixn-thieritc,  beryl,  calcite,  chalcanthite,  chalcociti',  clialcopyrite,  chromite, 
cinnabar,  coloradoite.  cixiuimlute,  cristobalite.  c\iprite,  cyanite,  diallage,  dolo- 
mite, (lumortierit(>.  enstatite.  epidote.  erytlirile.  galena,  uarni't.  gold,  grai)hite, 
gypsnm,  hematite,  hessite,  ilmeuite,  jasper,  kalinite,  magnetite,  malachite,  man- 
ganite,  marble,  mariposite,  molybdenite,  molybdite,  orthoclase,  petzite,  psilo- 
melane, pyrite,  pyrolusite,  pyrrhotite,  quartz,  rhodonite,  scheelite,  serpentine, 
sphalerite,  sylvanite,  talc,  tellurium,  tetradymite,  tetrahedrite.  tin.  tourmaline, 
tremolite,  tridymite,  wollastonite,  wood  opal. 

Wntura  County. — Boussingaultite,  colemanite,  galena,  gypsum,  halloysite,  hydro- 
boracite,  lenzinite,  rac.solite,  millerite,  molybdenite,  muscovite,  petroleum,  i>lat- 
inuni   sands,   priceite,  sulphur. 

Yolo  County. — Asbestos,  cinuabar,  limonite,  metacinnabarite. 

Yuba  County. — Bauxite,  calcite.  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  enstatite,  epidote,  gold, 
hematite,  ilmenite,  magnetite,  monazite,  molybdenite,  olivine,  pilolite,  platinum 
sands,  rutile.  serpentine,  .sylvanite,  talc,  tremolite.  vivianite,  zircon. 


20—22132 


306  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   CALIFORNIA    MINERALS. 

Algek,  F. 

1.  Crystallized  Gold  from  California;  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1850,  H,  266. 
Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  1850,  10,  101. 

Ali.en,  E.  T. 

1.  Analysis  of  salt  from  Saltou  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bnll.  220. 

Andeusox,  O. 

].  Advcnturine  LabradoritP  from  California;  Am.  Mineral.  I'.UT,  ,^  i>l. 

Anderson,  R. 

1.  Preliminary   report   on   the   geology   and   oil   resources   of   the   Canlna-Panoche 
region;  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Bull.  4:51.  p.  58. 

Arents,  a. 

1.  Partzite — a  new  mineral ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1867,  .{3,  362. 

Arnold,  R. 

1.  Geology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Summerland  district;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull. 

321. 

2.  The  Miner  ranch  oil  field,  Contra  Costa  County ;  ibid..  Bull.  340. 

Ak.\(,'i.I)  and  Anderson,  li. 

1.  Preliminary  report  on  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district;  ibid..  Bull.  317. 

2.  (leology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district ;  ibid..  Bull.  322. 
;}.  Goology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Coalinga  district;  ibid..  Bull.  308. 

Au.N(ji,o  and  Johnson,  H.  R. 

1.  Sodium  sulphate  in  Soda  Lake,  Carissa  Plains;  ibid..  Bull.  380,  p.  369. 

2.  I'reliminary  report  on  the  McKittrick-Sunset  oil  region ;  ibid..  Bull.  406. 

Aezruni,  a. 

1.  L'eber  einen  Colemanit  Krystall ;  Zeits.  fiir  Krystallographie  1884,  10,  272. 

Ayers,  E.  F. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes ;  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  1889,  37,  235. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Crj-stallization  of  Trona  ;  ibid.,  38,  65. 

Bailey,  G.  E. 

1.  The  Saline  Deposits  of  California:  Cal.  Stato  Min.  Bureau,  Bull.  24. 

B.\SKERVLLLE,  C. 

3.  Kunzite,  a  new  Gem;  Science  1903,  18,  303. 

B.\SKKRVILLE  and  KiTNZ.  G.  F. 

1.  Kunzite  and  its  unique  Properties ;  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  1904,  18,  25. 

B.\VMII.VUER,    H. 

1.  Ueber   sog.    anomale   Aetzfiguren    an    monoklinen    Krystallen,    inbesondere    am 

Colemanit ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1899,  30,  97. 

2.  l'eber  die   Winkelverhjlltnisse   des   Beuitoit ;    Centralhlatt   fiir   Min.    Geol.    mid 

Pal.  1909,  .^)92. 

Becker,  G.  F. 

1.  The  Geology  of  the  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope;  U.  S.  Geo!.  Sui-v. 
Mon.  Xlir.  1888. 


I 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  307 

Bkbtkand,  E. 

1.  Ziimober  vou  ("Hlifoniieu ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kiyst.  1878;  2,  199;  Bull.  Soc.  Fr.  Miii. 
1881,  -).  87. 

Blakk,  J.  M. 

1.  On   the  Crystallization   of  Natural   Hydraled   Terpin    from   California ;    Amer. 

Jour.  Sci.  18G7,   (2),  J,3,  202. 

2.  Roscoelite,  a  Vanadium  Mica;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1875,  6,  150;  Amer.  Jour. 

Sci.  1876,   (3),  12,  31. 

Blake,  W.  P. 

1.  Report  on  a  Geological  Reconnoissance  in  California  ;  Pac.  \\.  \\.  Kept.  1853,  5. 

2.  Quick.silvor  Mine  of  Alamadon,  California  ;  .Vnu'r.  Jour.  Sci.  18.54,  (2)  ./7,  438. 

3.  Observations  on   the   E.xteut  of  the   Gold   UeRiou   of  California  and  Oregon ; 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1855,  (2),  20,  72. 

4.  Memoir  on  the  Geolojry  of  the  Coast  of  California  ;  U.  S.  Coast  Surv.  Rept.  1855. 

5.  Notes  on  the  Occurrence  of  Telluret  of  Silver  in  California ;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad. 

Sci.  1857,  1,  107;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1857.  (2),  23,  270. 
0.  Report  on  the  Minerals  of  the  Mechanics  Fair  Exposition  of  California;  Min. 
and  Sci.  Press,  1804,  10,  264. 

7.  New  Mineral  Oil  Region  in  Tulare  Valley  ;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1865,  3,  193. 

8.  Note  on  the  occurrence  of  Sphene  in  the  Granites  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  ihUL, 

193. 

9.  Annotated  Catalog  of  Principal  Mineral   Species  hitherto  recognized   in   Cali- 

fornia ;  Report  State  Board  of  Agric.  1866. 

10.  Mineral  Notes  No.  2;  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1866.  3,  297. 

11.  Crystallized  Gold  in  California  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1866,  (2),  ///,  120. 

12.  Note  on  Parlzite;  ihkl.  1867.  (2),  -'/'/.  119. 

13.  Note  on  the  Geographical  Distribution  and  Geology  of  the  Precious  Metals  and 

Valuable   Minerals  of  the  Pacific   Slope;   Cal.   Senate  and  Assembly  Jour. 
1866,  3,  314. 

14.  Note  sur  les  gisemeuts  de  ciuabre  de  la  Californie  et  du  Nevada ;  Bull.  Soc. 

Fr.  Min.  1878,  1,  81. 

15.  Rare  Minerals  recently  found  in  the  State  ;  2d  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min. 

16.  Ulexite  in  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1881,   (3),  22,  323. 

Blasd.\le,  W.  C. 

1.  (Contributions   to   the   Mineralogy  of  California;   Bull.   Dept.   Geol.   Univ.   Cal. 
1901,  2,  327. 

BODEWIG,  C. 

1.  Notes  on  Haaksite  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,  (3),  38,  164. 

BoDEWiG,  C.  and  vom  Rath,  G. 

1.  Colemanit  aus  Californien  ;  /eit.s.  fiir  Kryst.  1884,   W,  179. 

Bradley,  \V.  M. 

1.  On  the  Analysis  of  the  Mineral  Neptunite  from  San  Benito  County;  Zeits.  fiir 
Kryst.  1909,  'i6,  516. 

Brai)Ij;y,  AV.  W. 

1.  IMines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Colusa,  Fresno,  Glenn,  Kings, 

Lake.   Madera,   Marin,   Napa,   Solano,   Sonoma,  and   Yolo.     Cal.    State  Min. 
Bur.  14th  Rept.,  State  Mineralogist,  1913-1914. 

2.  Mines  and  Mineral   Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Monterey,   San  Benito,   San 

Luis  Obisixi,  Santa  Barliara.  and  Ventura  ;  Ihid.  15th  Ropt.  State  Mineralo- 
gist, 1915-1916. 

3.  (.Jnicksilvcr  Resources  of  California.  Bull.  78,  Cal.  State  Min.  P.'ur.  1918. 


3(58  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Bkaui.ky,  W.  W.,  Huguenin,  E.,  Logan,  ('.  A.,  Tuckeu,  W.  D.  and  Waring,  C.  A. 

1.  IVfiiugaut-so  nn«l  Ohi-oniinm  in  Pnliroriiia.     C.-il.  St:ito  iMin.  P.iir.     Bull.  70.  101S. 

Breitiiaupt,  a. 

1.  Gediegen  Gold  aus  Australien  und  Californien  ;  Berg  und  hiitten,  Zeituag  1853, 
12,  613. 

Bitowx,  G.  C. 

1.  Minos  and  Minora!  Rosources  of  tlio  Coniitics  of  Kcni,   Shasta.   Siski.vou   and 
Trinity:  Cal.  Slato  Min.  Bur.  lltli   U>']>i.  Stato  Mineralogist,  1013-11)14. 

Brown,  G.  S. 

1.  Bernardinite:  Is  it  a  Mineral  or  Fungus V     Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1S91,   (3),  .'i2,  46. 

Brush,  G.  J. 

1.  Ouvarovite;  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  1866,  (2),  42,  268. 

BURIvART,  H.  J. 

1.  Der  Mineralreichthum  Californiens  und  der  angrenzenden   Staateu   und  Terri- 

torien;  Berg,  und  hiitten,  Zeitung  1S69,  28,  3,  21,  51,  S3,  94,  103. 

2.  Die  Goldlagerstatten  Californiens ;  Neues  Jahrb.  fur  Min.  1870,  21,  129. 

3.  Borax  in  don  wostlichon  Staaton  von  Nordamerioa  :  ihid.,  1S74,  716. 

Calkins,  F.  C. 

1.   .Molybdonilo  noar  IJiiinniia,    San   Diogo  County.   (Jaiifornia;   V.   S.   (Jool.   Sur\. 

Bull.   (;40. 
'J..   An  (iccurroncc  of  nickel   ore   \\\   San    I >ii'g(>  Couuly.  ('aliforuia;    lhi<l.   Bull.  (UO. 

Ca-Upbell,  M.  R. 

1 .  Iloconnaissance  of  the   Borax  Deposits  of  Death   Valley   and   Mojave  Desert ; 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  200. 

2.  Borax  Deposits  of  Eastern  California ;  ihid..  Bull.  213. 

3.  Coal  of  San  Benito  County;  ibid..  Bull.  4.S1. 

ClIATARD,  T.  M. 

1.  On  Urao;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,  (3),  3S,  59;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  60. 

2.  Natural  Soda,  Its  Occurrence  and  ITtilization  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  60. 

Clarke,  F.  W. 

1.  Analysis  of  Halloysite  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  9. 

2.  A  New  Occurrence  of  Gyrolite ;  ihid..  Bull.  64;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,   (3),  38, 

128. 

3.  Note  on  Garnet  from  California;  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  1895,   (3),  50,  76. 

Clarke,  F.  W.,  and  Steiger,  G. 

1.  On  Californite;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  262. 

Cloid.man,  H.  C. 

1.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources   of  the  County  of   San  Bernardino;  Cal.   Stato 
Min.  Bur.   1.1th  Ropt.  State  Mineralogist.  1915-1916. 

Crawford,  J.  J. 

1.  Twelfth  Annual  Rept.  Cal.  State  Mineralogist;  1892-94. 

2.  Thirteenth  Annual  Rept.  Cal.  State  ISIineralogist ;  1894-96. 

Dana,  E.  S. 

1.  The  Crystallization  of  Gold;   Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1886,    (3),  32,  132;  Zeits.  fiir 

Kryst.  1886,  12,  278. 

2.  System  of  Mineralogy;  1892. 


MINERALS   OF    C.VLIKORNIA.  309 

Dana,  E.  S.  and  Pe.npield,  S.  L.. 

1.  Mineralogioal  Notes;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1885,   (3).  SO,  136;  5th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal. 
State  Min.  1885,  65. 

Dana,  J.  D. 

1.  Gold  in  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1849,  (2),  7,  125. 

2.  Notes  on  Upper  California;  ihid..  247 

3.  System  of  Mineralogy ;  1868. 

Davis,  R.  O.  E. 

1.  Analysis  of  Kunzlte ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904,   (4),  18,  29. 

Day,  D.  T.  and  Richards,  R.  H. 

1.  Investigation  of  the  black  sands  from  placer  mines ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  285. 

Deville,  H.  St.  C.  and  Debray,  II. 

1.  Du   Platine  et  des  Motaux  qui   Taccompaguent ;   Ann.   des  Chem.   et  de   Phys. 
1859,  56,  385. 

Dilleb,  J.  S. 

1.  Gold  in  Calcite;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1S90,  (3),  39,  160. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  California;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  33. 

3.  Educational  Series  of  Rocks  ;  Hid..  Bull.  150. 

4.  Iron  and  Copper  Ores  of  the  Redding  Quadrangle;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  213. 
.".  (loology  of  tho  Taylorsvillc  Region,  California;  ihid.  3.io. 

fi.  Auriferous    Gravels    in    the    Woaverville    Quadrangle,    California ;    ihid.    Bull. 
.540. 

DuBois,  P.  C,  Anderson.  F.  M..  Tibbitts.  J.  II..  and  Tweedy.  G.  A. 
1.  The  Copper  Resources  of  Califoniia.     Cal.  State  Min.  B'ur.    Bull.  23.  lHOl'. 

DURAND,   F.   E. 

1.  Notes  on  Crystals  of  Quartz  Containing  Cinnabar;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1868- 

72,  /,,  211. 

2.  Description  of  a  new  mineral  from  the  New  Almaden  mine ;  ihid..  218. 

3.  Notes  on  the  Crystallization  of  Metacinnabarite;  ihid..  219. 

Eakle.  a.  S. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1901,  2,  315. 

2.  Colemanite ;  ihid.,  1902,  3,  31. 

3.  Palacheite;  ihid.,  1903,  3,  231. 

4.  On  the  Identity  of  Palacheite  and  Botryogen  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1903,   (4),  16, 

379. 

5.  Phosphorescent  Sphalerite ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  1904,  88,  64.  ' 

6.  Notes  on  Lawsonitc,  Columbite.   Bei-yl,  Barite  and  Calcite ;   Bull.   Dept.   Geol. 

Univ.  Cal.  1907.  .').  81. 

7.  Notes  on  Some  California  Minerals ;  ihid.,  1908,  5,  225. 

8.  Neocolemanile,  a  Variety  of  Colemanite  and  Howlite ;  from  Lang,  Los  Angeles 

Co.,  ihid.,  1911,  6,  179. 

9.  Xanthophyllite  in  Crystalline  Limestone  ;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1916,  6,  332. 

10.  Minerals   Associated   with    the   Crystalline   Limestone   at   Crestmore.   Riverside 

County,  California.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1917,  10.  .327. 

11.  Vonsenite,  a  Preliminarj'  Note  on  a  New  Mineral;  Am.  Mineral,  ]920,  .'>,  141. 

12.  Jurupaitc.  a  New  Mineral,  ihid.,  1821,  6,  107. 

13.  Occurrence  of  Massive  Troilite  ;  ibid.,  1922,  7. 

14.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Alpine  and  Mono.     Cal.  State 

Min.  Bur.  loth  Rept.,  State  Mineralogist.  1915-1916. 


310  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Eaklk,  a.  S.  and  Rogers,  A.  F. 

1.  Wilkeite,  a  New  Mineral  of  the  Apatite  Group,  and  Okenite,  Its  Alteration 
Product ;  from  Southern  California  ;  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  1914,  37,  262. 

Eakle,  a.  S.  and  Shabwood,  W.  J. 

1.  Ivuminescent  Zincblende ;  Eng.  and  Miu.  Journ.  1904,  67,  1000. 

Eckel,  E.  C. 

1.  Salt  deposits  of  California  and  Utah  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Bull.  213. 

Edman,  J.  A. 

1.  Gold-bearing  Black  Sands  of  California  ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  llKM. 

2.  The  Auriferous  Black  Sands  of  California ;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  Bull.  45. 

Eldridge,  G.  H. 

1.  Petroleum  Fields  of  California;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Full.  2in. 

Eldridge,  G.  H.  and  Arnold,  R. 

1.  The  Santa  Clara  Valley,  Puenta  Hills  and  T.os  Angeles  Oil  District ;  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  309. 

Emory,  W.  H. 

J.  Notes  on  a  Military  Kecounaissauce  from  Fort  Leavenworth  in  Missouri  ff> 
San  Diego,  California;  U.  S.  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  1S4S ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1848, 
(2),  6,  389. 

Erman,  a. 

1.  Geologische  Verhilltnisse  von   Californieu ;   Arch,   fiir,  wiss.   Kunde  von   Russ. 

1850,  7,  713. 

2.  Geographische  Verbreitung  des  Goldes ;  ibid,  725. 

Abstracts  Neues  Jahrb.  fiir  ]Min.  1850,  359,  494. 

Evans,  J.  T. 

1.  Colemanite ;  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1884,  1,  57. 

2.  Chemical  Properties  and  Relations  of  Colemanite ;  ibid.,  1885,  2,  37. 

Fairbanks,  H.  W. 

1.  Geology  of  the  Mother  Lode ;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 

2.  Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  Shasta  County ;  11th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min. 

1891. 
.3.  On  Analcite  Diabase  From  San  Luis  Obispo  County;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ. 

Cal.  1895,  1,  273. 
4.^  The  Geology  of  Point  Sal ;  ibid.,  1896,  2,  1. 
5*  The  Tin  Deposits  of  Temescal,  Southern  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1897,  (4), 

J,,  39. 

Ferguson,  H.  G. 

1.  Gold  Lodes  of  the  Weaverville  Quadrangle,  California  ;  T^.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Bull. 
540. 

Foote,  H.  W.  and  Langley,  R.  W. 

1.  On  an  Indirect  Method  of  Determining  Niobium  and  Tantalum.  Amer.  Jour. 
Sci.  1910,  30,  H9S. 

Foote,  W.  M. 

1.  Preliminary  Note  on  a  New  Alkali  Mineral;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1895,  (S),  50,  480. 


I 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  311 

Ford,  W,  E. 

1.  On  the  Chemical   Composition   of  Dumortierite ;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   15X)2,    (4), 

i-J,  426;  Zeils.  fiir  Kryst.  1!)03,  37,  417. 

2.  Neptunite  Crystals  from  San  Benito  County ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1900,  27,  235. 

3.  Notes  on  the  Analysis  of  Stibiotantalite.     Amer.  Jour.  t<ci.  1J>11,  32,  2M. 

KORSTNEB,    W. 

1.  The  Quicksilver  Krsourc.s  of  California.     Cal.  State  Miii.  Hiir.  Bull.  27,  1903. 

FoKSTNER,  W.,  IIoi'Ki.NS,  T.  C,  Makamoke.  C  aud  EuuY,  L.  II. 

1.  The   Structural  and   Industrial  Materials  of  California,   Cal.   State   Min.   I'.ur. 
Bull.  38,  1900. 

FOSHAG.    W.   F. 

1.  Ulexite  from  Lang,  California  ;  Am.  Mineral,  1918,  3,  35. 

2.  Thaumasite  and  Spurrite  from  Crestmore,  California:  ihid.   1920,  5,  SO. 

3.  riazolite,  a  New  Mineral ;  ibid.  1920,  5,  183. 

4.  Sulphohalite  from  Searles  Lake;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1920,  49,  76. 

5.  Aphthitalite   (Glaserite)   from  Searles  Lake;  ihid.    '/D,  367. 

Foster,  E.  LeN. 

1.  Production  of  Carbonate  of  Soda  from  the  Alkaline   Waters  of  Owens  Lake, 
Proc.  Colo.  Sci.  Soc.  1890,  3,  245. 

Gale,  H.  S. 

1.  The  Lila  C  Borax  Mine  at  Ryan,  Cal. ;  U.  S.  Min.  Res.  1911,  861. 

2.  The  Origin  of  Colemanite  Deposits ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Prof.  Paper,  85,  1913. 

3.  Borate  Depo.'^its  in  Ventura  County,  Cal. ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  540,  1913. 

4.  Prospecting  for  Potash  in  Death  Valley,  California;  ibid,  Bull.  540. 

5.  Salt,  Borax  and  Potash  in  Saline  Valley,  Inyo  County,  California;   ihid,  Bull. 

540. 

6.  Sodium   Sulphate  in   the  Carrizo   IMain.    San   Luis  Obispo  County,   Califoniia  : 

ibid.  Bull.  540. 

7.  Late  developments  of  magnesite  deposits  in  California  and  Nevada;  ibid,  Bull. 

540. 

Gai.e,  H.  S.,  and  Hicks,  W.  B'. 

1.  Octahedral  Crystals  of  Sulphohalite.    Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1914,  88,  273. 

Genth,  F.  a. 

1.  On  a  Probably  New  Element  with  Iridosmine  and  Platinum  from  California; 

Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  18.52,  //,  209;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1853,  (2),  15,  246. 

2.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1859,  (2),  28,  '246. 

3.  Observations  on  Certain  Doubtful  Minerals ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1867,  19,  86. 

4.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  7;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1868,   (2),  //.5,  305. 

5.  On  some  American  Vanadium  Minerals ;  ibid,  1876,  (3) ,  12,  32. 

6.  Roscoelite ;  Chem.  News  1876,  S'l,  78. 

7.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  29 ;  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1887,  2^,  23. 

8.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  54;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1892,  (3),  44,  381. 

Giles,  W.  B. 

1.  Bakerite  (a  new  borosilicate  of  calcium)  and  Howlite  from  California;  Mineral 
Magazine  1903,  13,  353. 

Goldsmith,  E. 

1.  Trautwineite — a  new  mineral ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1873,  25,  9. 

2.  The  Composition  of  Trautwineite ;  ibid.  348. 

3.  Analysis  of  Chromite  from  Monterey  County  ;  ihid,  365. 

4.  Stibioferrite,  a  new  mineral  from  Santa  Clara  County ;  ihid,  366. 

5.  On  Sonomaite ;  ibid,  28,  263. 

6.  On  Boussingaultite  and  other  minerals  from  Sonoma  County  ;  ibid,  264. 


312  STATE   MINING  BUREAU. 

GOODYEAB,   W.   A. 

1.  Geology  of  several  California  counties ;  8th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State.  Min.  1888. 

Geaton,  L.  C. 

].  Copper  deposits  of  Shasta  County;  U.  S.  Gool.  Surv.  Bull.  430. 

Gkaton,  L.  C,  aud  McLaughlin,  D.  H. 

1.  Ore  Deposition  and  Enrichment  at  Engels,  California;  Econ.  Geol.  1917,  l.i,  J. 

Graton,  L.  C,  and  Schaller.  W.  T. 

1.  Purpurite,  a  new  mineral;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905,   (4),  20,  14G. 

GtriLu,  F.  N. 

1.  Minoralogische  Notizen.  Zeits.  fiir  Ki-yst.  1911,  //9,  321. 

Guild.  F.  N.,  and  Wartman,  F.   S. 

1.  Wulfeuite  from  Lavic,  California.     Am.  Mineral,  1921,  6,  KiT. 

Gutzkow,  F. 

1.  Analysis  of  Hydromagnesite  from  Livermore ;  6th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min. 

1886. 

Hamilton,  Fletcher. 

1.  HoiK)rt  XIV,  State  Mineralogist,  1913-1914.     Includes  Mines  aud  Mineral  Re- 

sources of  the  Counties  of  Amador.  Calaveras,  Colusa,  Del  Norte,  Fi'esno, 
Glenn,  Humboldt,  Imperial,  Kern,  Kings,  Lake,  Madera,  Marin,  Mariposa, 
Mendocino,  Merced,  Napa,  San  Diego,  San  Joaquin,  Shasta,  Siskiyou,  So- 
lano, Sonoma,  Stanislaus,  Trinity  and  Tuolumne. 

2.  Report  XV,  State  Mineralogist,  1915-1916.     Includes  Mines  and  Mineral  Re- 

sources of  the  Counties  of  Alpine,  Butte,  El  Dorado,  Inyo,  Lassen,  I^os  An- 
geles, Modoc,  Mono,  Monterey,  Orange,  Placer,  Riverside,  Sacramento,  San 
Benito,  San  Bernardino,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Barbara,  Sutter.  Tehama, 
Tulare,  Ventura  and  Yuba. 

3.  Report  XVI. 

4.  Report  XVII.     State  Mineralogist ;  Mining  in  California  During  1920. 

Hanks,  H.  G. 

1.  Notes  on  Cuproscheelite ;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1873,  5,  133. 

2.  Notes  on  Roscoelite ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  1881,  ^2,  428. 

3.  1st  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1880-81. 

4.  2d  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1882. 

5.  3d  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1883. 

6.  4th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1884. 

7.  5th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1885. 

S.  6th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;    Part  I,  1886. 
9.  Occurrence  of  Hanksite  in  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,   (3),  37,  63. 
10.  On  a  new  variety  of  Gay  Lussite  from  San  Bernardino  County ;  Min.  and  Sci. 
Press  1892,  G-'u  222. 

Harder,  E.  C. 

1.  Manganese  Deposits  of  the  United  States ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  427,  1910. 

2.  Iron  and  Manganese,  and  also  Gypsum  of  California;  ibid.  Bull.  430. 

Hausmann,  a.,  Kruttschnitt,  J.,  Jr.,  Thome,  W.  E.,  and  E'dman,  J.  A. 
1.  The  Copper  Resources  of  California  ;  California  State  Min.  Bur.  Bull.  50,  1908. 


MINERALS   OK    CALIFORNIA.  313 

Hess.  F.  L. 

1.  The  working  magnesite  deposits  of  California ;  Eug.  Mag.  1906,  31,  691. 

2.  The  magnesite  deposits  of  California;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  355,  1908. 

3.  A  Reconnaissance  of  the  Gypsum  Deposits  of  California ;  ibid,  Bull.  413. 

4.  Tungsten-bearing  vein  near  Raymond;  Molybdenite  at  Corona;  ibid.  Bull.  340. 

5.  Gypsum  deposits  near  Cave  Springs ;  ibid.  Bull.  430. 

0.  Tungsten  Minerals  and  Deposits,     l'.  S.  (ieol.  Surv.  Bull.  652. 
7.  (.Jypsum  Deposits  in  California:   ibid.  Bull.  697. 

niDDF.N.  W.   E. 

1.  Uu   Ilanksite,   a   new   anhydrous   sulfato-carbouate   of   sodium   from   San    Ber- 

nardino County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1885,   (3),  80,  133;  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 
1885,  S,  328 ;  5th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1885,  62. 

HiDDKN,  W.  E.,  and  Mackintosh.  J.  B. 

1.  Sulphohalite,  a  new  sodium  sulpliato-chloride ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1888,   (3),  36, 

463 ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1889,  15,  294. 

2.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1891,   (3),  Jfl,  438. 

HiLLEBRAND,   W.   F. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes:  Melonite  (?),  Coloradoite,  Petzite  and  Hessite;  Amer. 
Jour.  Sci.  1899,  (4),  8,  295. 

HiLLiBRAND,  W.  F.,  TURNER,  H.  W.,  and  Clarke,  F.  W. 
1.  On  Roscoelite;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1899,   (4),  7,  451. 

HlORTDAHL,    T. 

1.  Colemanit,  ein  krystallisirtes  Kalkborat  aus  Californien  ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1884, 
10,  25. 

Hlawatsch,  C. 
1.  Die  Krystallform  des  Benitoits ;  Centralblatt  fiir  Min.  Geol.  Pal.  1909,  293. 

HOFMANN,   C.   F. 

1.  California  Gold;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1849,  (2),  8,  449. 

Holway.  R.  S. 

1.  Eclogites  in  California;  Jour,  of  Geol.  1904,  12,  351. 

HUGUENIN,    E. 

1.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Inyo,  San  Bernardino,  Santa 
Barbara  and  Ventura;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  15th  Ropt.  State  Mineralogist, 
191-5-1916. 

Hunt,  T.  S. 

1.  On  the  recent  formation  of  Quartz  and  on  Silification  in  California ;  Amer. 
Jour.  Sci.  1880,  (3),  19,  371. 

Hutchinson,  A. 

1.  On  the  identity  of  Neocolemanite  with  Colemanite  ;  Min.  Mag.,  1912,  16,  239. 

Irelan,  W. 

1.  6th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;  Part  II,  1886. 

2.  7th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1887. 

3.  8th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1888. 

4.  9th  ^Vnnual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;  1889. 

5.  loth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist:  lSiH>. 

6.  11th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1891-92. 


314  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Jackson,  A.  W. 

1.  On  Colemanite,  a  new  Borate  of  Lime;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1884,  (3),  28,  447. 

2.  On  the  Morphology  of  Colemanite;  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1885,  2,  3. 

3.  Mineralogical  Contributions  ;  ibid,  1886,  4,  358. 

Jamieson,  G.  S. 

1.  On  the  Natural  Iron-nickel  Alloy,  Awaruite ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905,    (4),  19, 
413. 

Kemp,  J.  F. 

1.  Geological  Relations  and  Distribution  of  Platinum  and  Associated  Metals ;  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  193,  1902. 

Knopf,  A. 

1.  Notes  on  the  Foothill  Copper-belt  of  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ. 

Cal.  1906,  //,  411. 

2.  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Inyo  and  White  Mountains,  California  ;  U.  S.  Geol. 

Sun-.   Bull.   540. 

3.  Tungsten  Deposits  of  Northwestern   Inyo  County.  California :   ibid.  Bull.  640. 
4i.  Strontiauite  Deiwsits  near  Baretow,  California  ;   ibid.  Bull.  660. 

5.  An   Andalusite   INIass  in  the   pre-Carabrian   of   Inyo  Range,   California  ;   Jour. 
Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1917,  7,  549. 

Knopf,  A.,  and  Thelen,  P. 
1.  Sketch   of  the  Geology  of  Mineral  King,   California;   Bull.   Dept.   Geol.   Univ. 
Cal.  1905,  .'i,  227. 

KOENIG,   G.   A. 

1.  Analysis  of  Mountain  soap ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1878,  30,  405. 

Kboustchoff,  K.  de. 

1.  Note  sur  une  hypgrite  a  structure  porphyrique  de  I'Amgrique ;   Bull.  Soc.  Fr. 
Min.  1885,  8,  11. 

KUNZ,  G.  F. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes  on  Brookite,  Octahedrite,  Quartz  and  Ruby ;  Amer.  Jour. 

Sci.  1892,  (3),  45,  329. 

2.  Octahedrite  (Anatase)  from  Placerville,  El  Dorado  County;  Mineral  Mag.  1901, 

9,  394. 

3.  On  a  new  lilac-colored  transparent  Spodumene ;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.  1903,    (4), 

16,  264. 

4.  Califomite  (Vesuvianite)  ;  ibid.  397. 

5.  Bismuth  and  Bismuth-ocher  from  Pala ;  ibid.  398. 

6.  Precious  Stones  of  the  United  States ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Min.  Res.  188^1906. 

7.  Gems  of  California ;  Bull.  37  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur. 

KUSTEL,   G. 

1.  Tellurite  of  Gold  and  Silver ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  1865,  10,  306. 

Larsen.  E.  S. 

1.  Proof  that  Priceite  is  a  Distinct  Mineral  Species  ;  Am.  Mineral.  1917,  2,  1. 

2.  Masicot  and  Litharge,  the  Two  Modifications  of  Lead  Monoxide ;  ibid,  2,  IS. 

3.  Durdenite  from  California  ;  ibid,  2,  45. 

4.  Hydrogiobertite — Evidence  that  it  is  a  Mixture  :  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1917,  JfS.  3. 

5.  Eakleite.  A  New  Mineral  from  California:  ibid,  1917,  JfS,  401. 

6.  The  Microscopic  Determination  of  the  Nonapaque  Minerals  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv, 

Bull.   679. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  315 

Larsk.v,  E.  S..  aud  Fosuag,  W.  V. 

1.  Menvinito.  a  New  Cakium-MairiK'sinni  Orthosilicato  from  Orestmore,  Califor- 
nia.    Am.  Mineral.  1!>21.  6',  143. 

IxARSF.x,  E.  S.  and  Hicks,  W.  B. 

1.   Searlesito.  a  Now  Minfral.     Aiikm-.  .lour.  Sti.   I'.tl4.  J(S',  -i'Al. 

I..ABSK.N,  E.  S..  and  Shannon,  E.  V. 

1.  Houssinjiaultito  from  Soulh  Mountain,  near  Santa  I'auhi,  California.  Am. 
Mineral.  1920,  5,   127. 

Lawson,  a.  C. 

1.  Geology  of  Carmelo  Bay;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1893,  1,  1. 

2.  Sketch  of  the  Geology  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula;  15th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S. 

Geol.  Surv.  1893,  405. 

3.  Plumasite;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1903,  3,  219. 

4.  Orbicular  Gabbro  at  Dehesa  ;  San  Diego  County ;  ibid.  1904,  3,  383. 

LeConte,  J.,  and  Rising,  W.  B. 

1.  The  Phenomena  of  Metalliferous  Vein  formation  now  in  progress  at  Sulphur 
Bank,  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1882,   (3),  2.'i,  23. 

lilNDGBEN,    W. 

1.  The  Silver  mines  of  Calico,   California;  Trans.   Araer.   Inst.   Min.    Eng.   1887, 

15,  717. 

2.  Contributions   to   the   Mineralogy  of  the   Pacific   Coast ;   Proc.   Cal.   Acad.   Sci. 

1888,   (2),  1,  1. 

3.  Gold  Deposit  at  Pine  Hill;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1892,  (3),  U,  92. 

4.  Gold-Silver  veins  of  the  Ophir  District;   14th  Ann.   Rept.   U.   S.   Geol.   Surv. 

1892-93,  Part  2,  249. 

5.  Auriferous  Veins  of  Meadow  Lake;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1893,   (3).  Jf6,  201. 

6.  The  Gold  Quartz  veins  of  Nevada  City  and   Grass  Valley ;   17th   Ann.   Rept. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1895-96,  Part  2,  13. 

7.  The  Tertiary  Gravels  of  the   Sierra  Nevada  of  California ;   U.   S.  Geol.   Surv. 

1911,  Prof.  Paper  73. 

Logan,  C.  A. 

1.  Mines  aud  Mineral  Resourofs  of  the  Counties  of  San  Bonito  and  San  Luis 
Obispo;  Cal.  State  MLn.  Bur.  loth  Rept.  State  Mineralogist,  1915-191G. 

LOUDERBACK,   G.   D. 

1.  Benitoite,  a  new  mineral  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1907,  5,  149. 

2.  Benitoite,  its  paragenesis  and  mode  of  occurrence;  ibid.  1909,  5,  331. 

LowEix,  F.  L. 

1.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Del  Norte,  Humboldt,  Mendo- 
cino. Mariposa,  Merced,  San  Joaquin,  and  Stanislaus;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur. 
14th  Rept.  State  Mineralogist,  1913-1914. 

Lyman,  C.  S. 

1.  Mines  of  Cinnabar  in  Upper  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1848,  (2),  6,  270. 

2.  Obser\'ations  in  California;  ibid,  1849,   (2),  7,  291,  305,  309. 

3.  Platinum  and  Diamonds  in  California  ;  ibid,  8,  294. 

4.  Notes  on  the  California  Gold  Fields  ;  ibid.  415. 

5.  Gold  of  California ;  ibid.  9,  126. 


316  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

MacDonald,  D.  F. 

1.  The    Weaven'ille-Trinitj'    Center    Gold    (iravels,    Trinitj-    County.    California ; 

U.  S.  Geol.  Sun-.  Bull.  430. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Gold  Lodes  of  the  Carrville  District,  Trinity  County,  California ; 

ibid,  Bull.  530. 

McLaughlin,  K.  P. 

1.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  County  of  Madera  ;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur. 

14th  Rept.  State  Mineralogist,  1913-1914. 

2.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  County  of  Mono ;  ibid,  15th  Rept.  State 

Mineralogist,  1915-1916. 

MALLEaiY,  W. 

1.  A  Discovery  of  Celestite.     Min.  and  Sci.  rre.«s.  1916,  113,  952. 

Mathewson,  J.  D. 

1.  Vorkommen  von  Tellurgold  und  Tellursilber  in  Californien ;   Berg  and  hiitten 
Zeitung  1865,  2-',,  374. 

Melville,  W.  H. 

1.  Metacinnabarite   from   New   Almaden ;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   1890,    (3),   J^O,   291; 

U.  S.  Geol.   Surv.  Bull.  78,  1889-90. 

2.  Mlneralogical  Notes ;  ibid,  Bull.  90. 

Melville,  W.  H.,  and  Lindgben.  W. 

1.  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Pacific  Coast;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull. 
61,  1890. 

Merrill,  F.  J.  H. 

1.  Mines  and   Mineral   Resources   of   the   Counties  of   Imperial   and   San   Diego ; 

Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  14th  Rept.  State  Mineralogist,  1913-1914. 

2.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Los  Angeles,  Orange,  River- 

side and  San  Bernardino,  ibid.  l.")th  Rept.   State  Mineralogist,  1915-lW-O. 

Merrill,  G.  P. 

1.  On  a  new  meteorite  from  San  Emigdio  Range,  San  Bernardino  County,  Cali- 
fornia.    Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  ISSS,  35,  490. 

Moore,  G.  E. 

1.  On   the   occurrence  in   nature   of  amorphous   Mercuric   sulphide ;    Amer.   Jour. 
Sci.  1872,  (3),  S,  36. 

Moore,  G.  E.,  and  Zepiiabovich,  V. 

1.  Kallait  pseudomorph  nach  Apatit  aus  Californien;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1884,  10, 
240. 

MtJLHEIMS,   A. 

1.  Colemanit  von  Californien;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1888,  i'/,  230. 

MURGOCI,  G. 

1.  Contribution   to   the   Classification   of  the   Amphiboles :   On   some   Glaucophane 
schists,  syenites,  etc. ;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1906,  4,  359. 

Obcutt,  C.  R. 

1.  Minerals  of  the  Colorado  Desert ;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 

Owens,  D.  D. 

1.  Notice  of  a  new  mineral  from  California;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1852,  6,  108. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  317 

Pack.  U.  W. 

1.  Ornamental  Marl)li^  noar  Rai-stow,  California:  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  540. 

Palache,  C. 

1.  Soda  Rhyolite  north  of  Berkeley;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1893.  1,  Gl. 

2.  Lherzolite-Serpentine  and  associated  rocks  of  the  Potrero,  San  Francisco ;  ibid, 

1894,  i,  161. 

3.  liock  from  the  vicinity  of  Berkeley  containing  a  new  Amphibole ;  ibid.  1894, 

1,  ISl. 

4.  Note  on  the  crystal  form  of  Benitoite ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1909,  27,  398. 

Pembkbton,  H. 

1.  Chromite ;  Chem.  News,  1891,  63,  241. 

Penfield,  S.  L. 

1.  Crystallized  Tiemannite  and  Metaciunabarite ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1885,   (3),  29. 

449. 

2.  Notes  on  the  CiTstallography  of  Metaciunabarite;  ibid,  1S92,   (3),  Z/^,  381. 

Pk.nfikld,  S.  L.,  and  Jamikson,  G.  S. 

1.  Tychite,  a  new  mineral  from  Borax  Lake;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905,  (4),  20,  217. 

PUAI.K.N,   W.  C. 

1.  Cclestite  DeiKisits  in  ('alifornia  nnd  .Vrizona  ;   I'.   S.  (Jcdl.  Surv.  P.ull.  -Vto. 

Phii.i.iI'.s.  J.  A. 

L   Notes  on   the   eheuiioal   geology   of  tlio   Gold   Fields   of   California;    Proc.    Koy 
Soc.  London  1868,  16,  294;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1869,   (2),  //7,  134. 

Pratt.  J.  H. 

1.  On   Northupite,   Pirssonite — a  new  mineral — Gay   Lussite  and   Hanksite,   from 
Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  Coiuity  ;  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  1896,   (4),  2,  123. 

Pbescott,  B. 

1.  Ilvaite,  from  Shasta  County,  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1908,  26,  14. 

Pbestox,  E.  B. 

1.  Geology  of  Tehama  County;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 

Price.  T. 

1.  Analysis- of  Colemanite  from  Death  Valley;  3d  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State.  Min. 

Prutzman,  p.  W. 

L  P.-troleura  in  Southern  California:  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  1913,  Bull.  69. 

PUBNELL,    S. 

1.  On   lonite,  a  new  mineral;   Min.   and  Sci.  Press  1877,  S//,  184;   Amer.   Jour. 
Sci.  1878,  (3),  i6,  153. 

Ransome,  F.  L. 

1.  The  Eruptive  Rocks  of  Point  Bouita  ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1893,  1,  71. 

2.  On  Lawsonite,  a  New  Rock-forming  Mineral ;  ibid,  1895,  1,  301. 

Raymond,  R.  W. 

1.  IMines  and  Mining  in  the  States  and  Territories  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ; 
5th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Com.  Min.  Statistics,  1873. 


318  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Reid,  J.  A. 

1.  Igneous  Rocks  near  Pajaro,  California  ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1902,  3, 173. 

2.  The  Ore  Deposits  of  Copperopolis,  California ;  Econ.  Geol.  1907,  2,  3S0. 

3.  The  East  Country  of  the  Mother  Lode ;  Min.  Sci.  Press,  1907,  9//,  279. 

4.  Some  Ore  Deposits  in  the  Inyo  Ranfje,  California  ;  ibid,  1907,  95,  80. 

RlCKAKl),  T.  A. 

1.  Certain  Dissimilar  Occurrences  of  Cold-beai-iug  Quartz ;   Proc.  Colo.   Sci.   Soc. 
1891,  1892,  1893,  J,,  328. 

Rogers,  A.  F. 

1.  Miueralogical  Notes  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1901,  12,  42. 

2.  Note  on  the  Crystalform  of  Benitoite ;  Science,  1908,  G16. 

3.  Minerals  from  the  Pegmatite  Veins  of  Rincon,  San  Diego  County  ;  Sch.  Mines 

Quart.  1910,  31,  208. 

4.  Eglestonite  from  San  Mateo  County  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1911,  32,  48. 

5.  Notes  on  rare  minerals  from  California;  School  of. Mines  Quart.  1912,  33,  373. 

6.  The    So-Called  Graphic    Intergrowths  of   Bornite   and   Chalcocito.    Eoon.    G<>ol. 

1916,  11,  512. 

7.  The  Occurrence  of  Cristobalite  in  California.    Amer.  Jour.   Sci.   1918,  -'/.J,  222. 

8.  An  American  Occurrence  of  Periclase  and  its  Bearing  on  the  Origin  and  His- 

tory of  Oalcite-Brucite  Rocks.     Amer.  Joiir.  St'i.  1918,  -'/6',  581. 

9.  An  Interesting  Occurrence  of  Manganese  Minerals  near  San  Jose,  California  ; 

Anwr.  Jour.  Sci.  1919,  .)8.  443. 
10.  Colcmanite   Pseudomorphous   after   Inyoite,   Death   Valley.    .Vni.   MiniM'al.   1919, 
-J,  135. 

ROLLAND,   G. 

1.  Les  Gisemenls  de  Mercure  de  Californie;  Ann.  des  Mines  1878,  (7),  I'l,  384. 

Root.  E.  W. 

1.  On  Enargite  from  the  Morning  Star  Mine,  Alpine  County ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci. 
1868,  (2),  J,6,  201. 

RoscoE,  H.  E. 

1.  On  two  new  Vanadium  Minerals ;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  London,  1876,  25,  109. 

SCHALLER,  W.  T. 

1.  Minerals  from  Leona  Heights  ;  Alameda  Covinty  ;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1903, 

3,  191. 

2.  Spodumene  from  San  Diego  County  ;  ibid,  263. 

3.  Notes  on  some  California  Minerals;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904,  (4),  17,  191. 

4.  The  Tourmaline  Locality  of  Southern  California ;   Science  1904,  19,  266. 

5.  Dumortierite ;   Amer.  Jour.   Sci.   1905,    (4),  19,  211;   Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1905, 

.',1,  19. 

6.  Mineralogical  Notes;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  202,  1905. 

7.  Analyses   of   tourmaline   and   associated    minerals    from    San    Diego   County; 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  419. 

8.  Calcite   Crystals   with   new   forms;    ibid.   Bull.   420;    Zeits.   fiir   Kryst.   1908, 

4-'h  324. 

9.  Bismuth  Ochers  from  San  Diego  County;  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  1911,  33, 

162. 

10.  Krystallographische   Notizen  ueber  Albit,   Phenakit  und   Neptunit,   Zeits.   fiir 

Kryst.  1911,  -)8,  550.    U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  490. 

11.  .Vxinite  from  California  ;  ibid,  ^X.  148;  U.  S.  (Jeol.  Surv.  Bull.  4!X">. 

12.  Cuprodescloizite  from  California;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1911,  1,  149. 

13.  Immense  bloedite  crj'stals;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1913,  3,  75. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  319 

ScuAi.LEB,  W.  T. — Coutirmed. 

14.  New  manganese  phosphates  from  the  Gem  Tourmaline  Field  of  Southern  Cali- 

fornia ;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1012,  2,  143. 

15.  Beitrag  zur  Kenntnis  der  Tui-malingruppe,  Zeits  fiir  Kryst.  1912,  51,  321. 
It;.   luyoite  and   Mcyt'rhofferito,  Two   N<nv  Calcium  Borates.     U.    S.  Geol.   Surv. 

Bull.  (UO. 

17.  The  Probable  Identity  of  Mariposite  and  Alurgite.     U.  S.  Geo.  Surv.  Bull.  610. 

18.  Cassiterite  from  San  Diego  County.     T'.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  G20. 

SCHALLEB,  W.  T.,  and  Hillkbrand,  W.  F. 

1.  Crystallosraphical  and  Chemical  Notes  on   Lawsonite;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1904, 
(4),  i?,  195. 

SlIEPARD,   C.   U. 

1.  On  a  Meteoric  Iron  lately  found  in  El  Dorado  County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1S72, 

(3),  5,  348. 

2.  Tincalconite  (Borax)  ;  Bull.  Soc.  Fr.  Min.  1878,  1,  144. 

3.  On  the  Ivanpah  Meteoric  Iron;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1880,   (3),  19,  381. 

4.  Meteoric  Iron  from  Trinity  County;  ibid,  1885,  (3),  29,  469. 

SiLLIMAN,   B. 

1.  Notes  on  the  New  Almaden  Quicksilver  mines;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   1864,    (2), 

3S,  190. 

2.  On  the  Deep  Placers  of  the  South  and  Middle  Yuba,  Nevada  County,  etc. ;  ibid, 

1865,  (2),  -',0.  1. 

3.  Note  on  the  California  Diamond;  ihid.  1867.   (2),  ^Z/,  119. 

4.  Notes  on  the  Grass  Valley  District;  ibid,  2.36. 

5.  Notice  of  a  peculiar  mode  of  Occurrence  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  the  Foothills  of 

the   Sierra  Nevada,  especially  at  Whiskey   Hill  and  Quail   Hill;   Proc.   Cal. 
Acad.  Sci.  1867,  3,  349. 

6.  Note  on  three  new  localities  of  Tellurium  minerals  in  California;  and  on  some 

Mineralogical  Features  of  the  Mother  Lode ;  ibid,  378. 

7.  On  the  probable  existence  of  Microscopical  Diamonds  with  Zircon  and  Topaz 

in  the  sands  of  the  Hydraulic  Washings  in  California;   Trans.  Amer.   Inst. 
Min.  Eng.  1872,  1,  371;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1873,   (3),  5,  384. 
S.  Mineralogical   Notes   on    Utah,   California,   and   Nevada   and    a   description    of 
Priceite,  a  new  Borate  of  Lime;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1873,'  (3),  6,  126. 

Smith.  J.  L. 

1.  Curious  association  of  Garnet,  Idocrase  and  Datolite ;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1874, 
(3),  S,  434. 

Smith,  J.  P. 

1.  The  Paragenesis  of  the  Minerals  in  the  Glaucophane  Rocks  of  California;  Proc. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1907,  -'/.T,  184. 

SONNEXSCHEIN,   F. 

1.  I'cber  das   Vorkommen   des   natiirlichen   Goldamalgams   in   Californien ;    Zeits. 
der  geolog.  Gesellsch,  1854,  6,  243. 

Sterrett,  D.  B. 

1.  Tourmaline  from  San  Diego  County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904,   (4),  17,  459. 

2.  Gems  and  Precious  Stones;  Min.  Res.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  1906-1912. 

Stetei-eldt,  C.  a. 

1.  Vorkommen  von  Tellurgold  und  Tellursilber  in  Californien  ;   Berg  und  hutten. 
Zeitung  1865.  2-i,  374. 


320  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Stillman,  J.  M. 

1.  A  new  mineral  Ko«iu  from  San  Bernardino  County;  Amer.  Jonr.  Sci.  1879, 
(8),  18,  57  and  1880,   (3),  20,  93. 

Storms,  W.  H. 

1.  Geology  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  counties  ;  11th  Ann.  Rept.   Cal. 

State  Min.  1891-92. 

2.  New  Scheelito  Discovery.     Min.  and  Sci.   Press.     1910.  JIS.   7<i8. 

3.  Diamonds  in  California;  ibid,  1917,  //'/,  273. 

Teschemacher,  J.  E. 

1.  Platinum  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1850,   (2),  10,  121. 

Tucker,  W.  B. 

1.  Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Amador,  Calaveras  and  Tuo- 

lumne;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  14th  Rept.  State  Mineralogist.  1913-1914. 

2.  .Mines  and  Mineral   Resources  of  the  Counties  of   El   Dorado,    Lassen,   Modoc, 

Tehama  and  Tulare;  ihiJ,  15th  Rept.  State  Mineralogist,  1915-1910. 

Turner,  II.  W. 

1.  The  Rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  14th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Part  2, 

441. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Gold  ores  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1894,   (3),  //7,  467. 

3.  Further  notes  on  the  Gold  ores  of  California;  ibid,  1895,  (3).  J,9,  374,  478. 

4.  Further  Contributions  to  the  Geology  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  17th  Ann.  Rept. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1895,  Part  1,  529. 

5.  Notes  on  the  Rocks  and  Minerals  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1898,    (4), 

.7,  421. 

6.  Occurrences  of  Diamonds  in  California ;  Amer.  Geol.  1899,  23,  182. 

7.  Some  Rock-forming  Biotites  and  Amphiboles;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1899,  (4),  7,  294. 

8.  Notes  on  Unusual  Minerals  from  the  Pacific  States;  ibid,  1902,   (4),  IS,  343. 

Turner,  H.  W.,  and  Melville,  W.  H. 

1.  Geology  of  Mount  Diablo  Range;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  1891,  2,  388. 

Tri!M;it.  II.  W.,  and  Rogers,  A.  F. 

1.  A  (Teologic  and'  Microscopic  Situdy  of  a  Magnetic  Copper  Sulphide  Deposit  in 
Plumas  ('ounty,  California,  and  its  Modilication  by  Ascending  Secondary 
Enrichment.     JEcon.  Geol.  1914,  9,  3.59. 

VODGES,  A.  W. 

1.  A  Bibliography  relating  to  the  Geology,  Paleontology  and  Mineral  Resources 
of  California ;  Bull.  30,  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur. 

VOM  Ratu,  G. 

1.  Ueber  Glauberit  und  Hanksit  von  San  Bernardino  County;  Sitz.  d.  Niederrh. 
Gesell.  fiir  Nalur  und  Ileilkuude,  Bonn  1887,  233. 

VON   SCHROCKINGEB,   J. 

1.  Posepnyt ;  Verb.  d.  k.  k.  geol.  Reichanst.  1877,  128. 

Waring,  C.  A. 

1.  .Mines  and  ilineral  Resources  of  the  Counties  of  Butte,  Inyo,  Monterey,  Placer, 
Sacramento,  Sutter  and  Yuha  :  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  1.5th  Ropt.  State 
Miiieralogist,   1915-191G. 

Waring,  G.  A. 
1.  (^luirtz  from  San  Diego  County,  California  ;  Amer.  .lour.  Sci.  1!K)5,  (4),  20,  125. 


MINERALS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  321 

Watts,  W.  L. 

1.  Report  on  Kern  County;  11th  Ann.  Ropt.  Cal.  State  Min.  1891-92. 

2.  Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   California ;    Bull.   19,   Cal.    State   Min. 

Bureau. 

Weeks,  F.  B. 

1.  Tlif  Minaret   Iron   Deposit,  Madera  County;   Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.   14th   R"pt. 
State  Mineralogist,  11)13-11)14,  p.  555. 

Wei.i.s,  R.  C. 

1.  New  Occurrence  of  Ilydrogiohertite.     Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1910,  30,  189. 

Whitfield,  J.  E. 

1.  Analyses  of  some  Natural  Borates  and   Borosilicates ;   Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1887, 

(3),  SJ,.  281. 

2.  Analysis  of  the  San  Bernardino  Meteorite ;  Bull.  60  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

Whiting,  H.  A. 

1.  Report  on  Mono  County;  Sth  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  1888. 

Whitney,  J.  D. 

1.  Geological  Survey  of  California;  Vol.  1,  Geology. 

WiLXIAMS,   A.   H. 

1.  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1880-84. 


21—22132 


isiss— u 


INDEX. 


Page 
Adiroite    ID- 

ACMITE    159 

Actinolite    ltj4 

Adularia   l'"»0 

Ak<;irite 159 

Airaimatolite 197.  220 

AiiatP 87 

A.iratiz('(i   wood S7 

Al.Al!AM)ITE 41 

Alabaster 209 

Al.IMTK 151 

Alcxandrolite   197 

Am.amtk   1S7 

Al.LOPIIANE 228 

Aiinandite 172 

Al.TAITE 6(i 

Alum    277 

Alumtk 282 

Alunogkn 2S0 

Amazon  stone 150 

AMI!I  Y(.()MTE 234 

Amethyst , 84 

Amnionium  alum : '. 278 

Ampiiibolk 163 

Amphibole  Kroup 163 

Analcite   208 

Anapaite   288 

ANATASE   r 118 

a>dai,usite 182 

Andksixe 152 

Andradite    172 

Anci.esite    265 

Amiyiirite 265 

Anhydrous   carbonates   120 

Anhydrous  oxides 97 

Anliytlrous  silicates 149 

Anhydrous  sulphates 200 

Ankerite 131 

ANNAMKHfilTE 243 

AXORTIIITE 152 

AxoUTIfOCLASE 151 

Antiiophyllite    168 

Antiu'orito 214 

Antimonates 244 

Antinionito 28 

Antimony    11 

Antimony  ocher 9."t 

Apatite    238 

Aphtiutalite 261 

Apopiiylmte 211 

A(iuamarine    169 

Akaoonite   186 

Aragotite    284 

Arcakite 2(>1 

Arcentite    32 

Arsenates    242 

Arsenic    12 

Arsenical  pyrites 60 

Arsenides 60 

Arsenoi.ite    93 

Arsenopyrite   60 

Asbeferrite    164 

Asbestos    163,  214 

Asbolite 128 

Asphalt   285 

Atacamite 79 

Augite   158 

ArRTCHALCITE 143 


Page 

Alti-mtk 238 

Aventurine 84 

AWARUITE 26 

AXINITE    188 

AZIRITE    142 

P.AKKRITE     252 

Hakite    --__ 262 

Haixite 121 

liKMKNTITE 226 

Hi;mtoite 229 

H(>rnardinite 284 

IlEKIIIIERITE 69 

P.EKYr,     169 

Rll-.liKRITE 275 

lilMHIEIMITE 244 

KlOTITE 200 

RlSMITE      94 

RlSMlTII 12 

Bismuth  gold 17 

RlSMl'TIIINITE 80 

Bismuth  ocher 94 

BiS.ML'TITE 148 

Bismutospiiaerite 139 

Bitumen 2Sr> 

Black   cop])er 99 

Black  jack    39 

Black    lead   9 

Klack  silver 72 

Blende 39 

Blouite    270 

Bloodstone 87 

Blue  copper 47 

Blue  hornblende 167 

Blue  malachite 142 

Blupstone    276 

Blue  vitriol 276 

BOGTHITE    275 

Boracic  acid 122 

Borates   24fi 

Borax  247 

BORNITE    51 

Bort 7 

BOTKYOGEN 281 

BOI'RNONITE 69 

BorSSINGAULTITE 277 

Brainite 115 

Brittle  micas 202 

Brilfle   silver 72 

liROCIIANTITE 267 

Bromides 80 

B'ronzite    __, 150 

Brookite 114 

Brown  hematite 119 

Brlcite    121 

Bytownite 152 

Caoholong 90 

Cairnjrorm  stone 84 

Calamine    190 

Calaverasite 68 

Calaverite 68 

Calcite 126 

Calc  spar 126 

Calc    tufa   126 

Caledonite   267 

California   iris 159 

Californite ^ 179 


324 


INDEX. 


Page 

Cai.omkl 75 

Capillary  pyrites 4S 

f'arhonado 7 

Carhonat.'s    126 

Carinthiiip 164 

Cariu'lian    87 

Cassitkrite 112 

f'ataphorite 16S 

Celadonite    220 

Celestite 264 

C'ERARfiYRITE 78 

Ceri'ssite    1B8 

Cervantite !>•") 

Chabazite   208 

rilAI-CANTIIITE     276 

Chalcedony 87 

Citalcocite    36 

ClIALCODITE     20r> 

Chalcopyrite  ~)2 

Chalcotrichite 97 

Chalk  ___-■ 126 

Chiastolite    182  i 

Chili   saltpeter 245 

Chlorides 75 

Chlorites   20?, 

CUI.ORITOID 208 

ClILOROMAGNESITE 7!t 

ClH.OROPAI, 226 

ClIONnRODITE 100 

Chromates 240 

Chromic   iron    lOS 

Chromite 108 

CllRYSOHERYL 114 

ClIRYSOCOLI.A 225 

Chrysolite 176 

Chrysopal    90 

Chrvsoi)i-ase    87 

Chrysotile   214 

ClMOLITK 224 

Cinnabar 48 

Cinnamon  stone .__  172 

Citrine  quartz .__     84 

Cl.AUUETITE    98 

Clay 221 

Clinociilore 203 

Clinozoisite 185 

Coal    285 

Cobalt   bloom 242 

Cobalt  slance 68 

COBALTITE     60 

Cobalt  vitriol 275 

COCCINITE 80 

COLEMANITE 248 

COLORADOITE 66 

COLUMBITE 254 

Cookeite 1 199 

copiapite 280 

Copper 19 

(^)l)l^eras 274 

Coi)i)er  slance 36 

Coi)])er  pyrites 52 

COQUlArBITE    279 

Corundophyllite 205 

corun'ditm   100 

Cotton   balls 251 

covellite 47 

Crednerite    115 

Crestmoreite    213 

(^ristoralite 89 

Crocidoltte    168 

Crocoite 240 


Page 
Crossite 167 

CUBANITE 52 

Cummingtonite 1(>4 

CrpRprE    97 

Cni)ro(lesclolzite 241 

CUPROSCIIEELITE 257 

(^uprotungstite 257 

Cyanite   183 

Danaite 61 

Darapskite 246 

Dark  ruby  silver 70 

Uatolite    184 

Dawsonite 144 

Descloizite 241 

Deweylite 216 

Diallage 157 

Diamond 7 

Diatomaceous   earth   90 

Diopside    157 

Disthene    183 

Doglooth   spar 126 

Dolomite 130 

Dry  bone 136 

DlFRENOYSITE 73 

Di'mortierite 195 

durdenite 282 

Eakleite 211 

Edenite    164 

Eglestonite 79 

Electrum 17 

Eleolite    170 

Embolite   SO 

Emerald    169 

Emeralite    194 

Enargite   74 

E'nstatite    156 

Epidote 185 

Epsomite   272 

Eijsom  salts 272 

Erythrite    242 

Ebsonite    171 

Erubescite     51 

False    topaz    84 

L'amatinite    74 

Feather   ore    69 

Feldspars    149 

FiBROFERRITE     281 

Fibrolite     , 188 

Flint    87 

Flos   ferri    186 

Fluorides     SI 

Fl.ITORITE     81 

I'luor  si)ar 81 

Freil)ergite    71 

Fuchsite    197 

Fuller's    earth    222 

(xalena     3". 

Calenite    38 

Ganopiiyllite    218 

(4arnet  171 

(tARNIERITE    217 

(iAY    Lussite    145 

Ckiilenite   178 

(tEocronite    72 

(ievsei'lte     90 

(Jilsonite    285 

Cl.AlBERITE     262 

Clauber  salt 268 


INDEX. 


325 


Page  j 

(Ji.AicoPliANE    H)7  ; 

(JOTllITE    119, 

GoLi.   i:v 

<Jold   araaljram 17 

(Jold    stone    84 

(JOSI.ARITE     273! 

(Jniliainite     2Si>  I 

(irapliif   tellurium 07  ■ 

(iKATlIITE _!> 

(Jray    copper    71  j 

(in-fii   copper 140 

('I!EEiN()('KITE     47 

(iHIIKITItlTE 2<ri  ' 

(Jiussularite    17"J 

(Jypsite    2<K)  ' 

(iYPSl'M      "JCdl 

G'YROMTE      210 

IIamte    75 

Haloids    7;") 

HaI.I  OYSITIC    '2'2'2 

II.M.OTKICIIITE     li7t» 

ir.  NKsiTE   2(>t; 

IIaismannite 1 14 

Iltavy  spar 2<i2 

I£odenber2:ite    1"|S 

Ifrli()tr()i>e n7 

IIlMATITE 10(( 

IFkssite    i'A 

IlKir.ANDITE      200 

Iliddfiiite    1.7.1 

Ilonihlende     104  j 

Ilonisilver 7S  | 

IIowluk 252 

ITUIINERITE 2."i."( 

HrHKAlMTE 2.SS  , 

Ilvaciiith     172! 

Hyalite    90 1 

IfYHKOBORACITE     252 

IFydrocarhons 2.S ' 

ll.\drodolomite    140 

HYDRCHilOBERTITE      147  I 

IIyi)Roma(.ne.site    140  I 

Hydrous  carbonates    140 

Hydrous   oxides 117 

Hydrous   .silicates    100 

Hydrous   sulphates    2<iS 

Hyprozincite    144 

Hyperstiiene    157 

Ice    .S2 

let  land  spar 120 

I;)i)iN(;siTE    177 

IdcK-rase     171t 

Ilmentte    108 

Ti.vAiTE    ino 

Iudi((ilite 1!»2 

Inesitk 212 

Infusorial    earth    00 

IXYOITE 251 

I.xlides   ^0 

loMTE 2S4 

IiunUM   24 

H<ii)OSMINE    25 

Ii'.o.N   25 

Iron    alum    270 

Iron    mica    200 

Iron  pyrites 58 

Jamesomte    00 

.Tarosite    2.'n2 

Jasper    N7 

Jcfferisite    200 

JVRrPAITE    210 


Page 

Kai.imte    227 

Kiiiniiii-rerite    204 

Kaolin     221 

Kaoi.i.mte    221 

Kekmesite   50 

Kinrailite    87 

I\\(t\VII,I.ITE     2.81 

Kotscluibeite     20« 

Kunzite 150 

Lai;rai)()rite    152 

Lains   lazuli    171 

Lai  MONTiTE    207 

Lawso.nite     101 

Lazi'i.ite    235 

La/.irite    171 

Leah    21 

I.iAnirii.UTE    20 < 

Lenzinite     222 

Lepidoi.ite   100 

Lki'Idomelane 2CM* 

Lcucoiiyrite     03 

Lcucoxene     22S 

Lij;ht  ruby  silver 74 

Lisnite    : 285 

Lime  feldspar 152 

Lime-soda   feldspar 152 

Limestone 120 

I.imosite    110 

Li.narite 208 

LiKOCONITE 244 

Litharge     , 99 

Litliia  mica 109 

Tjtiiiophilite 232 

Lirliomarse 221 

Ijorlestone    105 

Loi.i.r.NtiiTE    03 

Lotrite 180 

LlDWKJITE    247 

,Macle 182 

AIaonesite --  131 

'Magnesium  alum 278,270 

Majrnesium-iron    mica    200 

]SIairnesium  limestone 130 

Ma^rnesium  mica 200 

^Ia,;;netic  iron 105 

Mau'netic  pyrites 49 

:Ma(:.\etite  ^ 105 

MALAflllTE 140 

^falacolite 157 

^ifAVCiAMTE     117 

MauL'anocalcite    120 

Marl>le 126 

MaR(  ASITE 58 

Maucakite 202 

]\[arii'(!Site    197 

Marmolite 214 

Martite    101 

Mascagnite    260 

Massicot   99 

Meerschaum 220 

Melaconite ■  99 

Melanterite 274 

Melone.site ^" 

Met.omte 07 

Menaccanite 103 

Mendozite 278 

Merci'ry 21 

Merwinite 179 

Mesoi.ite    200 

Metacixxabarite    41 


326 


INDEX. 


Page 
Metals  13 

Metaxlte    214 

Meteoric  iron 2." 

Meyerhofferite 2.10 

MlAKCiYRITE 70 

Micas l!^tt> 

MiCROCLINE     , I.IO 

MiCROLITE      2r»3 

MlIXERITE 4S 

MiMETITE 242 

Mineral  oil 284 

Minium 115 

MlKAIilLITE 2(>S 

Mispickel (JO 

Molyblates 2o7 

^loiABDENITE 30 

Molybdic  ocher 94 

MoLYliDITE    94 

MONAZITE 231 

^loNTICELLITE     176 

MONTMOKILLOXITE     223 

Mooustoiie    151 

MOREXOSITE 273 

Moss  agate 87 

Moss  opal 90 

Mountain  coi'k 164 

Mountain  leather 164 

Mountain  soap 221 

MrscoviTE 196 

Myrlckite    87 

Xagyagite 6S 

Xapalite    283 

Xati\e  elements 7 

Xatrolite    209 

Xatron 145 

Xeocolemanite 248 

Xkotocite 227 

Xei'iiei.ite   170 

Xeptunite 230 

xucoi.ite 62 

Xic'kel  bloom 243 

Xiobates    253 

XlTER    245 

Xitrates     245 

Xitrocalcite 246 

Xitroglauberite    246 

Xon-nietals , 7 

Xontronite    226 

XCHTIIRUPITE 140 

Xosean 170 

Xoselite 170 

Octahedrite 113 

Oil     284 

Okenite  212 

Oi.ic.oclase    151 

Olivine 176 

Oniuhacite    157 

Onyx    87 

Ouvx   marble   126 

Opal   90 

Orpiment 27 

Ortliite 187 

Oktiioclase 150 

Okmiitm    25 

Otaylite 223 

Ottrki.ite 203 

Oxide   of  hydrogen 82 

Oxides 82 

Oxides  of  metals 97 


Page 

Oxides   of  semi-metals 93 

Oxides  of  silicon 82 

Oxisulphides 59 

I'alacheite 281 

I'alaite •  239 

I'ALLADIL'M 25 

I'audermite 250 

Paragonite 198 

I'argasite 164 

I'artzite 96 

Peacock   ore 51 

Pectolite 161 

Penni.mte   204 

Periclase 98 

Peridot     176 

Petroleum   284 

Petzite 65 

Piiantoni   crystals   84 

I'niLLiPsiTE     206 

PllLOt.OPITE      200 

Pi'OSGEXITE     139 

Phosphates    231 

PlCKERINCilTE      278 

Picotite 104 

PifTolite    214 

PlLOMONTITE 18S 

PiLOLITE     227 

Pinite    197 

PiRSSONITE      146 

i  PlSANITE 274 

PiUh    2S5 

Pitchblende     258 

PlTTlCITE    244 

Phgioclase    . 150 

Pl  ATINIRIDIUM      25 

Pj.atinum 23 

Pi  AZCLiTE    214 

Pkonaste 104 

Plumbago 9 

T'l  I'MBOGIMMITE      237 

POLYBASITE      73 

POI.YDYMITE     50 

Pcrc;dlopbite     214 

PdSEPXYTE 284 

T'o'ash    alum    277 

Polash  feldspar 150 

Potash    mica    196 

Potrsh-soda    feldspar    151 

I'OWELI.ITE    258 

Pn.s-     87 

Prase   opal    90 

Pr.EHXITE    189 

Pkiceite     250 

Prochlobite    ; 204 

Proustite    --1 74 

P.silomei.ane    123 

InCI'EKITE     240 

i'l  rpirite    236 

pvr\rgy-rite    70 

Pmuie    '38 

T'YR(CiiLnRE    253 

PVKOCHKOITE     122 

P-i  KOI. (SITE      11''' 

PYROiiORPIIITE 2''4 

Pyrop?     172 

PvRaPIIYLLITE    220 

I'\ROXENE 117 

l'.\roxene  group --   156 

PYRimOTITE     49 

QlARTZ     S3 

Quicksilver     21 


INDEX. 


327 


Page 

Kkai/;ab    27 

Kectorite    224 

Itfd   antimony   f)!) 

Kid   arsenic   27 

Keiungtonite   2.S1 

Ked  copper 07 

Iffd   lead U.") 

Red  ocher 100 

U'drutliite    8(5 

Kainolite    214 

ICllODltM     2."> 

IMindoohrome    204 

KlIOLMJCirROSITE 135 

KllODOMTE      l<i2 

KlVFRSIDKITE     213 

Uo(  k    crystal    S4 

liork    salt    ~'^ 

Rock    soap    221 

UOMERITE    '_ 280 

Ito.SCOEI.ITK      201 

Rose   i|uartz S4 

Riibellite     lt>2 

Ruby    1(10 

Riibv  silver : 70,  74 

Ruby   spinel   104 

Ruthenium    -_ 2r( 

RrTir.E z-L 113 

S.igrenite    11Z1_1'. S4 

i^AL    Ammoniac    77 

Salimiac     77 

Sai.monsite 230 

Saltpeter     24-" 

Saiiidine ITiO 

Sapphire    1<M» 

Snrd S7 

^ardonix     S7 

Sassomte     122 

Sutoiite  2r.n 

Satin   spar   2(»i> 

Sanssurite     l.^r> 

Scapolite     17S 

Si  UEELITE      250 

Sf'ORODITE 243 

Seari.esite 22S 

Selenides 03 

Selenite 200 

Semi-metals    11 

Sepiolite   220 

Sericite    197 

Serpentine  214 

Sicklerite 240 

SiDERITE   134 

Silica S3 

Silicates 140 

Silicified  wood S7 

Silicious  sinter 90 

SlIJ.IMANITE 1S3 

Silver IS 

Silver   glance 32 

Siserkite    25 

Smai.tite   t!3 

Smaraidite 104 

Smithsonite 130 

Smoky  qnartz S3 

Soapstone 217 

Soda  feldspar 151 

Soda-lime  feldspars 151,152 

SODALITE 170 

Soda  mica 19S 

Soda   Niter 245 

sonomaite 270 


Page 

Soretite 1('4 

S|)athic  ore 134 

Specularite VX) 

Spessartite   172 

Sphalerite    30 

Sphone 22S 

Spinel    101 

SponiMKNE 150 

SPIRRITE 184 

Stalactite 126 

Stalasmite    126 

Steatite   217 

Stei'uaxite 72 

Stetefeldtite    00 

Stewartite 239 

Stibiconite 95 

Stibioferrite    95 

Stihiotantalite 254 

Sti  unite ^ 28 

Stilmite  . 207 

Stil])Pomelane 205 

Stratopeite _: 227 

Stufngitk 239 

Stkomeyertte   ___^ii_ 38 

Stkontianite 137 

Sri.FoiiAi.iTE   ___L ___:.:- 1.- 266 

S'ulpliantimnnites  ___i:.ii: 69 

Sii!i)liarsenites   i__l___:._i: 73 

Sulphates  ii-_-__:.l_ : 200 

Suli)liides 27 

Su'pliides  of  metals 32 

''"uiiiliiiles  of  semi-metals 27 

Snlphosalts 69,  74 

SlLPIlUR 10 

Sylvaxite 67 

Sylvite 77 

Talc 217 

Tantalates 253 

Tantalite 254 

Tar _■ 285 

Tollurnte 282 

Ji'lluriles    64 

Tflhrium 13 

'l-i'iuiantite    71 

Tenorite 00 

'•'epiiroite 177 

Tetraoymite 64 

Tetratiedrite  71 

TlIAfMASITE     224 

Tiienaroite 260 

TlIFRMONATRlTE 144 

Thetis'  hairstone 84 

TirOMSONITE 210 

TiEMANMTE 63 

Tin    22 

Tincal    247 

Tincalconite   247 

Tin    stone   112 

Titaniferovis  iron 103 

TlTVNlTF 228 

Titaiio-silicates    228 

Topaz    182 

Topazolitp 172 

ToRMERNITE      238 

Tot  RMALTNE 102 

Trautwinite    172 

Travertine 126 

Tn'molitP 163 

TpiDYMITE ^^---       89 

Tripiiylite ^l'ii-__J'_-_"j__"232' 


328 


INDEX. 


Page 

Trii'Lite 233 

Triiwlite   90 

Tkoilite 48 

Trona  145 

tsciiermigite   278 

Tuugstates    255 

TURGITE      118 

TuRQUOis   237 

Tychite   140 

Uiatahite 285 

Tlexite    251 

Fkaconite 259 

Uralite 104 

Ui-anates 258 

ITraninite 258 

T'ranocher 259 

Iliao 145 

TJvarovite    172 

Valencianite 150 

Valentinite   93 

Vanadates 240 

Vanadinite  241 

Vanadium  mica 201 

Variscite 237 

Vesuvianite   179 

Violan    158 

ViVIANITE 236 


Page 

VOLBORTHITE     241 

\'oltzite 59 

VONSENITE    247 

Wad 123 

Water 82 

Wernerite 138 

White  arsenic 93 

White  pyrites 58 

White   vitriol    273 

WlLKEITE    235 

WiLLEMITE 178 

Wolframite    255 

wollastonite    160 

Wood   opal    90 

Wulfenite    257 

Xantiiophyllite 202 

xoxoti.ite  211 

Yellow   ochre   119 

Zaratite 147 

Zeolites    206 

Zinc 22 

Zincblende  39 

Zircon  180 

ZOISITE  184 


22132  3-23  2500 


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